review of selected species subject to long- standing...

UNEP-WCMC technical report

Review of selected species subject to long-

standing import

suspensions

Part III: Europe, North America, and Central and South America and the Caribbean

(Version edited for public release)

Review of selected species subject to long-standing import suspensions. Part IIII: Europe, North America, and Central and South America and the Caribbean

Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional

Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium

Prepared May 2016

Copyright European Commission 2016

Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2016. Review of selected species subject to long-standing import suspensions. Part III:

Europe, North America, and Central and South America and the Caribbean. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity

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Contents

Introduction and summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………1

Ateles geoffroyi II/B ................................................................................................................................ 3

Chiropotes chiropotes II/B .................................................................................................................... 15

Pithecia pithecia II/B ............................................................................................................................. 18

Deroptyus accipitrinus II/B ................................................................................................................. 20

Paleosuchus trigonatus II/B ................................................................................................................ 24

Boa constrictor II/B .............................................................................................................................. 28

Gopherus berlandieri II/B...................................................................................................................... 33

Galanthus nivalis II/B........................................................................................................................... 38

Orchis mascula II/B ............................................................................................................................. 42

Cyclamen mirabile II/B ........................................................................................................................ 45

Cyclamen pseudibericum II/B .............................................................................................................. 47

Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 49

Introduction

1

This document provides reviews of 21 species/country combinations of species from Europe, North America, and Central and South America and the Caribbean currently subject to long-standing Article 4.6(b) import suspensions. The document is provided to inform discussions by the Scientific Review Group as to whether these trade restrictions may still be warranted.

Trade data were downloaded on 10/03/20161 and the full dataset is available here:

http://wcmc.io/SRG_76_direct_trade and http://wcmc.io/SRG_76_indirect_trade.

1 Data for the review of Deroptyus accipitrinus from Suriname was downloaded on the 31/03/2016.

Introduction and summary

http://wcmc.io/SRG_76_direct_trade

http://wcmc.io/SRG_76_indirect_trade

Introduction

2

Ateles geoffroyi

3

PRIMATES: ATELIDAE

Ateles geoffroyi II/B

Taxonomic note The taxonomy of Ateles geoffroyi has been subject to debate in the literature (Kellogg and Goldman,

1944; Rylands et al., 2006; Morales-Jimenez et al., 2015) and is considered to be in need of further

taxonomic revision (Morales-Jimenez et al., 2015). The current CITES Standard Reference (Wilson and

Reeder, 2005) recognises four subspecies (A. geoffroyi grisescens, A. g. ornatus, A. g. vellerosus, and

A. g. yucatanensis), whereas other recent sources typically recognise seven subspecies (e.g. Rylands et

al., 2006, Cuarón et al., 2008a, Mittermeier et al., 2013).

Although A. g. frontatus and A. g. panamensis are listed separately in CITES Appendix I,

A. g. panamensis is generally considered a synonym of A. g. ornatus (Wilson and Reeder, 2005; Rylands

et al., 2006, Morales-Jimenez et al., 2015). The adoption of Rylands et al., (2006) as the CITES Standard

Reference for Ateles geoffroyi would result in the following taxonomic change: Ateles geoffroyi

panamensis (Appendix I) will become A. g. ornatus. This review does not further refer to A. g. frontatus

(Appendix I).

For the purposes of this review, the taxonomy accepted by the CITES Standard Reference is followed,

but for clarification, the taxa used in the literature is given in square brackets.

Trade patterns Ateles geoffroyi was listed in Appendix II on 04/02/1977 as part of the order level listing for Primates and

was included in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997, also as part of the order

level listing for Primates. Subspecies A. g. frontatus and A. g. panamensis were listed in Appendix I on

01/07/1975 and in Annex A of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997.

Belize: Belize has not published annual export quotas for A. geoffroyi for the period 2005-2016. Belize

has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2012 but has not yet submitted annual reports for 2013 or

2014.

COMMON NAMES: Geoffroy's Spider Monkey (EN), Atèle de Geoffroy (FR), Ateles de Geoffroy (ES)

RANGE STATES: Belize, Colombia (uncertain), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama

UNDER REVIEW: Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama

EU DECISIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild imports from Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Panama first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 28/05/2015.

Current no opinion i) for wild imports from Nicaragua applied 07/12/2012.

IUCN: Endangered

Ateles geoffroyi

4

No direct exports of A. geoffroyi from Belize to the EU-28 were reported for the period 2005-2014. Direct

trade in A. geoffroyi from Belize to countries other than the EU-28 2005-2014 comprised wild-sourced

specimens for scientific purposes reported in 2009 (70) and in 2010 (350), by the exporter only.

No indirect trade in A. geoffroyi to the EU-28 originating in Belize was reported for the period 2005-2014.

No direct or indirect exports of A. g. frontatus or A. g. panamensis from, or originating in Belize, to the

EU-28 or the rest of the world was reported 2005-2014.

Colombia: Colombia has not published annual export quotas for A. geoffroyi for the period 2005-2016

and has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2014.

No direct or indirect trade in A. geoffroyi, A. g. frontatus or A. g. panamensis from, or originating in,

Colombia to the EU-28 or the rest of the world was reported 2005-2014.

Costa Rica: Costa Rica has not published annual export quotas for A. geoffroyi for the period 2005-2016.

Costa Rica has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2014.

Direct exports of A. geoffroyi from Costa Rica to the EU-28 comprised 100 wild-sourced specimens for

scientific purposes, reported by importers in 2014 (Table 1). Direct exports of A. geoffroyi from Costa Rica

to countries other than the EU-28 comprised very low levels of wild-sourced derivatives and specimens

traded for scientific purposes in 2005. No indirect trade of A. geoffroyi originating in Costa Rica to the

EU-28 was reported for the period 2005-2014.

No direct or indirect trade to the EU-28 in A. g. frontatus or A. g. panamensis was reported 2005-2014.

Direct exports of A. g. frontatus to countries other than the EU-28 from Costa Rica comprised low levels

of trade of wild-sourced specimens for scientific purposes.

Table 1: Direct exports of Ateles geoffroyi from Costa Rica to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), 2005-2014. All trade was wild-sourced for scientific purposes.

Importer Term (unit) Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

EU specimens Importer 100

Exporter 200

RoW derivatives Importer

Exporter 10

specimens (l) Importer 0.2

Exporter

specimens Importer

Exporter 20 11

Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 10/03/2016 (and updated following receipt of Costa Rica’s 2014 annual report).

El Salvador: El Salvador has not published annual export quotas for A. geoffroyi for the period 2005-

2016. El Salvador has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2014 with the exception of 2013 for

which a report has not yet been received.

No direct trade in A. geoffroyi from El Salvador to the EU-28 was reported 2005-2014. Direct trade of

A. geoffroyi from El Salvador to the rest of the world comprised 30 wild-sourced specimens for scientific

purposes in 2007, reported by the exporter only. No indirect trade of A. geoffroyi originating in El

Salvador to the EU-28 was reported for the period 2005-2014.

No direct or indirect exports of A. g. frontatus or A. g. panamensis from, or originating in, El Salvador to

the EU-28 or the rest of the world was reported 2005-2014.

Ateles geoffroyi

5

Guatemala: Guatemala has not published annual export quotas for A. geoffroyi for the period 2005-2016

and has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2013. Guatemala has not yet submitted an annual

report for 2014.

Direct exports of A. geoffroyi from Guatemala comprised four live captive-bred (source C) individuals for

circuses and travelling exhibitions in 2005 (Table 2). Direct exports of A. geoffroyi from Guatemala to

countries other than the EU-28 comprised low levels of trade in live captive-bred individuals. Wild-

sourced specimens for scientific purposes and very low levels of trade of bones of captive-bred animals

for scientific purposes were also reported. No indirect trade of A. geoffroyi originating in Guatemala to

the EU-28 was reported for the period 2005-2014.

No direct or indirect exports of A. g. frontatus or A. g. panamensis from, or originating in, Guatemala to

the EU-28 or the rest of the world was reported 2005-2014.

Table 2: Direct exports of Ateles geoffroyi from Guatemala to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), 2005-2014. No trade was reported 2012-2014.

Importer Term (unit) Purpose Source Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

EU live Q C Importer

Exporter 4

RoW bones S C Importer

Exporter 3

live Q C Importer

Exporter 4 16

S C Importer

Exporter 8

T C Importer 6

Exporter 6

Z C Importer 16

Exporter 6

specimens S W Importer

Exporter 100

Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 10/03/2016.

Honduras: Honduras has not published annual export quotas for A. geoffroyi for the period 2005-2016

and has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2014.

No direct or indirect trade in A. geoffroyi (including in Appendix-I listed A. g. frontatus or A. g.

panamensis) from, or originating in, Honduras to the EU-28 or the rest of the world was reported 2005-

2014.

Mexico: Mexico has not published annual export quotas for A. geoffroyi for the period 2005-2016 and

has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2014.

Direct exports from Mexico to the EU-28 consisted of 330 wild-sourced specimens for scientific

purposes, reported in 2011 only by Mexico (Table 3). Direct exports from Mexico to the rest of the world

comprised low levels of wild-sourced specimens for scientific purposes reported in 2009, 2013 and 2014.

No indirect trade in A. geoffroyi to the EU-28 originating in Mexico was reported for the period 2005-

2014.

No direct or indirect exports of A. g. frontatus or A. g. panamensis from, or originating in, Mexico to the


Ateles geoffroyi

6

Table 3: Direct exports of Ateles geoffroyi from Mexico to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), 2009-2014. No trade was reported 2005-2008.

Importer Term (unit) Purpose Source Reported by 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

EU specimens S W Importer

Exporter 330

RoW specimens S W Importer 68 100

Exporter 68 100


Panama: Panama has not published annual export quotas for A. geoffroyi for the period 2005-2016 and


No direct trade of A. geoffroyi from Panama to the EU-28 was reported 2005-2014. Direct exports of

A. geoffroyi from Panama to the rest of the world 2005-2014 comprised 500 wild-sourced specimens for

scientific purposes in 2010, reported by Panama only. No indirect trade in A. geoffroyi to the EU-28

originating in Panama was reported for the period 2005-2014.

No direct or indirect exports of A. g. frontatus or A. g. panamensis from, or originating in, Panama to the


Conservation status A. geoffroyi, was reported to occur in a range of forest habitats including primary and secondary lowland

rainforests, evergreen, semi-deciduous and deciduous forest, cloud forests and mangrove swamps

(Mittermeier et al., 2013). It occurs from southern and eastern regions of Mexico through the highlands

of Guatemala into Belize, El Salvador and Honduras, to Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and to the forested

regions of Panama and north western Colombia (Rylands et al., 2006; Cuarón et al., 2008a; Mittermeier

et al., 2013).

A. g. grisescens was reported to occur in Rio Tuyra and through the Serranía del Sapo in south eastern

Panama and the Cordillera de Baudó of north western Colombia (Kellogg and Goldman, 1944), although

its occurrence in Colombia has later been questioned (Defler et al., 2003).

Kellogg and Goldman (1944) noted that A. g. ornatus [A. g. panamensis] occurred in Panama east of the

Cordillera de San Blas, through Chiriquí and in western Costa Rica. Cuarón et al., (2008a) reported that

A. g. ornatus [A. g. azuerensis] occurred on the western side of the forested mountains of the Azuero

peninsula and [A. g. ornatus] in the forests of Panama, east of the Cordillera San Blas, west through

Chiriquí to central western Costa Rica (Kellogg and Goldman, 1944; Cuarón et al., 2008a).

A. g. vellerosus was noted to occur in the Veracruz and eastern San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Isthmus of

Tehuantepec in eastern Oaxaca in Mexico and the highlands of Mexico and through El Salvador and

Honduras (Kellogg and Goldman, 1944; Cuarón et al., 2008a; Mittermeier et al., 2013). A. g. yucatanensis

was noted to occur in the Yucatán peninsula, north eastern Guatemala, Belize and in Campeche in

southern Mexico (Rylands et al., 2006; Cuarón et al., 2008a).

Females reportedly reach sexual maturity at around four (Wainwright, 2007) to six and a half years old

(Mittermeier et al., 2013) and breed every two to four years (Reid, 2009). The species was reported to

have a low reproductive output, making replenishment of depleted populations difficult (Wainwright,

2007). It was considered probable that wild A. geoffroyi live “into their late 20s or early 30s” (Aureli and

Schaffner, 2010).

Ateles geoffroyi

7

A. geoffroyi was reported to require sizeable tracts of undisturbed forests (Reid, 2009). Despite its

reported occurrence in some large areas of suitable habitat, A. geoffroyi was classified by the IUCN as

Endangered in 2008 due to severe habitat loss across its range, and the population was considered to be

declining (Cuarón et al., 2008a). The species was estimated to have “declined by as much as 50% over

the course of 45 years”, equivalent to three generations (Cuarón et al., 2008a). Previously, A. geoffroyi

was classified as Vulnerable (1982-1994), Lower Risk/least concern (1996-2000) and as Least Concern

(2003) (Cuarón et al., 2008a). The IUCN does not recognise A. g. panamensis as a subspecies, but

considers it as a synonym of A. g. ornatus which was categorised as Endangered in 2008 due to past and

future decline “expected to exceed 50 per cent in 45 years” (Cuarón et al., 2008c).

Although reported to be “relatively common in some protected areas across its range (Mittermeier et al.,

2013), A. geoffroyi was described as “generally uncommon” (Reid, 2009) and it has been reported as

locally extinct in some areas (Mittermeier et al., 2013). No estimates of global population size were

found. The population of A. g. azuerensis was reported to number only 112-116 individuals (Mendez-

Carvajal, Ruiz-Bernard, Franco and Silva, in prep. In: Cuarón et al., 2008a); estimates for other

subspecies are available only for specific locations.

The main threat facing A. geoffroyi was reported to be habitat loss and fragmentation (Mittermeier et al.,

2013; Cuarón et al., 2008a). The species was also reportedly affected by hunting for the pet trade and

meat (Mittermeier et al., 2013), as well as medicinal use (Hines, 2005; Cuarón, 1991 & Silva-López, 1987 in

Ceballos, 2014).

Given that Ateles geoffroyi sensu lato is in need of taxonomic revision, and that there may be little

concordance between phylogenetically distinct units and the various described subspecies (which have

been traditionally recognised by their country of origin and pelage colour and patterning) (Morales-

Jimenez et al., 2015), there may be lookalike issues in determining subspecies in trade. For example,

A. g. panamensis (Appendix I) occurs in Panama, as does A. g. grisescens (Appendix II).

Belize: Matmoros and Seal (2001) noted that A. g. yucatanensis was the only subspecies present in Belize

and reported it to occurr in fragmented areas in the north as well as south of the Rio Bravo around the

Bladen River, Chiquibul National Park, Lagoon Bank and in western Belize. The species was reported to

be present within three protected areas: Upper Bladen [south central Belize] (Matamoros and Seal,

2001), Chiquibul Protected Area (comprised of the Chiquibul Forest Reserve and the Chiquibul National

Park) (Hubrecht 1986; Waters and Ulloa, 2007) and Runaway Creek Nature Reserve, a protected area of

24.69 km2 (Hartwell et al., 2014). Hartwell et al. (2014) noted there were at least three groups of

A. geoffroyi [A. g. yucatanensis] within Runaway Creek Nature Reserve, which were connected to a larger

population to the east and south of the reserve. Rodríquez-Luna et al. (1996) noted that A. geoffroyi

[A. g. vellerosus] was previously present in Colombia River Forest Reserve, but local people reported the

species to have been extirpated from the area around 1980.

No estimates of the total population of Belize were found. A survey of the Runaway Creek Nature

Reserve in 2007-2009, reported two groups of A. g. yucatanensis, consisting of 31 and 33 individuals

(Notman and Pavelka, 2010). Hubrecht (1986) reported a population density of 19.6 [A. g. yucatanensis]

individuals per km2 in Chiquibul Forest Reserve, which was considered to suggest that there was a

“reasonable sized population of A. g. yucatanensis in the Bladen foothills” following a yellow fever

epidemic in 1958 which was thought to have caused a population reduction.

In Belize, A. geoffroyi was reported to be threatened by forest clearance and capture of young individuals

for trade (Wildtracks, 2013). The national Wildlife Protection Act (Chapter 20) prohibits hunting of

A. geoffroyi (Law Revision Commissioner, 2000) and it is illegal to keep primates as pets in the country

(Wildtracks, 2013). Furthermore, Matamoros and Seal (2001) reported A. geoffroyi [A. g. yucatanensis] to

be in local trade, and that this trade contributed to a “perceived or inferred population decline”.

Ateles geoffroyi

8

Colombia: Only one subspecies, A. g. grisescens, has been reported to occur in Colombia (Kellogg and

Goldman, 1944; Hernández-Camacho and Cooper, 1976 [A. paniscus grisescens]), although its current

occurrence in the country is uncertain (Defler et al., 2003; Rylands et al., 2006).

Hernández-Camacho and Cooper (1976) noted that A. g. grisescens [A. paniscus grisescens] occurred

only in the vicinity of Juradó very near the Panamanian border on the Pacific coast, restricted by the

Baudó Mountains to a narrow coastal strip that may extend as far south as Cabo Corrientes. However,

Defler et al. (2003) reported that there was no recent information regarding the presence of

A. g. grisescens along the Panamanian border, noting that if the subspecies did occur in the region, the

population would be small and endangered. Defler et al. (2003) reported that there were no specimens

or observations to confirm the existence of A. g. grisescens in Colombia as suggested by Kellogg and

Goldman (1944) and Hernández-Camacho and Cooper (1976).

In support of Defler et al.'s (2003) consideration that A. geoffroyi may no longer occur in Colombia, the

IUCN Red List assessment for A. g. grisescens noted that Panama was the only range state for the

subspecies (Cuarón et al., 2008d).

Costa Rica: Two or possibly three subspecies were reported to occur in Costa Rica. A. g. ornatus was

reported to occur in central western Costa Rica (Rylands et al., 2006; Cuarón et al., 2008a), as was

A. g. panamensis (see above proposed nomenclature changes) (Kellogg and Goldman, 1944).

A. g. azuerensis was also found to occur near the Panama-Costa Rica border (Cuarón et al., 2008a;

Mittermeier et al., 2013). A. g. ornatus [A. g. panamensis] has also been reported in central western Costa

Rica (Kellogg and Goldman, 1944). A. geoffroyi [A. g. geoffroyi] was also reported to possibly extend into

northern Costa Rica (Rylands et al., 2006; Cuarón et al., 2008a; Mittermeier et al., 2013).

The species has been reported to occur up to an altitude of 2800 m, mostly in large protected areas of

primary forests (Wainwright, 2007). However, it was reportedly lost from many regions where it was

once common, including protected areas such as Cabo Blanco Reserve, Finca La Pacifica and parts of

Monteverde (Wainwright, 2007). Mittermeier et al. (2013) noted that A. g. ornatus occurred in

22 protected areas.

A. geoffroyi was reported to be “uncommon” in Costa Rica (Wainwright, 2007). Transect surveys (direct

counts) of the 500 ha Punta Leona private wildlife refuge in 1996 reported a density of 0.036 individuals

per ha (Timmock and Vaughan, 2002). Based on this population estimate, Timmock and Vaughan

(2002) noted that there should be 11 individuals in the refuge, although as only four individuals had been

directly observed, considered the estimates to be high. In the same area in 2006, Van Hulle and Vaughan

(2009) observed 36 A. geoffroyi; they estimated the population size to be 15 individuals with a population

density of 0.04 individuals per ha.

Weghorst (2007) reported high density estimates of A. geoffroyi at Sirena Biological Station, Corcovado

National Park. The study involved walking twelve line transects (with a combined distance of 16.16 km)

35 times each and taking direct counts of A. geoffroyi (Weghorst, 2007). Estimates reported to vary from

51.53 – 142.87 individuals per km2 depending on whether effective, mean or maximum distances were

used to estimate transect width (Weghorst, 2007).

Surveys were carried out in three forest fragments in 1999 at La Suerte biological field station, which was

reported to be a government protected area (Pruetz and Leasor, 2002). No individuals of A. geoffroyi

were observed during transects in the smallest forest of 15 ha, six individuals per km2 were observed in

the second forest fragment (a logged area of 35 ha), and a minimum of eight to ten individuals were

reported for the third area (pristine forest covering 100 ha) (Pruetz and Leasor, 2002).

Wainwright (2007) reported that, in some regions, A. geoffroyi used to be captured for the pet trade and

that the species was heavily hunted in many regions.

Ateles geoffroyi

9

Costa Rican Law 9106 (2012) bans sport hunting of all wildlife, allowing only hunting for the purposes of

population control and subsistence (Asamblea Legislativa de la República de Costa Rica, 2012). Law 9106

also prohibits the collection of wildlife (except for breeding in authorised centres) and the keeping of

wildlife as pets (except when originating in legal breeding facilities) (Asamblea Legislativa de la

República de Costa Rica, 2012).

El Salvador: A. g. vellerosus was noted to be the only subspecies present in El Salvador (Kellogg and

Goldman, 1944; Cuarón et al., 2008a). In 1995, the species was reported to occur in “Nancuchiname, La

Normandía and Cerro El Mono in the Department of Usulután [south eastern El Salvador], in

Conchagua in the east of the Department of La Unión” [south eastern El Salvador] (López-Zepeda, 1995

in Morales-Hernández, 2002), and also in Montecristo National Park in the Department of Santa Ana

[northern El Salvador] (J. Latin pers. comm. 2002 in Morales-Hernández, 2002). The density, habits and

viability of the species in El Salvador were reported to be poorly known (Garber et al., 2006; Morales-

Hernández, 2002). Garber et al. (2006) noted that populations existed in fragmented habitats.

Morales-Hernández (2003) undertook surveys of the species in the Chaguantique in the Munciplaity of

Puerto El Triunfo and El Tercio in the Municiplaity of Jiquilisco in 2002. In the 350 km2 forest fragement

of Chaguantique in which A. geoffroyi occurs, Morales-Hernández (2003) estimated the population to

be 28 individuals with a density of 0.008 individuals per km2; in El Tercio (which has an area of 332.5

km2) 45 individuals were recorded at a density of 0.0135 per km2. However, in 2015, Giron, (2015) noted

that the species was only present in one small and fragmented population in the Bahía de Jiquilisco

Biosphere Reserve.

A. geoffroyi was categorised as Endangered in the 2009 list of threatened species of El Salvador

(Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, 2009),

The species forest habitats were reported to be threatened by deforestation (Estrada et al., 2006). It is

prohibited to kill, destroy, damage or commercialise nationally Endangered species or to trade

Endangered species without a permit (La Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de El Salvador, 1994).

Guatemala: A. g. vellerosus [A. g. vellerosus and A. g. pan] and A. g. yucatanensis have been reported to

occur in Guatemala (Kellogg and Goldman, 1944), with A. g. vellerosus reported from the highlands

[southern Guatemala] (Kellogg and Goldman, 1944; Rylands et al., 2006; Mittermeier et al., 2013) and

A. g. yucatanensis reported from north eastern Guatemala (Rylands et al., 2006; Cuarón et al., 2008a;

Mittermeier et al., 2013).

The species was reported to occur at altitudes between 100 and 2000 m, but was considered most

abundant between 100 and 300 m (Silva-López et al., 1998). In 1998, Silva- López et al. (1998) noted that

the species occurred in six protected areas: Biotopo Cerro Cahuí, the archeological site of Ceibal, the

Maya Biosphere Reserve, the National Park of Tikal, the Biotopo San Miguel la Palotada and the Sierra

de la Minas Biosphere Reserve, across three regional Departments: Petén, Izabal and Zacaapa. In 1995

the species was reported to be found in Rio Dulce National Park (Silva-López et al. 1995 in Cuarón et al.,

2008a) and in 1998, Silva-López et al. (1998) noted that the species might also occur in Cerro San Gil, a

Watershed Protection Reserve [eastern Guatemala].

Silva-López et al. (1998) considered the species to be Vulnerable in Guatemala according to the IUCN

criteria.

In a 5 km2 study area of undisturbed rain forest in Tikal National Park in northern Guatemala,

Estrada et al. (2004) reported that the density of A. g. vellerosus was 56.4 individuals per km2, based on

transect surveys carried out in 2002. Estrada et al. (2004) reported that 99 distinct subgroups were

recorded within the study area.

Ateles geoffroyi

10

A. geoffroyi was reported to be threatened by hunting for meat and capture for pet markets (Silva-López

et al., 1998). In 2009, The National Council of Protected Areas (CONAP, 2009) classed A. g. yucatanensis

in Category 2: species in serious danger, which includes species that have been endangered by loss of

habitat, trade, those with very small populations and endemic species with limited distributions.

According to Article 24 of Decree 4-89, the species in Category 2 can only be used for scientific and

research purposes and breeding for conservation purposes (CONAP, 2009; Congreso de la República de

Guatemala, 1989). The harvest, capture, hunting, transport, exchange, trade and export of species

included in the Endangered species list is prohibited by Articles 26 and 27 of Decree 4-89 although trade

is permitted for second generation captive bred animals in cases where the facility and breeders are

authorized (Congreso de la República de Guatemala, 1989).

Honduras: One subspecies A. g. vellerosuswas reported to occur in Honduras (Kellogg and

Goldman, 1944; Cuarón et al., 2008a). Occurrence was reported on the north coast to the lowlands of the

Mosquitia in the department of Gracias a Dios (Rylands et al., 2006) including Río Plátano Biosphere

Reserve, as well as in Parque Nacional Pico Bonito in Atlántida Department (Hines, 2002 in Hines,

2005). Rylands et al. (2006) reported that the species of the genus Ateles had been very poorly

documented in Honduras.

Hines (2005) carried out the first study of A. geoffroyi in Honduras, in Parque Nacional Pico Bonito,

Atlántida, but reported that it was not possible to calculate population densities. A mean subgroup size

of 6.93 individuals was found, which was reported to be larger than nearly all subgroup sizes reported

elsewhere in Central and South America, with the exception of Panama (Hines, 2005).

Populations of Ateles spp. were reported to exist in fragmented habitats in Honduras (Garber et al.,

2006), with habitat loss, fragmentation, and hunting for food, medicine and the pet trade cited as the

largest threats for Ateles species in the country (Hines, 2005). Hines (2005) noted that hunting was

prohibited in protected areas, although this was poorly enforced, and that the remoteness of core areas

in large protected areas such as Parque Nacional Pico Bonito and Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve had

helped to prevent overexploitation of the species.

Mexico: Two subspecies have been reported to occur in Mexico A. g. vellerosus was reported from

coastal forests of south eastern Mexico (Ceballos, 2014), including southern Tamaulipas to Chiapas

(Estrada and Coates-Estrada, 1984) in the region of La Huasteca, within San Luis Potosí and Veracruz

(Estrada and Coates-Estrada, 1989 in Ceballos, 2014). A. g. yucatanensis was reported to be restricted to

the forests of the Yucatán Peninsula (Kellogg and Goldman, 1944, Rylands et al., 2006; Mittermeier et al.,

2013). During surveys of the Yucatán Peninsula in 1984, Watts et al., (1986) verified the presence of

A. geoffroyi [A. g. yucatanensis] in Quintana Roo and Campeche, and noted that populations had also

been reported in Yucatán. Garber et al. (2006) noted that populations of Ateles existed in fragmented

habitats in the country.

The species was reported to occur from sea level to an altitude of 1500 m, although most locations were

reported to be at an altitude of 700 m (Ceballos, 2014). Small numbers of individuals have also been

reported in cacao, coffee and mixed plantations (Estrada and Coates-Estrada, 1996).

Estrada and Coates-Estrada (1996) estimated the population size of A. geoffroyi [A. g. yucatanensis] to be

400-600 individuals across 126 forest fragments and 44 agricultural sites at Los Tuxtlas, southern

Veracruz. Estrada et al. (2004) carried out surveys of A. g. yucatanensis within a one km2 study area in a

protected forest reserve at the Mayan site of Yaxchillán in the state of Chiapas identifying 17 individuals.

A further survey within a 5 km2 site at the Mayan site of Calakmul found nine subgroups of the

subspecies, with density of 17.2 individuals per km2 (Estrada et al., 2004).

Ateles geoffroyi

11

A. geoffroyi was classified as ‘in danger of extinction’ in Mexico (SEMARNAT, 2010; CONABIO, 2011). It

was reported to be the primate species in Mexico “most rapidly affected by habitat loss and

fragmentation” (Estrada and Coates-Estrada, 1996) due to the species’ requirement for large areas of

habitat (Duarte-Quiroga and Estrada, 2003).

Several authors have reported a declining population trend for species of Ateles, predominately due to

habitat destruction, including A. g. vellerosus (Estrada and Coates-Estrada, 1984) and A. g. yucatanensis

(Watts et al., 1986). Estrada and Coastes-Estrada (1984) reported that “many populations of A. geoffroyi

had been exterminated from areas where they were previously sympatric with Alouatta”.

In Mexico the species was reported to be threatened by poaching, the pet trade, and the use of its fat for

traditional medicine (Cuarón, 1991 & Silva-López, 1987 in Ceballos, 2014). A. geoffroyi was reported to be

the most common species of pet monkey identified as part of a survey in Mexico City (Duarte-Quiroga

and Estrada, 2003). Since Mexican law reportedly forbids the commercialisation of wild primates, and no

breeding centres exist in Mexico, it was considered that all pets of the species in the country were

obtained illegally (Duarte-Quiroga and Estrada, 2003). The species was reported to occur in several large

protected areas that support viable populations, including Sian Kaan in Quintana Roo, Calakmul in

Campeche, and Montes Azules in Chiapas (Ceballos, 2014).

Panama: Two subspecies of A. geoffroyi were reported to occur in Panama. A. g. ornatus

[A. g. azuerensis] was reported to occur in the forested mountains on the western side of the Azuero

peninsula in south western Panama (Rylands et al., 2006; Mittermeier et al., 2013; Méndez-Carvajal, 2013)

as well as the forested regions east of the Cordillera San Blas and west though Chiriquí (Cuarón et al.,

2008a; Mittermeier et al., 2013). A. g. grisescens was reported to occur in the lower basin of the Río Tuira

in Panama (Matamoros and Seal, 2001; Rylands et al., 2006; Mittermeier et al., 2013), and probably

through the Serranía del Sapo of extreme southeast Panama (Rylands et al., 2006; Cuarón et al., 2008a;

Mittermeier et al., 2013). Cuarón et al. (2008a) reported that A. geoffroyi [all subspecies] occurred in

over 23 protected areas in Panama.

A. geoffroyi was assessed as Endangered in Panama (República de Panamá, 2008). A total of 124 individuals

of A. g. ornatus [A. g. azuerensis] were detected on the Azuero Peninsula based on direct and indirect

counts, from which 145 individuals were estimated to remain in the wild in 13 localities in the Azuero

Peninsula (Méndez-Carvajal, 2013). This included 74 individuals [A. g. azuerensis] in the southern and

eastern regions of the Azuero peninsula within gallery and secondary woodland (occurrence was

confirmed in Venao, La Zahina, Cañas, Flores de Tonosi, Pedasi district, La Miel, Las Tablas and the Tonosi

Valley) (Méndez-Carvajal, 2013). A conservative estimate of a further 50 individuals within isolated areas

in western region of the peninsula, in gallery forest was made (Méndez-Carvajal, 2013). The peninsula was

reported to be severely deforested and populations were described as “remnant and diminished” in

Veraguas and Los Santos provinces and extinct in the Herrera province Méndez-Carvajal (2013).

A small reintroduced population of 28 individuals of A. geoffroyi was reported to be present on Barro

Colorado Island, with a density of 0.17 individuals per ha (Milton and Hopkins, 2006). This

reintroduction reportedly occurred in the early 1960’s after the species was hunted to extinction on the

island (Mittermeier and Fleagle, 1976). It was reported that only five of the original eighteen individuals

released survived beyond the mid-1960s (Milton and Hopkins, 2006).

There was reported to be a long history of collection of Ateles spp. from several regions in Panama since

the early 20th century (Hines, 2005). Méndez-Carvajal, (2013) considered that that A. g. ornatus [A. g.

azuerensis] was threatened by deforestation, poaching and illegal trade in Panama. No information on

the management of the species in Panama was found.

References

Ateles geoffroyi

12

Asamblea Legislativa de la República de Costa Rica 2012. Reformes y adiciones a la ley de conservación de vida silvestre, ley No 7317, de 30 de Octubre de 1992. Available at: http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/cos122976.pdf. [Accessed 07/03/2016]

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19: 525–535. Ceballos, G. 2014. Mammals of Mexico. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. Coehlo, A.M.J., Coehlo, L., Bramblett, C., Bramblett, S. and Quick, L.B. 1976. Ecology, population

characteristics, and sympatric associations in primates: a sociobioenergetic analysis of howler and spider monkeys in Tikal, Guatemala. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 20: 96–135.

CONABIO 2011. Fichas de especies prioritarias. Mono Araña (Ateles geoffroyi). 1-5 pp. Available at: http://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/especies/especies_priori/fichas/pdf/monoArana.pdf. [Accessed 07/03/2016]

CONAP 2009. Lista de Especies Amenazadas de Guatemala -LEA. Documento técnico 67 (02-2009). Congreso de la República de Guatemala 1989. Ley de Áreas protegidas, Decreto No. 4-89. 24 pp. Available

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Cuarón, A.D. 1991. Conservación de los primates y sus hábitats en el sur de México. Universidad Nacional, San José, Costa Rica.

Cuarón, A.D., Morales, A., Shedden, A., Rodriguez-Luna, E., de Grammont, P.C. and Cortés-Ortiz, L. 2008a. Ateles geoffroyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/2279/0. [Accessed: 27/10/2015].

Cuarón, A.D., Morales, A., Shedden, A., Rodríguez-Luna, E. and de Grammont, P.. 2008b. Ateles geoffroyi ssp. frontatus. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/2280/0. [Accessed: 7/03/2016].

Cuarón, A.D., Morales, A., Shedden, A., Rodríguez-Luna, E. and de Grammont, P.C. 2008c. Ateles geoffroyi ssp. ornatus. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/summary/2289/0. [Accessed: 7/03/2016].

Cuarón, A.D., Morales, A., Shedden, A., Rodríguez-Luna, E. and de Grammont, P.. 2008d. Ateles geoffroyi ssp. grisescens In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/2287/0. [Accessed: 22/01/2016].

Defler, T.R., Rodríguez-M, J. V. and Hernández-Camacho, I.J. 2003. Conservation priorities for Colombian primates. Primate Conservation, 19: 10–18.

Duarte-Quiroga, A. and Estrada, A. 2003. Primates as pets in Mexico City: an assessment of the species involved, source of origin, and general aspects of treatment. American Journal of Primatology, 61(2): 53–60.

Estrada, A. and Coastes-Estrada, R. 1984. Some observations on the present distribution and conservation of Alouatta and Ateles in Southern Mexico. American Journal of Primatology, 7: 133–137.

Estrada, A. and Coates-Estrada, R. 1989. La destrucción de la selva y la conservacion de los primatres silvestres de mexico (Alouatta y Ateles). In: Estrada, A., López-Wilchis, R. and Coates-Estrada, R. (Eds.). Prrimatología en México: Comportamiento, Ecología, Apprvechamiento y Conservación de Primates. Universidad Autónoma, Metropolitana, México. 211–233.

Estrada, A. and Coates-Estrada, R. 1984. Some observations of the present distribution and conseravtion of Alouatta and Ateles in southern Mexico. American Journal of Primatology, 7: 133–137.

Estrada, A. and Coates-Estrada, R. 1996. Tropical rain forest fragmentation and wild populations of primates at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. International Journal of Primatology, 17(5): 759–783.

Estrada, A., Garber, P.A., Pavelka, M.S. and Luecke, L. 2006. Overview of the Mesoamerican primate fauna, primate studies, and conservation concerns. In: New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates. Springer, US.

Estrada, A., Luecke, L., Van Belle, S., Barrueta, E. and Meda, M.R. 2004. Survey of black howler (Alouatta pigra) and spider (Ateles geoffroyi) monkeys in the Mayan sites of Calakmul and Yaxchilán, Mexico and Tikal, Guatemala. Primates; Journal of Primatology, 45(1): 33–9.

Garber, P.A., Estrada, A. and Pavelka, M.S.M. 2006. New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican

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primates: concluding comments and conservation priorities. In: New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican primates. Springer, US. 563–584.

Giron, L. 2015. Geoffroy’s Spider Monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). Available at: http://www.speciesconservation.org/case-studies-projects/geoffroys-spider-monkey/4533. [Accessed: 29/10/2015].

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Hartwell, K.S., Notman, H., Boenfant, C. and Pavelka, M.S.M. 2014. Assessing the occurrence of sexual segregation in Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis), its mechanisms and function. International Journal of Primatology, 35: 425–444.

Hernández-Camacho, J. and Cooper, R.W. 1976. The nonhuman primates of Colombia. In: R. W. Thorington, J. and Heltne, P.G. (Eds.). Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. 35–69.

Hines, J.J.H. 2002. Ateles geoffroyi in Northern Honduras: Feasibility Survey. Unpublished Masters Thesis. University of Toronto, Toronto.

Hines, J.J.H. 2005. Ecology and taxonomy of Ateles geoffroyi in Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, Atlántida, Honduras. Australian National University.

Hubrecht, R.C. 1986. Operation Raleigh primate census in the Maya Mountains, Belize. Primate Conservation, 7: 15–17.

Van Hulle, M. and Vaughan, C. 2009. The effect of human development on mammal populations of the Punta Leona Private Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica. Revista de biología tropical, 57(1-2): 441–9.

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Méndez-Carvajal, P.G. 2013. Population size, distribution and conservation status of howler monkeys (Alouatta coibensis trabeata) and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi azuerensis) on the Azuero Peninsula, Panama. Primate Conservation, 26(1): 3–15.

Milton, K. and Hopkins, M.E. 2006. Growth of a reintroduced spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) population on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. In: New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates. Springer, US. 417–435.

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Mittermeier, R.A. and Fleagle, J.G. 1976. The locomotor and postural repertoires of Ateles geoffroyi and Colobus guereza, and a reevaluation of the locomotor category semibrachiation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 45(2): 235–253.

Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B. and Wilson, D.E. 2013. Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 3 Primates. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

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Morales-Hernández, V.K. 2003. Estudio Preliminar de la Poblacion de Ateles geoffroyi ‘Mono Araña’ en Chaguantique y El Tercio. Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador.

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Waters, S.S. and Ulloa, O. 2007. Preliminary survey of the current distribtuion of primates in Belize. Neotropical Primates, 14(2): 80–82.

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Chiropotes chiropotes

15

PRIMATES: PITHECIIDAE

Chiropotes chiropotes II/B

Taxonomic note

Chiropotes chiropotes was elevated from the subspecies C. satanas chiropotes in 2003 based on karyotypic and molecular evidence (Bonvicino et al., 2003); C. chiropotes was further split into C. chiropotes and C. israelita. The CITES Standard Reference for mammals considers C. chiropotes, C. israelita and C. santanas to be distinct species (Wilson and Reeder, 2005).

Trade patterns Chiropotes chiropotes was listed in Appendix II on 04/02/1977 and in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade

Regulations on 01/06/1997 as part of the order listing for Primates.

Guyana have submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2014. Guyana has not published annual export

quotas for C. chiropotes for the period 2005-2014.

Direct exports of C. chiropotes from Guyana to the EU-28 2005-2014 comprised 12 live, wild-sourced

individuals for commercial purposes (reported by Guyana) and six live individuals for zoos (reported by

the importer), all of which were wild-sourced and reported in 2010 (Table 1). Direct trade in

C. chiropotes from Guyana to countries other than the EU-28 2005-2014 also primarily comprised low

levels of live, wild-sourced individuals for the purpose of commercial trade in the period 2008-2011. In

addition, low levels of trade in specimens for commercial and scientific purposes to countries other than

the EU was reported in 2010.

There was no indirect trade in C. chiropotes from Guyana to the EU-28 reported over the period 2005-

2014.

COMMON NAMES: Tawny-olive bearded Saki (EN), Saki barbudo de dorso rojo (ES), Saki du Rio Negro (FR)

RANGE STATES: Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana [FR], Suriname, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

UNDER REVIEW: Guyana

EU DECISIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild imports from Guyana first applied on 30/04/2004 and last confirmed on 28/05/2015, replacing a Negative opinion applied 04/02/2002.

Current No opinion i) for wild imports from Brazil first applied 16/02/2010, replacing previous Article 4.6(b) suspension for Brazil applied 22/12/1997.

IUCN: Least Concern


16

Table 1: Direct exports of Chiropotes chiropotes from Guyana to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), 2005-2014. All trade was in wild individuals. No trade was reported 2005-2007 or 2012-2014. Quantities have been rounded to two decimal places, where appropriate.

Importer Term Unit Purpose Reported by 2008 2009 2010 2011

EU live - T Importer

Exporter 12

Z Importer 6

Exporter

RoW live - T Importer 13 12

Exporter 50 3 58 12

Z Importer 29

Exporter

specimens l T Importer

Exporter 0.01

- S Importer 25

Exporter

T Importer 25

Exporter


Conservation status Chiropotes chiropotes has been reported in Brazil (states of Amazonas and Roraima in the north) and in

the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, in the Bolívar state in the south, with a distribution bounded by

the rivers Orinoco, Branco and Negro (Mittermeier et al., 2013). It has also been recorded as occurring in

Suriname, French Guiana and the south of Guyana (Hollowell and Reynolds, 2005; Petter and

Desbordes, 2013).

C. chiropotes has been recorded in transitional semi-deciduous tropical moist forest (Mittermeier et al.,

2013). Home ranges have been recorded as 1.22 km²on forested islands (Mittermeier et al., 2013), and up

to 5.59 km2 in continuous forest (Boyle et al., 2009), with group sizes of up to 35 individuals recorded

(Boyle and Smith, 2010). Chiropotes species have been reported to have a five month gestation period,

producing one infant (Petter and Desbordes, 2013). C. chiropotes [C. s. chiropotes] has been estimated to

have birth intervals of at least 24 months (Peetz, 2001 in Mittermeier et al., 2013). Individuals reach

sexual maturity at approximately 3 years (Mittermeier et al., 2013).

The species was categorised as Least Concern by the IUCN as it had a wide range in a relatively

undisturbed area (Veiga et al., 2008).

Veiga et al. (2008) reported that there were no major threats to the species, although some subsistence

level hunting occurred. Habitat fragmentation has been noted as a potential threat to the species due to

its large home range size (Boyle and Smith, 2010).

Guyana: No information on the specific distribution of C. chiropotes (as the subspecies C. s. chiropotes)

in Guyana was found. A 1995 survey recorded Chiropotes satanas [prior to the elevation of C. satanas

chiropotes to species level] in the southern and eastern part of the country, east of the Essequibo River

and south-east of the Rupununi River (Sussman and Phillips-Conroy, 1995); a later survey recorded that

the extent of the species’ northerly range had diminished, and that it no longer extended north as far as

the coast (Lehman et al., 2006). A survey of 16 sites in Guyana during 1994-1997 observed C. satanas

[which may have included C. chiropotes] in seven forest habitats, including rainforest, southern forest

and mora forest (Lehman, 2004). They were found to have small geographic ranges and be habitat

specialists in Guyana (Lehman, 2004).


17

C. chiropotes is not listed as a protected species under the Environmental Protection (Wildlife

Management and Conservation) Regulations 2009, which covers the protection of wild plants and

animals in Guyana.

No further information on the status, population size or management of the species in Guyana could be

identified.

References

Bonvicino, C.R., Boubli, J.P., Otazú, I.B., Almeida, F.C., Nascimento, F.F., Coura, J.R. and Seuánez, H.N. 2003. Morphologic, Karyotypic, and Molecular Evidence of a New Form of Chiropotes (Primates, Pitheciinae). American Journal of Primatology, 61(January): 123–133.

Boyle, S.A., Lourenço, W.C., da Silva, L.R. and Smith, A.T. 2009. Travel and spatial patterns change when Chiropotes satanas chiropotes inhabit forest fragments. International Journal of Primatology, 30(4): 515–531.

Boyle, S.A. and Smith, A.T. 2010. Behavioral modifications in northern bearded saki monkeys (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) in forest fragments of central Amazonia. Primates, 51(1): 43–51.

Hollowell, T. and Reynolds, R.P. 2005. Checklist of the terrestrial vertebrates of the Guiana Shield. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 13: 1–106.

Lehman, S.M. 2004. Biogeography of the primates of Guyana: Effects of habitat use and diet on geographic distribution. International Journal of Primatology, 25(6): 1225–1242.

Lehman, S.M., Sussman, R.W., Phillips-Conroy, J. and Prince, W. 2006. Ecological Biogeography of Primates in Guyana. In: Lehman, S.M. and Fleagle, J.G. (Eds.). Primate Biogeography: Progress and Prospects. Springer US, New York. 105–130.


Peetz, A. 2001. Ecology and social organization of the bearded saki Chiropotes satanas chiropotes (Primates: Pitheciinae) in Venezuela. Ecotropical Monographs, 1: 1–170.

Petter, J.J. and Desbordes, F. 2013. Primates of the world. Martin, R. (Ed.). Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford. 186 pp.

Sussman, R.W. and Phillips-Conroy, J.E. 1995. A survey of the distribution and density of the primates of Guyana. International Journal of Primatology, 16(5): 761–791.

Veiga, L.M., Silva Jr., J.S., Mittermeier, R.A.& and Boubli, J.P. 2008. Chiropotes chiropotes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T43891A10829879.en. [Accessed: 13/11/2015].


Pithecia pithecia

18

PRIMATES: PITHECIIDAE

Pithecia pithecia II/B

Taxonomic note Pithecia pithecia has been considered to be composed of two subspecies (P. pithecia pithecia and

P. pithecia chrysocephala), however in a recent re-examination of the genus, P. chrysocephala was

proposed as a distinct species, occurring only in Brazil (Marsh, 2014). The CITES Standard Reference

recognises P. pithecia chrysocephala as a subspecies of P. pithecia (Wilson and Reeder, 2005).

Trade patterns Pithecia pithecia was listed in Appendix II on 04/02/1977 and in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade

Regulations on 01/06/1997 as part of the order listing for Primates. Guyana has submitted annual reports

for all years 2005-2014 and has not published annual export quotas for P. pithecia for the period 2005-

2014.

No direct or indirect trade in P. pithecia originating in Guyana to the EU-28 or the rest of the world was

reported over the period 2005-2014.

Conservation status Pithecia pithecia has been reported as endemic to the Guiana Shield forests (Hollowell and Reynolds,

205) in eastern Venezuela, throughout Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana and in the north of Brazil,

north of the Rio Amazonas (Eisenberg and Redford, 2000; Urbani, 2006; Mittermeier et al., 2013; Marsh,

2014).

P. pithecia is a Neotropical primate recorded as confined to multi-layered tropical evergreen forests

(Eisenberg and Redford, 2000; Mittermeier et al., 2013). The species has been reported in disturbed

habitat and forest fragments, and at higher densities in mature forest (Mittermeier et al., 2013). Home

ranges have been estimated as 0.04-0.1 km² (Eisenberg and Redford, 2000; Mittermeier et al., 2013).

P. pithecia have been recorded to have an approximately 6-month gestation period, producing one

infant (Eisenberg and Redford, 2000; Mittermeier et al., 2013).

The species was categorised as Least Concern by the IUCN as it had a wide range, was found in a

number of protected areas, and did not appear to have any major threats (Marsh et al., 2015).

COMMON NAMES: Pale-headed Saki (EN), Saki à tête pâle (FR), Saki de cara blanca (ES)

RANGE STATES: Brazil, French Guiana [FR], Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

UNDER REVIEW: Guyana

EU DECISIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild imports from Guyana first applied on 30/04/2004 and last confirmed on 28/05/2015, replacing the previous negative opinion formed on 04/02/2002. Current no opinion for wild imports from Brazil formed on 27/01/1999.

IUCN: Least Concern

Pithecia pithecia

19

Pithecia spp. were reported to be threatened by habitat disturbance/fragmentation and hunting

throughout their range for pets, subsistence food and trophies (Marsh, 2014).

Guyana: Pithecia pithecia has been reported throughout Guyana (Mittermeier and van Roosmalen, 1981;

Sussman and Phillips-Conroy, 1995; Lehman et al., 2001; Lehman, 2004), mostly along tributary rivers in

northern Guyana that descend to the coast, but also further inland such as the Rupununi River (Marsh,

2014). P. pithecia was reported to occur within the Iwokrama Reserve, central Guyana (Iwokrama

International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development, 1999).

The species is not listed as a protected species under the 2009 Environmental Protection (Wildlife

Management and Conservation) Regulation, which covers the protection of wild plants and animals.

Surveys conducted 1994-1997 at 18 sites in Guyana recorded P. pithecia at 10 of the sites, with a total

sighting rate of 2.05 groups/100 km (n = 24; Lehman et al., 2006).

No further information on the status, population size or management of the species in Guyana could be

identified.

References

Eisenberg, J.F. and Redford, K.H. 2000. Mammals of the Neotropics. Volume 3: The central Neotropics - Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. 609 pp.

Hollowell, T. and Reynolds, R.P. 2005. Checklist of the terrestrial vertebrates of the Guiana Shield. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 13: 1–106.

Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development 1999. Mammals of Iwokrama. Available at: http://www.iwokrama.org/mammals/guides/prim1.html#pipi. [Accessed: 17/11/2015].

Lehman, S., Prince, W. and Mayor, M. 2001. Variations in group size in white-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia): evidence for monogamy or seasonal congregations. Neotropical primates, 9(3): 96–101.

Lehman, S.M. 2004. Biogeography of the primates of Guyana: Effects of habitat use and diet on geographic distribution. International Journal of Primatology, 25(6): 1225–1242.

Lehman, S.M., Sussman, R.W., Phillips-Conroy, J. and Prince, W. 2006. Ecological Biogeography of Primates in Guyana. In: Lehman, S.M. and Fleagle, J.G. (Eds.). Primate Biogeography: Progress and Prospects. Springer US, New York. 105–130.

Marsh, L.K. 2014. A taxonomic revision of the saki monkeys, Pithecia Desmarest, 1804. Neotropical Primates, 21(July): 1–163.

Marsh, L.K., Mittermeier, R.A. and Veiga, L.. 2015. Pithecia pithecia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T43942A70609046.en. [Accessed: 16/11/2015].

Mittermeier, R.A. and van Roosmalen, M.G.M. 1981. Preliminary observations on habitat utilization and diet in eight Surinam monkeys. Folia Primatologica, 36(1-2): 1–39.


Sussman, R.W. and Phillips-Conroy, J.E. 1995. A survey of the distribution and density of the primates of Guyana. International Journal of Primatology, 16(5): 761–791.


Urbani, B. 2006. A survey of primate populations in northeastern Venezuelan Guayana. Primate Conservation, 20(20): 47–52.

Deroptyus accipitrinus

20

PSITTACIFORMES: PSITTACIDAE

Deroptyus accipitrinus II/B

Trade patterns Suriname published annual export quotas for live Deroptyus accipitrinus every year 2005-2014. Trade

appears to have been within quota in all years (Table 1).

Direct exports of D. accipitrinus from Suriname to the EU-28 2005-2014 comprised five live, wild-

sourced individuals for commercial purposes (reported by Suriname), which were traded in 2010

(Table 2). Direct exports to countries other than the EU-28 comprised primarily of live, wild-sourced

individuals for both commercial and breeding purposes. In addition, low levels of trade in live

individuals for personal, scientific and zoological purposes, specimens for scientific and [erroneously]

for breeding purposes, and feathers for scientific purposes were reported in 2005-2014 to countries other

than the EU.

Indirect trade in D. accipitrinus originating in Suriname to the EU-28 2005-2014 consisted of one live,

wild-sourced individual re-exported via Turkey in 2011 for zoos, reported by the exporter only.

Table 1: CITES export quotas for wild-sourced Deroptyus accipitrinus from Suriname 2005-2014 and global direct exports, as reported by the countries of import and Suriname 2005-2014.

Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Quota (wild-taken) 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

Reported by Importers 96 69 27 14 36 28 184 34 46 41

Reported by Exporter 57 100 65 76 55 38 127 132 294


SYNONYMS

Psittacus accipitrinus

COMMON NAMES: Hawk-headed Parrot (EN), Papegeai maillé (FR), Loro cacique (ES)

RANGE STATES: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana (FR), Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of).

UNDER REVIEW: Suriname

EU DECISIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild imports from Suriname first applied on 30/04/2004 and last confirmed on 28/05/2015. Previous negative opinion formed on 05/09/2002. Current no opinion for wild imports from Brazil formed on 16/11/1999. Current no opinion i) for wild imports from Peru applied on 20/06/2011

IUCN: Least Concern


21

Table 2: Direct exports of wild-sourced Deroptyus accipitrinus from Suriname to the EU-28 and the rest of the world (RoW) 2005-2014.

Importer Term Unit Purpose Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

EU live - T Importer

Exporter 5

RoW feathers - S Importer 40

Exporter 40 150

live - B Importer 20 14 74 24

Exporter 16 23 20 16 54 47 50

P Importer 6

Exporter

S Importer

Exporter 1

T Importer 56 46 27 14 36 14 104 10 46 41

Exporter 17 45 20 52 10 14 84 62

Z Importer

Exporter 12

specimens - B Importer

Exporter 3

- S Importer 3

Exporter 39 22 24 25 14 59 20


Conservation status Deroptyus accipitrinus is a distinctive parrot generally found in pairs or small groups of 3-7 individuals,

perched on exposed dead tree-tops (Juniper and Parr, 1998). D. accipitrinus has been mainly recorded

within undisturbed ‘terra firme’ (subtropical/tropical moist lowland) forest, with occasional use of

coastal sand-ridge and savanna forests (Collar and Boesman, 2016). It is found all year round across its

range (Collar and Boesman, 2016).

There are two subspecies currently recognised. D. a. accipitrinus (Linneaus, 1758) is commonly known as

the Northern Red-fan Parrot and ranges across south east Columbia to north east Peru, the Guianas and

northern Brazil (Dickinson, 2003). D. a. fuscifrons (Hellmayr, 1905) is known as the Southern Red-fan

Parrot and is found in central Brazil (south of the Amazon; Dickinson, 2003). D. a. fuscifrons can be

distinguished morphologically from D. a. accipitrinus by the lack of a white patch on its brown forehead

and crown (Juniper and Parr, 1998).

This taxon has been assessed by the IUCN as ‘Least Concern’ on account of its extremely large range of

4 240 000 km2(BirdLife International, 2012). The species population trend was reported to be decreasing

(BirdLife International, 2012). It was reported that this species was likely to lose 24-31.3 per cent of suitable

habitat within its distribution over three generations (23 years) based on a model of Amazonian

deforestation (Soares-Filho et al., 2006; Bird et al., 2011). Given the species’ “tolerance of

fragmentation/degradation/edge-effects and/or the extent of overall losses”, it was predicted to decline

by less than 25 per cent over three generations (BirdLife International, 2012). The total population size has

not been quantified (BirdLife International, 2012). Although Stotz et al. (1996) previously described this

species as “fairly common”, De Oliveira Lunardi et al. (2003; cited in UNEP-WCMC, 2011) reported more

recently that the population density was low, and that the species was “considered to be naturally rare in

the wild”.

BirdLife International (2012) did not report any substantial threats to the species; however, habitat loss

and harvesting have been found to impact this species. Specifically, it has been recorded that habitat

loss is most severe through the east of the species’ range (south of the Amazon, in Pará and Maranhão),


22

while in the west the species has been “overtrapped locally” for the pet trade (Collar and Boesman, 2016;

Juniper and Parr, 1998). Ridgely (1981; cited in UNEP-WCMC, 2011) noted that although this species is in

great demand for the pet trade, it has always been rare in captivity.

Suriname: Haverschmidt (1968) documented Deroptyus accipitrinus to be commonly found in the

forests of sand ridges, in savannah forests, and in the interior of Suriname (cited in WCMC, IUCN/SSC

Trade Specialist Group and TRAFFIC International, 1993). Donahue and Pierson (1982; cited in WCMC,

IUCN/SSC Trade Specialist Group and TRAFFIC International, 1993) confirmed its common status.

The species was still documented as common in 2007, with “more than 20 individuals encountered daily

in prime habitat and season” (Braun et al., 2007). In 2011, a rapid biological assessment of the

Kwamalasamutu region (southwestern Suriname) recorded the species in all three of its survey sites

(Conservation International, 2011).

Fuller et al. (1987) reported that hunting and trade of native birds and mammals was prohibited in

Suriname since 1970, with the exception of listed game or domestic species (cited in WCMC and

IUCN/SSC Trade Specialist Group and TRAFFIC International, 1993).

The species was included within Phase II of the CITES Review of Significant Trade (RST) process at the

9th meeting of the Animals Committee (1993). A report produced as part of that process documented

that there was “no clear biological justification” for the species’ annual export quotas, which ranged from

150 to 176 individuals between the years 1987 and 1992 (Thomsen, 1988; cited in WCMC, IUCN/SSC

Trade Specialist Group and TRAFFIC International, 1993). The species was categorized as of “possible

concern,” for Suriname, but no recommendations were formulated by the Animals Committee. No

current information on the management of the species within Suriname was located.

References

Bird, J.P., Buchanan, G.M., Lees, A.C., Clay, R.P., Develey, P.F., Yépez, I. and Butchart, S.H.M. 2012. Integrating spatially explicit habitat projections into extinction risk assessments: A reassessment of Amazonian avifauna incorporating projected deforestation. Diversity and Distributions, 18(3): 273–281.

BirdLife International 2012. Deroptyus accipitrinus. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22686416A39056595.en. [Accessed: 18/01/2016].

Braun, M.J., Finch, D.W., Robbins, M.B. and Schmidt, B.K. 2007. A field checklist of the birds of Guyana. Washington D. C.

Collar, N. and Boesman, P. 2016. Red-fan Parrot (Deroptyus accipitrinus). Available at: http://www.hbw.com/node/54760. [Accessed: 18/01/2016].

Conservation International 2011. A rapid biological assessment of the Kwamalasamutu Region, Suriname, August-September 2010. Preliminary Report. Conservation International.

Dickinson, E.C. 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world. 3rd Ed. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd., London, UK.

Donahue, P.K. and Pierson, J.E. 1982. Birds of Suriname, an annotated checklist. J. E. Pierson. Fuller, K.S., Swift, B., Jorgensen, A. and Brautigam, A. 1987. Latin American Wildlife Trade Laws. 2nd

revis. World Wildlife Fund-US. 418 pp. Haverschmidt, F. 1968. Birds of Surinam. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, London. Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots: a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Robertsbridge, UK. de Oliveira Lunardi, V., Francisco, M.R., Rocha, G.T., Goldschmidt, B. and Galetti Junior, P.M. 2003.

Karyotype description of two Neotropical Psittacidae species: the endangered Hyacinth Macaw, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, and the Hawk-headed Parrot, Deroptyus accipitrinus (Psittaciformes: Aves), and its significance for conservation plans. 283–287 pp.

Ridgely, R.S. 1981. The current distribution and status of mainland and neotropical parrots. Parquier, R.F. (Ed.). ICBP Technical Publication No.1. Smithsonian Press. 233–384 pp.

Soares-Filho, B.S., Nepstad, D.C., Curran, L.M., Cerqueira, G.C., Garcia, R.A., Ramos, C.A., Voll, E., McDonald, A., Lefebvre, P. and Schlesinger, P. 2006. Modelling conservation in the Amazon basin. Nature, 440(7083): 520–523.


23

Stotz, D.F., Fitzpatrick, J.W., Parker, T.A. and Moskovits, D.K. 1996. Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. University of Chicago Press.

Thomsen, J.B. 1988. Guyana and Suriname establish quotas on parrot exports. Parrotletter, 1(1): 11–12. UNEP-WCMC 2011. Review of American species/country combinations subject to long-standing import

suspensions. Cambridge (UK). WCMC and IUCN/SSC Trade Specialist Group and TRAFFIC International 1993. Significant Trade in

Wildlife: a Review of Select Animal Species in CITES Apppendix II. Draft report to the CITES Animals Committee, June 1993.

Paleosuchus trigonatus

24

CROCODYLIA: ALLIGATORIDAE

Paleosuchus trigonatus II/B

Trade patterns Paleosuchus trigonatus was listed in Appendix II on 01/07/1975 and was included in Annex B of the EU

Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997 as part of the order listing for Crocodylia.

Guyana has published annual export quotas of 1000 live wild-sourced P. trigonatus every year in the

period 2005-2015, with the exception for 2014 when a quota was published for 1648 live individuals

(Table 1). Trade appears to have been within quota every year according to both Guyana and importers

(Table 1); Guyana has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2014.

Table 1: CITES export quotas for live, wild-sourced Paleosuchus trigonatus from Guyana 2005-2016, and global exports as reported by the countries of import and Guyana 2005-2014. Trade data for 2015-2016 are not yet available

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Quota 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1648 1000 1000

Importer 246 397 471 386 371 466 272 235 504 465

Exporter 293 428 575 745 369 450 344 463 219 469

Direct exports of P. trigonatus from Guyana to the EU-28 2005-2014 comprised low levels of live, wild-

sourced individuals traded for commercial purposes; four live wild-sourced individuals were reported

imported for commercial purposes (Table 2). No direct trade to the EU-28 has been reported since 2010.

Direct trade in P. trigonatus from Guyana to countries other than the EU-28 comprised primarily of

moderate levels of live wild-sourced individuals for commercial trade. In addition, 10 live source ‘I’

individuals were traded for commercial purposes in 2010, reported by the importer only.

SYNONYMS: Caiman trigonatus, Crocodilus trigonatus, Paleosuchus niloticus, Paleosuchus trigomatus

COMMON NAMES: Schneider's Smooth-fronted Caiman (EN), Caïman hérissé (FR), Caimán frentiplano (ES)

RANGE STATES: Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana [FR] Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

UNDER REVIEW:

Guyana

EU DECISIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild imports from Guyana first applied on 30/04/2004 and last confirmed on 28/05/2015. Previous negative opinion formed on 22/05/2003, previous positive opinion formed on 22/02/2000 and Article 4.6(b) import suspension formed 22/12/1997.

IUCN: Lower Risk/least concern (needs updating)


25

Indirect trade in P. trigonatus to the EU-28 originating in Guyana 2005-2014 consisted of two wild-

sourced live individuals for circuses and travelling exhibitions, re-exported via Switzerland in 2010.

Table 2: Direct exports of Paleosuchus trigonatus from Guyana to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), 2005-2014. Quantities have been rounded to two decimal places, where appropriate.

Importer Term (unit) Purpose Source Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

EU live T W Importer 4

Exporter 18 2 4 6 37

RoW bodies S W Importer 1

Exporter 1

live B W Importer

Exporter 5

T I Importer 10

Exporter

W Importer 246 397 471 382 371 466 272 229 504 465

Exporter 275 426 575 741 363 413 339 463 219 469

Z W Importer 6

Exporter

specimens (l) S W Importer

Exporter 0.01

specimens S W Importer 4

Exporter


Conservation status P. trigonatus is a small caiman with a reported average adult size of 100-130 cm (Brazaitis, 2001 in

Trutnau and Sommerlad, 2006). The species was reported to occur in south eastern Colombia, eastern

Ecuador, eastern Bolivia, eastern Venezuela, north eastern Peru, across Guyana, Suriname and French

Guiana and in large parts of northern and central Brazil (Trutnau and Sommerlad, 2006). The species

reportedly occurs in rainforests (Magnusson and Lima, 1991), close to waterfalls and rapids (Magnusson,

1992),

Magnusson and Lima (1991) estimated that females reach sexual maturity at 11 years old and males at 20

years old. Females were reported to incubate eggs for over 100 days (Magnusson et al., 1985), with an

average clutch size of 17 (Groombridge, 1987).

P. trigonatus was assessed as Lower Risk/least concern by the IUCN, although it was noted in the

assessment that it needed updating (Crocodile Specialist Group, 1996). Dieter (2000) reported that

P. trigonatus had a low risk of extinction as a result of a wide range and local abundance. Magnusson

and Campos (2010) reported there was poor availability of survey data for the species, but noted that

populations of P. trigonatus appeared to be “healthy” throughout its range.

The main threats to P. trigonatus were reported to be destruction of habitat and subsistence hunting

(Magnusson and Campos, 2010; Trutnau and Sommerlad, 2006). Unlike other species of crocodilians,

the skins of P. trigonatus were reported to have low commercial value due to the small body size and

highly armoured skin (Groombridge, 1987; Magnusson and Campos, 2010). Magnusson and Campos

(2010) reported that due to the low commercial value, hunting of the species has predominately been on

a subsistence basis and considered that the species had a low potential for sustainable management. The

species was also reported to be traded for the pet trade, reaching prices of between US $150 and $300 per

individual (Dieter, 2000). Magnusson, (pers. comm. to UNEP-WCMC, 2015) noted that “there is no

reason to suspect that the species might be overexploited”. In addition, P. trigonatus was reported to be


26

one of only two crocodilian species that was not under a conservation programme in any South

American countries (Velasco, 2008).

Guyana: P. trigonatus has been recorded in Kabocalli, in the Iwokrama Forest (Bicknell et al., 2013) and

in the Sipu-Acarai mountains, Kamoa River, Essequibo River and Sipu River (Señaris et al., 2007).

P. trigonatus was not listed as a protected species in the Wildlife Management and Conservation

Regulations of 2013 under the Environmental Protection Act (Government of Guyana, 2013). The CITES

Management Authority of Guyana was contacted for further information on the management and status

of P. trigonatus in the country, but a response has not yet been received.

No estimates of population size in Guyana were found. One farm carrying out captive breeding and

collection of hatchlings of P. trigonatus was reported to be present in Guyana in 1992 (Luxmoore, 1992).

Magnusson and Campos (2010) reported that only limited extraction of the species from the wild was

permitted in Guyana, and that this was predominately for the pet trade, subject to a CITES quota.

Klemm and Navid (1989) reported that licences could be obtained to take the species from the wild.

Campos (pers. comm. to UNEP-WCMC, 2015) noted hunting pressure for crocodiles and deforestation of

riparian forests on the Border of Brazil and Guyana in 2015.

References

Bicknell, J., Snyder, A., Lim, B., Horsley, T., Bryce, C. and Worthington, R. 2013. Monitoring biodiversity by Operation Wallacea in the Iwokrama and Surama Forests, Guyana. Operation Wallacea research report 2011-2013. 40 pp.

Brazaitis, P. 2001. A guide to the identification of the living Species of Crocodilians. - Science Resource Center. The Wildlife Conservation Society. Originally prepared for the inaugural class of the AZA. Crocodile Management School. St Augustines Alligator farm, St August.

Campos, Z.M.S. 2015. Zilca Maria Da Silva Campos, Researcher for Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) pers. comm. to UNEP-WCMC 17th December 2015.

Crocodile Specialist Group 1996. Paleosuchus trigonatus. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/46588/0. [Accessed: 16/11/2015].

Dieter, C.T. 2000. The Ultimate Guide to Crocodilians in Captivity. 3rd Edition. Crocodile Encounter Publishing.

Government of Guyana 2013. Environmental Protection (Wildlife Management and Conservation) Regulations, 2009. The Official Gazette of Guyana (legal supplement) B 16th November 2013. 177/2013. Government of Guyana National Printers Ltd, Georgetown. 137–183 pp.

Groombridge, B. 1987. The distribution and status of world crocodilians. In: Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Whitehead, P.J. (Eds.). Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators. Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd, Chipping Norton, Australia. 9–22.

de Klemm, C. and Navid, D. 1989. Crocodilians and the law. In: Crocodiles, their ecology management and conservation. A special publication of the IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 80–100.

Luxmoore, R.A. 1992. Directory of crocodilian farming operations. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Magnusson, W. 2015. Bill Magnusson of Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia pers. comm to UNEP-WCMC 10th December 2015.

Magnusson, W.E. 1992. Paleosuchus trigonatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 555: 1–3. Magnusson, W.E. and Campos, Z. 2010. Schneider’s Smooth-fronted Caiman Paleosuchus trigonatus. In:

Manolis, S.C. and Stevenson, C. (Eds.). Crocodiles. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Crocodile Specialist Group, Darwin. 43–45.

Magnusson, W.E. and Lima, A.P. 1991. The Ecology of a Cryptic Predator, Paleosuchus trigonatus, in a Tropical Rainforest. Journal of Herpetology, 25(1): 41–48.

Magnusson, W.E., Lima, A.P. and Sampaio, R.M. 1985. Sources of heat for nests of Paleosuchus


27

trigonatus and a review of crocodilian nest temperatures. Journal of Herpetology, 19(2): 199–207. Señaris, J.C., Lasso, C.A., Rivas, G., Kalamandeen, M. and Marawaranu, E. 2007. Amphibians and Reptiles

of the Acarai Mountains, and Sipu, Kamoa and Essequibo Rivers in the Konashen COCA, Southern Guyana. In: Alonso, L.E., McCullough, J., Naskrecki, P., Alexander, E. and Wright, H.E. (Eds.). A rapid biological assessment of the Konashen Community Owned Conservation Area, Southern Guyana. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 51. Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA. 55–62.

Trutnau, L. and Sommerlad, R. 2006. Crocodilians. Their natural history and captive husbandry. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. 646 pp.

Velasco, A.B. 2008. Crocodile management, conservation and sustainable use in Latin America. IUCN. 72-88 pp.

Boa constrictor

28

SQUAMATA: BOIDAE

Boa constrictor II/B

Taxonomic note McDiarmid et al. (1999) recognise 10 subspecies of Boa constrictor, of which three have been classified as

island endemics, and a further two as regionally isolated (O’Shea, 2011). The number of B. constrictor

subspecies, however, is highly disputed due to its high morphological and ecological variability

(Henderson et al., 1995). The number of reported subspecies has ranged from eight to eleven (Peters and

Orejas-Miranda, 1986; Henderson et al., 1995; O’Shea, 2011), with other studies arguing for the elevation

of some subspecies to species level (Price and Russo, 1991). Rather than classifying by subspecies, Savage

(2002) proposed classifying B. constrictor into four geographic variants or “races”.

Trade patterns B. constrictor was listed in Appendix II on 01/07/1975 and in Appendix II on 04/02/1977 as part of the

family listing for Boidae (with the exception of B. c. occidentalis which was listed in Appendix I on

22/10/1987). It was included in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997, also as part

of a family listing.

Honduras has not published annual export quotas for B. constrictor for the period 2005-2016 and has

submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2014.

SYNONYMS: Boa constrictor isthmica, Boa constrictor longicauda, Boa constrictor melanogaster, Boa constrictor nebulosa, Boa diviniloqua, Boa diviniloqua mexicana, Boa eques, Boa imperator, Boa mexicana, Boa orophias, Boa ortonii, Constrictor auspex, Constrictor constrictor, Constrictor diviniloquus, Constrictor formosissimus, Constrictor orophias, Constrictor rexserpentum, Epicrates sabogae

COMMON NAMES: Boa Constrictor (EN, FR, ES)

RANGE STATES: Argentina, Aruba, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana [FR], Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

UNDER REVIEW: Honduras

EU DECISIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild imports from Honduras first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 28/05/2015. Current no opinion i) for wild imports from El Salvador applied on 20/06/2011. Current no opinion i) for wild imports from Peru applied on 02/12/2011. Current no opinion ii) for wild imports from Suriname applied on 28/05/2013. Current no opinion for wild imports from Costa Rica applied on 22/02/2000.

IUCN: Not assessed

Boa constrictor

29

Direct exports of B. constrictor from Honduras to the EU-28 2005-2014 consisted primarily of moderate

levels of live ranched individuals for commercial purposes, and wild specimens for scientific purposes

during 2005-2007 (Table 1). Direct trade in B. constrictor from Honduras to countries other than the EU-

28 consisted primarily of moderate levels of live ranched or wild individuals for the purpose for

commercial purposes during 2006-2006 (Table 1).

No indirect trade in B. constrictor from Honduras to the EU-28 was reported 2005-2014.

Table 1: Direct exports of Boa constrictor from Honduras to the EU-28 and the rest of the world (RoW) 2005-2014. Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

EU28 live T F Importer 1

Exporter

R Importer 230

Exporter 660

specimens S W Importer 300 450

Exporter 300

RoW bodies - W Importer

Exporter 4

live T R Importer 1200

Exporter 2080

W Importer 500

Exporter 3660

specimens - W Importer

Exporter 2000


Conservation status B. constrictor is a widespread species (Wilson and McCranie, 2004a) with a range across South and

Central America, and into northern Mexico (McDiarmid et al., 1999). It is also reported to have

established colonies in the United States of America (Snow et al., 2007) and to have colonised over 40

South and Central American islands, where it has often been classified as a pest species (Henderson et

al., 1995; Porras, 1999; Boback, 2005; Quick et al., 2005), for example Cozumel Island, Mexico (Vázquez-

Domínguez and Suárez-Atilano, 2012).

This species has been described as a habitat and dietary generalist (Henderson et al., 1995). It has been

reported to be terrestrial, arboreal, and aquatic (Wilson and Townsend, 2006), and has been found in

habitats ranging from humid to sub-humid forests, and from grasslands to deserts (Henderson et al.,

1995). The species is reported as highly diverse morphologically (Henderson et al., 1995). Most adults

range between 2-3 m in length (Savage, 2002), but maximum lengths of 4.5 m have been recorded

(Savage, 2002), and many island population individuals are reportedly smaller than those on the

neighbouring mainland (Boback, 2006). As with most Boidae species, B. constrictor shows female-biased

sexual dimorphism (Price and Russo, 1991; Bertona and Chiaraviglio, 2003; Leenders and Watkins-

Colwell, 2004), with adult females up to 14 per cent longer than males (Bertona and Chiaraviglio, 2003).

Females are oviparous, and can lay 14-60 eggs in a clutch (Bertona and Chiaraviglio, 2003; Reed, 2005).

When they hatch, neonates measure 0.3-0.5 m long (Quick et al., 2005; Pizzatto and Marques, 2007).

B. constrictor has not yet been assessed by the IUCN (IUCN, 2015) but it is reportedly common across

much of its range (Wilson and Townsend, 2006; O’Shea, 2011). The species has been reported to be

highly traded for the pet market (Green, 2011). Some subspecies, particularly island endemics, have been

considered especially vulnerable to direct killing, as well as capture for trade due to their limited range

sizes (Daltry, 2009; Green, 2011).

Honduras: B. constrictor is considered widespread across Honduras (Wilson and McCranie, 2004a),

specifically the subspecies B. c. imperator, which has the broadest Central American range (O’Shea,

2011). It has been reported in a range of different habitat types at elevations up to 1370 m (Wilson and

Boa constrictor

30

McCranie, 2004b; Wilson and Townsend, 2006, 2007). In Honduran cloud forests, B. constrictor was

reported as infrequent, but stable in lower montane wet forests (Wilson and McCranie, 2004b). It was

reported as common and stable in lowland moist and premontane wet forests where it was found in

77 per cent (10/13) of localities surveyed (Wilson and Townsend, 2006), and common and widespread in

upland pine-oak forests (Wilson and Townsend, 2007).

In northern Honduras, the species was reportedly rare but stable in the premontane wet forests of the

Parque Nacional Pico Bonito McCranie and Castañeda, 2005) and it was confirmed as present across all

five major islands in the Islas de la Bahia (the “Bay Islands”) (McCranie et al., 2005; Green, 2011). In

western Honduras, the species was recorded as present in pine forest at elevation ~760 m around the

Yellow River in Copan, (but not recorded in surveyed areas of cloud forest, coffee plantation, or pasture

land in the area) (Castañeda and Marineros, 2013). B. constrictor was also recorded as present in Cerro

Guanacaure and Cordillera de la Botija, both in southern Honduras (Green, 2011).

There is a specific morph of B. c. imperator, which is endemic to the Cayos Cochinos (Hog Islands) off

the Caribbean coast of Honduras (Montgomery et al., 2015). Historically, this island morph has been

highly threatened by poaching for the pet trade due to its distinct pink colouration and small body size

(Reed et al., 2007). Thousands of individuals of this specific morph were reportedly removed from the

islands in the 1970s-1980s (Porras, 1999; Reed et al., 2007), with very few mature individuals recorded by

the late 1980s (Wilson and Cruz Diaz, 1993). Poaching has reportedly decreased substantially since the

designation of the Cayos Cochinos Archipelago as a Natural Marine Monument in 2003 and the captive

breeding of this morph in Europe and the United States of America, leading to increasing population

sizes in recent years (Green, 2011; Montgomery et al., 2015). However, despite a low market price and the

prohibition of exports from the island, it was reported that harvesting of wild populations continues at

an unknown rate (Reed et al., 2007; Montgomery et al., 2015), and individuals are illegally traded (Green,

2011). In 2015, an “Assessment of the Impact of the Pet Trade” noted that a better understanding of the

Cayos Cochinos morph, including its basic biology and the level and impact of current poaching, was

required before sustainable management could be achieved (Montgomery et al., 2015). No non-

detriment finding for exports of the Cayos Cochinos morph currently exists, therefore an export ban has

been maintained (Montgomery et al., 2015).

B. constrictor is not subject to any quotas in Honduras and there is no information on management of

the species was found. This species is found in several protected areas: the Pico Bonito National Park

(McCranie and Castañeda, 2005), the National Marine Park of the Bay Islands (McCranie et al., 2005),

and the Cayos Cochinos Archipelago National Marine Monument (Montgomery et al., 2015) where it is

listed as a “conservation target” (HCRF/USAID, 2014). B. constrictor was included in Phase II of the

CITES Review of Significant Trade (RST) process in 1993 (AC9), and the species was categorised as of

“possible concern” for Honduras. A report produced as part of the RST concluded that there was “no

indication that the recent level of trade in live animals and skins is a significant threat to the species as a

whole”, however “local populations might be affected” (WCMC et al., 1993). No recommendations for

Honduras were formulated by the Animals Committee.

References Bertona, M. and Chiaraviglio, M. 2003. Reproductive biology, mating aggregations, and sexual

dimorphism of the Argentine Boa Constrictor (Boa constrictor occidentalis). Journal of Herpetology, 37(3): 510–516.

Boback, S.. 2006. A morphometric comparison of island and mainland boas (Boa constrictor) in Belize. Copeia, 2: 261–267.

Boback, S.M. 2005. Natural history and conservation of island Boas (Boa Constrictor) in Belize. Copeia, 2005(4): 879–884.

Castañeda, F. and Marineros, L. 2013. La Herpetofauna de la Zona de Río Amarillo, Copán, Honduras. Available at: http://190.11.224.74:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1902. [Accessed: 13/11/2015].

Boa constrictor

31

Daltry, J. 2009. The status and management of Saint Lucia’s forest reptiles and amphibians. Technical Report No. 2 to the National Forest Demarcation and Bio-Physical Resource Inventory Project, FCG International Ltd, Helsinki, Finland.

Green, S.E.. 2011. Evolutionary biology and conservation of the Hog Island Boa Constrictor. PhD Thesis. University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.

HCRF/USAID 2014. Plan de Manejo en el Monumento Natural Marino Archipiélago Cayos Cochinos, Honduras 2014-2025.

Henderson, R.., Waller, T., Micucci, P., Puorto, G. and Bourgeois, R. 1995. Ecological correlates and patterns in the distribution of Neotropical boines (Serpentes: Boidae): a preliminary assessment. Herpetological Natural History, 3(1): 15–27.

IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.3. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/. [Accessed: 3/12/2015].

Leenders, T. and Watkins-Colwell, G.J. 2004. Notes on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from El Salvador. Postilla, 231(231).

McCranie, J.R. and Castañeda, F.E. 2005. The herpetofauna of Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, Honduras. Phyllomedusa, 4(1): 3–16.

McCranie, J.R., Wilson, L.. and Köhler, G. 2005. The amphibians & reptiles of the Bay Islands and Cayos Cochinos, Honduras. Bibliomania, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.

McDiarmid, R.W., Campbell, J.A. and Toure, T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Volume 1. Herpetologists’ League, Washington D.C., USA.

Montgomery, C., Boback, S., Reed, R. and Frazier, J. 2015. An assessment of the impact of the pet trade on five CITES-Appendix II case studies: Cayos Cochinos Boa, Boa constrictor imperator. CITES AC28 Inf. 7.

O’Shea, M. 2011. Boas and pythons of the world. New Holland, London, UK. Peters, J.. and Orejas-Miranda, B. 1986. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part I: Snakes. 2nd Ed.

Smithonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., USA. Pizzatto, L. and Marques, O. 2007. Reproductive ecology of Boine snakes with emphasis on Brazilian

species and a comparison to pythons. South American Journal of Herpetology, 2(2): 107–122. Porras, L. 1999. Island Boa Constrictors (Boa constrictor). Reptiles, 7: 48–61. Price, R. and Russo, P. 1991. Revisionary comments on the genus Boa with the description of a new

subspecies of Boa constrictor from Peru. The Snake, 23(1): 29–35. Quick, J., Reinert, H., de Cuba, E. and Odum, R. 2005. Recent occurrence and dietary habits of Boa

constrictor on Aruba, Dutch West Indies. Journal of Herpetology, 39(2): 304–307. Reed, R., Boback, S., Montgomery, C., Green, S., Stephens, Z. and Watson, D. 2007. Ecology and

conservation of an exploited insular-endemic population of Boa constrictor (Squamata: Boidae) in the Cayos Cochinos, Honduras. In: Henderson, R.., Rowell, R., Schuett, G.. and Douglas, M.. (Eds.). Biology of the boas, pythons, and related taxa. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah, USA, pp. 388–404.

Reed, R.N. 2005. An ecological risk assessment of non-native boas and pythons as potentially invasive species in the United States. Risk Analysis, 25(3): 753–766.

Savage, J.M. 2002. The amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica: a herpetofauna between two continents, between two seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.

Snow, R., Krysko, K., Enge, K., Oberhofer, L., Warren-Bradley, A. and Wilkins, L. 2007. Introduced populations of Boa constrictor (Boidae) and Python molurus bivittatus (Pythonidae) in southern Florida. In: Henderson, R. and Powell, R. (Eds.). Biology of Boas and Pythons. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah. 365–386.

Vázquez-Domínguez, E. and Suárez-Atilano, M. 2012. Genetic evidence of a recent successful colonization of introduced species on islands: Boa constrictor imperator on Cozumel Island. Biological Invasions, 14: 2101–2116.

WCMC, IUCN/SSC and TRAFFIC 1993. Significant trade in wildlife: a review of selected animal species in CITES Appendix II. Draft report to the CITES Animals Committee, Cambridge, UK.

Wilson, L.. and Cruz Diaz, G. 1993. The herpetofauna of the Cayos Cochinos, Honduras. Herpetological Natural History, 1: 13–23.

Wilson, L.D. and McCranie, J.R. 2004a. The conservation status of the herpetofauna of Honduras. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 3(1): 6–33.

Wilson, L.D. and McCranie, J.R. 2004b. The herpetofauna of the cloud forests of Honduras. Amphibian &

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reptile conservation, 3(1): 34–48. Wilson, L.D. and Townsend, J.H. 2007. Biogeography and conservation of the herpetofauna of the

Upland Pine-Oak Forests of Honduras. Biota Neotropica, 7(1). Wilson, L.D. and Townsend, J.H. 2006. The herpetofauna of the rainforests of Honduras. Caribbean

Journal of Science, 42(1): 88–113.

Gopherus berlandieri

33

TESTUDINES: TESTUDINAE

Gopherus berlandieri II/B

Trade patterns Gopherus berlandieri was listed in Appendix II on 01/07/1975 as part of the genus listing for Gopherus

and was included in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997 as part of the family

listing for Testudinidae.

Mexico: Mexico has not published annual export quotas for G. berlandieri for the period 2005-2016 and


Direct exports of G. berlandieri from Mexico to the EU-28 2005-2014 comprised low levels of trade in live

individuals, the majority of which were captive-bred (source C) or captive-produced (source F) for

commercial purposes (Table 1). Direct trade in G. berlandieri from Mexico to countries other than the

EU-28 2005-2014 also predominately comprised live captive-bred (C) or captive-produced (F) individuals

for commercial purposes.

Indirect trade of G. berlandieri to the EU-28 originating in Mexico 2005-2014 involved very low levels of

live captive-bred (source C) and captive- produced (source F) individuals, all re-exported via the United

States for commercial purposes (Table 2).

SYNONYMS: Gopherus polyphemus berlandieri, Scaptochelys berlandieri, Testudo berlandieri, Testudo bicolor, Xerobates berlandieri

COMMON NAMES: Texas Tortoise (EN), Gophère du Texas, (FR), Tortuga de Texas (ES)

RANGE STATES: Mexico, United States

UNDER REVIEW: Mexico, United States

EU DECISIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) import restriction for wild specimens from Mexico and United States of America first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 28/05/2015.

IUCN: Lower Risk/least concern (needs updating)


34

Table 1: Direct exports of Gopherus berlandieri from Mexico to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), 2005-2014. All trade was in live individuals.

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

EU S F Importer

Exporter 11

O Importer

Exporter 15

T C Importer 9 22

Exporter 9 32 15

F Importer 15 20 20

Exporter 40 40 30

Z C Importer 3

Exporter

RoW P F Importer

Exporter 3

I Importer 1

Exporter

S F Importer

Exporter 10

T C Importer 29

Exporter 12 30

F Importer

Exporter 40

I Importer 8

Exporter


Table 2: Indirect exports of Gopherus berlandieri originating in Mexico to the EU-28, 2005-2014. All trade was in live individuals for commercial purposes. No trade was reported 2012-2014.

Source Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

C Importer 5

Exporter 3

F Importer 3

Exporter


United States: The United States has not published annual export quotas for G. berlandieri for the

period 2005-2016 and has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2014.

There were no direct exports of G. berlandieri from the United States to the EU-28 2005-2014. Direct

trade in G. berlandieri from United States to countries other than the EU-28 2005-2014 was reported in

2013 only, and consisted of two wild-sourced specimens for scientific purposes, reported by the exporter.

No indirect trade of G. berlandieri to the EU-28 originating in the United States 2005-2014 was reported.

Conservation status Gopherus berlandieri is the smallest species within the genus, with a carapace length between 12 and

24 cm (Rose and Judd, 1989). G. berlandieri was reported to occur in Texas in the southern United States

with a range extending into Northern Mexico (Bonin et al.,2006; Fritz and Havaš, 2007). G. berlandieri in


35

southern Texas were reported to have a home range size of 3-46 ha (Kazmaier et al., 2002). The species

was reported to occur in semi-desert scrub (Rose and Judd, 1989) and habitats with a “broad range of

woody canopies” up to an altitude of 300 m above sea level (Rose and Judd, 2014). It was considered

likely that the species also inhabits several barrier islands (Rose and Judd, 1989). It has been suggested

that survival of the species in the wild is linked to the abundance of prickly pears Opuntia engelmannii,

an important food and water source (Rose et al., 2011).

G. berlandieri is not adapted for burrowing, unlike other Gopherus spp. (Bonin et al. 2006). Individuals

retreat under dense vegetation or construct shallow burrows, often less than 1 m deep (Bonin et al.,

2006).

Hellgren et al. (2000) reported that females reach sexual maturity between four and eight years old and

laid an average clutch size of approximately two eggs. Judd and Rose (2000) noted that it was common

for individuals to live for 30-50 years.

In 1996, G. berlandieri was assessed as Lower Risk/least concern by the IUCN, although no information

regarding the trends in population of the species was provided in the assessment and the assessment is

in need of updating (Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, 1996).

Threats to the species were reported to include loss of habitat resulting from agriculture and urban

development, as well as mortality from road collisions (Bonin et al., 2006; Fuji and Forstner, 2010).

Judd and Rose (2000) reported that they were not aware of any systematic population monitoring or

habitat management programs specifically for G. berlandieri.

Mexico: Mexico was reported to constitute over half of the geographic range of G berlandieri (Judd and

Rose, 2000). The species was found to occur in north eastern Mexico in Tamaulipas, north eastern San

Luis Potosí, northern and eastern Nuevo León, and Coahuila (Fritz and Havaš, 2007). Its range was

reported to include the mountain ranges Sierra de Picacho, Sierra de Papagayos, Sierra de San Carlos

and Sierra de Tamaulipas (Rose and Judd, 2014).

Judd and Rose (2000) and Rose and Judd (1989; 2014) reported that the status of G. berlandieri in Mexico

was unknown but noted in 1989 that the densities did “not appear high” and that populations were

fragmented. Within a 50 ha study area in Llera municipality, Tamaulipas, a density of two individuals

per ha was recorded (Medellín Cabrera et al., n.d.)

Loss of habitat was reported as a threat to the species in Mexico (Rose and Judd, 2014). Direct killing of

individuals to produce souvenirs for tourists was also noted (Rose and Judd, 1989). TRAFFIC reported

that G. berlandieri had been found for sale in local markets and pet shops in Mexico (Fitzgerald et al.,

2004) and the Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection (PROFEPA) reported that there was illegal

trade of the species in Charco Cercado, San Luis Potosí between 1979 to 2011 (Sosa-Escalante, 2011).

The species was listed as Threatened in the NOM-059, a list issued by the Federal Government, in 1994,

2001 and 2010 (Macip-Ríos et al., 2015; SEMARNAT 2010) and it was included in the CONABIO list of

priority species for conservation action in Mexico in 2012 (CONABIO, 2012). The use and development

of species classified as “Theatened” in NOM-059 was reportedly permitted only with a permit issued by

SEMARNAT (The Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 2003). Bonin et al. (2006) reported that

the species was “theoretically protected by law” in Tamaulipas.

United States: Gopherus berlandieri was reported to occur only in the state of Texas (Judd and Rose,

2000). It was found in low hills (Bonin et al., 2006) predominately within “continuous thorn scrub

savanna and woodland” (Kazmaier et al., 2001). It was reported to occur within protected areas, namely


36

Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge and Welder Wildlife Refuge, both in Texas (Bonin et al.,

2006).

G. berlandieri was classified as Threatened in Texas according to the Texas Administrative Code (section

65.175) (Texas Administrative Code, 2015). Hellgren et al. (2000) and Kazmaier et al., (2001) estimated

the population within Chaparral Wildlife Management Area in Dimmit and LaSalle counties, Texas, with

an area of 6150 ha to range between 1576 and 1751 individuals between 1994 and 1996 with density

estimated to be 0.26-0.28 individuals per ha (Hellgren et al. 2000). Bonin et al. (2006) reported densities

of 23 individuals per ha near Brownsville, Texas. Thode (1999) reported that the population in the Rio

Grande Valley, where the central range of the species is located, had declined as a result of the loss of

habitat.

Within Texas, the species was reported to the threatened by “agricultural practices and urban

development” (Fuji and Forstner, 2010), mortality due to traffic collisions, direct killing by ranch workers

(Rose and Judd, 1989) and entanglement in agricultural fencing (Engeman et al., 2004). A study of

tortoise trade in Texas in 1999-2001 reported that G. berlandieri were exported from Texas but no

individuals were found for sale in pet shops or food markets (Ceballos and Fitzgerald, 2004). Hibbits and

Hibbits (2016) noted that the collection of G. berlandieri for the pet trade in the 1950s and 1960s was one

for the most well-known cases of collection causing a reduction in local population of turtles in Texas.

Chapter 67 of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Code states that permits are required to take, possess,

transport or offer for sale threatened non-game species (Texas Parks and Wildlife, 1997). Protection of

the species was reportedly introduced in 1967 as a result of “a presumed low reproductive rate” and

collection for the pet trade (Judd and Rose, 1983). However, enforcement of the law in Texas was

considered to be a concern (Rose and Judd 1989; Rose and Judd, 2014) and it was reported that the

species was not protected under Federal law (Rose and Judd, 2014).

References Bonin, F., Devaux, B. and Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the world. A&C Black, London (UK). 416 pp. Ceballos, C.P. and Fitzgerald, L. a 2004. The trade in native and exotic turtles in Texas The trade in

native and exotic turtles in Texas. The Wildlife Society, 32(3): 881–891. CONABIO 2012. Propuesta de lista de especies prioritarias para la conservación en México. Orozco, B.A.,

Bermejo, A.V., Osorio, P.K., Romo, L.C., de la Cruz Robles, E., Chávez, M.C. and del Prado Gasca, K.S. (Eds.).

Engeman, R.M., Pipas, M.J. and Smith, H.T. 2004. Gopherus berlandieri (Texas tortoise). Mortality. Herpetological Review, 35(1): 54–55.

Fitzgerald, L.A., Painter, C.W., Reuter, A. and Hoover, C. 2004. Collection, trade, and regulation of reptiles and amphibians of the Chihuahuan Desert ecoregion. TRAFFIC North America, Washington D.C.

Fritz, U. and Havaš, P. 2007. Checklist of chelonians of the world. Vertebrate Zoology, 57(2): 148–368. Fuji, A. and Forstner, R.J. 2010. Genetic Variation and Population Structure of the Texas Tortoise,

Gopherus berlandieri (Testudinidae), with Implications for Conservation. Available at: http://search.proquest.com/openview/d8b79d66b1ea7376ced3551ab12dcf87/1?pq-origsite=gscholar. [Accessed: 13/11/2015].

Hellgren, E.C., Kazmaier, R.T., Ruthven, D.C. and Synatzske, D.R. 2000. Variation in tortoise life history: demography of Gopherus berlandieri. Available at: http://ichthyology.usm.edu/courses/community/tortoise_life_history.pdf. [Accessed: 13/11/2015].

Hibbits, T.D. and Hibbits, T.L. 2016. Texas turtles and crocodilians. A field guide. 1st Edition. University of Texas Press, Austin, USA.

Judd, F.W. and Rose, F.L. 2000. Conservation status of the Texas tortoise Gopherus berlandieri. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University, 196: 1–12.

Judd, F.W. and Rose, F.L. 1983. Population structure, density and movements of the Texas tortoise Gopherus berlandieri. The Southwestern Naturalist, 28(4): 387–398.

Kazmaier, R.T., Hellgren, E.C., Synatzske, D.R. and Rutledge, J.C. 2001. Mark-recapture analysis of


37

Population parameters in a Texas tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri) population in Southern Texas. Journal of Herpetology, 35(3): 410–417.

Kazmaier, R.T., Hellgren, E.C. and Ruthven, D.C. 2002. Home range and dispersal of Texas tortoises, Gopherus berlandieri, in a managed thornscrub ecosystem. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 4(2): 488–496.

Macip-Ríos, R., Ontiveros, R., López-Alcaide, S. and Casas-Andreu, G. 2015. The conservation status of the freshwater and terrestrial turtles of Mexico: a critical review of biodiversity conservation strategies. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 86: 1048–1057.

Medellín Cabrera, A., Martínex-Hinojosa, A.I. and Cumpián Meddellín, J.I. n.d. Conservacion y aprovechamiento ecoturistico de la tortuga terrestre Gopherus berlandieri en Llera, Tamaulipas. Avaialable at: http://www.uaemex.mx/Red_Ambientales/docs/memorias/Resumen/EA/RC/EAC-03.pdf [Accessed 14/03/2016].

Rose, F.L. and Judd, F.W. 1989. Gopherus berlandieri Berlandier’s Tortoise, Texas Tortoise. In: Swingland, I.R., Klemens, M.W., IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater and The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (Eds.). The conservation biology of tortoises. 8–9. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pL2vyHjC4akC&pg=PA136&dq=texas+%22Gopherus+berlandieri%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBmoVChMI3enZkLqNyQIVB2kUCh1fDgdo#v=snippet&q=Gopherus berlandieri&f=false.

Rose, F.L. and Judd, F.W. 2014. The Texas Tortoise: A Natural History Vol. 13. Norman, Oaklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, USA.

Rose, F.L., Judd, F.W. and Small, M.F. 2011. Survivorship in Two Coastal Populations of Gopherus berlandier. 45(1): 75–78.

SEMARNAT 2010. NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, Protección ambiental-Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres-Categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio-Lista de especies en riesgo. DIARIO OFICIAL, 1: 1–78.

Sosa-Escalante, J.E. 2011. Aplicación de la Ley para el Combate del Tráfico Ilegal de Vida Silvestre en México: El caso de Charco Cercado. THERYA, 2(3): 245–262.

Texas Administraive Code 2015. Threatened Species. Section 65.175 of Title 31 of the Texas Administrative Code. Available at: http://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_view=5&ti=31&pt=2&ch=65&sch=G&rl=Y. [Accessed: 14/03/2016].

Texas Parks and Wildlife 1997. Parks and Wildlife Code, Title 5. Wildlife and Plant conservatio Subtitle B. hunting and fishing. Chapter 67 Non game species. Available at: http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/PW/htm/PW.67.htm. [Accessed: 15/03/2016].

Thode, B.R. 1999. The Effects of Human Presence on the Texas Tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri) in Southern Texas and Northern Mexico. Cantaurus, 7: 41–43.

The Commission for Environmental Cooperation 2003. Summary of Environmental Law in Mexico. Available at: https://moose.cec.org/moose/lawdatabase/mxdoc.cfm?varlan=english&topic=17. [Accessed: 15/03/2016].

Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996. Gopherus berlandieri. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/9401/0. [Accessed: 13/11/2015].

Galanthus nivalis

38

LILIALES: AMARYLLIDACEAE

Galanthus nivalis II/B

Trade patterns Galanthus nivalis was listed in Appendix II on 18/01/1990 and was included in Annex B of the EU

Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997 as part of the genus listing for Galanthus.

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina joined CITES on 21/01/2009 and accession entered

into force on 21/04/2009. The country has not published annual export quotas for G. nivalis for the

period 2005-2016. Bosnia and Herzegovina reported ‘no trade’ 2010-2012 and has submitted annual

reports for 2013 and 2014.

No direct exports of G. nivalis from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the EU-28 or countries other than the

EU-28 were reported for the period 2005-2014. No indirect trade in G. nivalis originating in Bosnia and

Herzegovina to the EU-28 was reported 2005-2014.

Switzerland: Switzerland has not published annual export quotas for G. nivalis for the period 2005-2016

and has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2013; Switzerland has not yet submitted an annual

report for 2014.

SYNONYMS Chianthemum nivale, Galanthus atkinsii hort. Barr, Galanthus imperati, Galanthus montana, Galanthus nivalis humboldtii, Galanthus nivalis imperati, Galanthus nivalis subplicatus, Galanthus plicatus sens. Guss., Galanthus plicatus subplicatus, Galanthus reflexus auct. non Herb. ex Lindl., Galanthus sharlokii, Galanthus shaylockii (sic)

COMMON NAMES: Common Snowdrop (EN), Galantine d'Hiver (FR), Campanilla de invierno (ES)

RANGE STATES: Albania, Austria, Belgium (introduced), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Former USSR, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy Netherlands (introduced), Norway (introduced), Poland, Republic of Moldova Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain (distribution uncertain), Sweden (introduced), Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (introduced)

UNDER REVIEW: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Switzerland, Ukraine

EU DECISIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Switzerland and Ukraine first applied on 29/10/2001 and last confirmed on 28/05/2015. Previous negative opinion for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Switzerland and Ukraine applied 02/09/1997 and previous no opinion ii) for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Switzerland and Ukraine applied on 22/07/1997.

Current no opinion ii) for wild specimens from Albania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation and Turkey first applied 22/07/1997.

IUCN: Near Threatened

Galanthus nivalis

39

No direct exports of G. nivalis from Switzerland to the EU-28 or countries other than the EU-28 were

reported for the period 2005-2014. No indirect trade in G. nivalis originating in Switzerland to the EU-28

was reported 2005-2014.

Ukraine: Ukraine has not published annual export quotas for G. nivalis for the period 2005-2016.

Ukraine has submitted annual reports for all years 2005-2013; Ukraine has not yet submitted an annual

report for 2014.

No direct exports of G. nivalis from Ukraine to the EU-28 or countries other than the EU-28 were

reported for the period 2005-2014. No indirect trade in G. nivalis originating in Ukraine to the EU-28 was

reported 2005-2014.

Conservation status Galanthus nivalis is a bulbous plant that produces a white flower (Berkov et al., 2012; Crook and Davis,

2013) and is commonly cultivated for horticultural trade (Crook and Davis, 2013).

The distribution of the species was reported to range “eastwards from the Pyrenees and northern Spain

to the Ukraine and southwards from Germany and Poland to southern Italy, Albania and Northern

Greece” (Crook and Davis, 2013). It was reported that most populations were below an altitude of 900 m

but that the upper elevation limit was 2314 m (Crook and Davis, 2013). The habitat of G. nivalis was

reported to include deciduous woodland (Grey-Wilson and Matthew, 1981; Crook and Davis, 2013) and

occassionally coniferous forest, as well as meadows, pastures and scrub (Crook and Davis, 2013).

G. nivalis was assessed as Near Threatened by the IUCN and it was reported that the species may qualify

for a threat category in the near future as the population was decreasing (Crook and Davis, 2013). Crook

and Davis (2013) added that the species was listed in “nearly every country’s Red List”, from which they

suggested the subpopulation in each country was threatened.

G. nivalis was reported to be threatened by loss of habitat, climate change, harvesting and trade (Crook

and Davis, 2013). However, Bishop et al. (2001) reported that given the control and monitoring of trade

through CITES, trade was unlikely to endanger wild populations of Galanthus. The species was listed on

the European Habitats Directive Annex V (Bilz et al., 2011) which lists “animal and plant species of

community interest whose taking in the wild and exploitations may be subject to management

measures” (Council of the European Communities, 1992).

Bosnia and Herzegovina: G. nivalis was reported to occur in Kozara and Osječenica in the north west,

Ozren in the north east, Raduša in the west, Vlašić, Vranica, Trebević and Bitovnja in central Bosnia

Herzegovinia, Mostara in the south west and Trebinja in the south (Greenway, 2013).

Within the two constitutional regions within the country, the species was assessed as Least Concern in

the 2013 Red List of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina administrative region (Greenway, 2013),

but it was not included in the 2013 Red List of the Republika Srpska administrative region (Republika

Srpska, 2013). Prior to this, G. nivalis was assessed as Vulnerable in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1996

(Šilić, 1996 in in Crook and Davis, 2013). Galanthus nivalis was previously protected against picking,

collecting, uprooting, destruction, possession or trade by Article 35 of the Law on Nature Protection

(2003) which applied to all plants on the Red List, including all species assessed as Vulnerable. However,

this law was repealed in 2013 and was replaced by the Bosnia and Herzegovnia: Law on Nature

Protection (2013) which only restricts these activities for “strictly protected species” and, therefore, does

not apply to G. nivalis.

The Bosnia and Herzegovina CITES Management Authority reported that they have no records of illegal

trade of G. nivalis (Medić, pers. comm to UNEP-WCMC, 2015).

Galanthus nivalis

40

Switzerland: G. nivalis was reported to occur in the northern half of Switzerland as well as in the

southern point of Ticino, in the south of the country (The National Data and Information Center of the

Swiss Flora, 2013).

G. nivalis was assessed as Near Threatened in Switzerland, as well as being classed as Near Threatened in

the regions of Jura [north western Switzerland], Mitteland [north central Switzerland], the Northern

Alps, the Southern Alps, and it was assessed as Vulnerable in the Eastern Central Alps (Moser et al.,

2002). No estimates of population size in Switzerland were found.

The level of protection for the species was reported to vary between regions including “full protection”

in Aargau, Basel-Country, Nidwalden, Solothurn and Ticino and “partial protection” in Bern, Neuenberg

and St Gallen (The National Data and Information Center of the Swiss Flora, 2013). Full protection

prohibits digging up, selling, and purchase of the species without a permit (de Klemm, 1997). Partial

protection reportedly prohibits the collection of plants for commercial purposes without a permit, the

uprooting of plants and limits picking of aerial parts of the plant to limited numbers, often defined as a

small bunch (de Klemm and Shine, 1993), although in St Gallen and Bern, no more than five

inflorescences may be picked (Naturschutzverordnung, 2007; de Klemm, 1997). In all regions, the

collection of all species of wild plants for commercial purposes was reported to require authorisation

from the cantonal authority, according to Article 19 of the federal law on natural and cultural heritage in

Switzerland (de Klemm, 1997; Bundesgesetzüber den Natur- und Heimatschutz, 1966).

Ukraine: G. nivalis was reported to be previously widely distributed in the East Carpathians, but its

range was reduced in the 1970s and 1980s as a result of loss of habitat, and the collection of flowers and

bulbs (Budnikov and Kricsfalusy, 1994; Crook and Davis, 2013). Within Transcarpathia, in western

Ukraine, G. nivalis was reported to occur in small patches from an altitude of 100 m, into the East

Carpanthians up to an altitude of 1500 m (Budnikov and Kricsfalusy, 1994).

Domashlinets (in. litt. to UNEP-WCMC, 2015) reported that G. nivalis was listed in the Red Data Book of

Ukraine but was not given a specific threat category. The 2009 edition of which described populations of

G. nivalis in Ukraine as “heavily decreasing” (Didukh, 2010). G. nivalis was reported as “rare” in Ukraine

(Montemaggiori et al., 2005). The species was also listed in the 1996 “Red Data Book of the Ukraine” as a

species in decline and included in the “List of Rare and Disappearing Species of Ukrainian Flora” in 1996

(Crook and Davis, 2013).

The Economic Comimission for Europe (1999) noted that 10 000 ha had been protected in Ukraine to

preserve medicinal plants including G. nivalis. Unauthorised collection of G. nivalis from the wild was

reported to be prohibited, although collection from protected areas has been reported (Domashlinets,

2015). The trade in medicinal and ornamental plant species and their parts is prohibted (Article 9, no

591-XIV- Supreme Council of Ukraine, 1999). It was also noted to be illegal to purchase or sell, destroy

the habitats of, or remove from the wild any plants listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (The State

Ecological Inspectorate in Luhansk region, 2015). Illegal trade in G. nivalis from Ukraine was reported in

1997 (Crook and Davis, 2013).

References

Berkov, S., Codina, C. and Bastida, J. 2012a. The Genus Galanthus : A Source of Bioactive Compounds. In: Rao, V. (Ed.). Phytochemicals - A global perspective role in nutritional and health. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia & Shanghai, China. 235–254.

Bilz, M., Kell, S.P., Maxted, N. and Lansdown, R.V. 2011. European Red List of Vascular Plants. Luxembourg.

Bishop, M., Davis, A.P. and Grimshaw, J. 2001. Snowdrops. The Griffin Press, UK. 1-363 pp. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Law on Nature Protection 2003. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Law on Nature

Protection. Available at: http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-

Galanthus nivalis

41

bin/faolex.exe?rec_id=134760&database=faolex&search_type=link&table=result&lang=eng&format_name=@ERALL. [Accessed: 18/02/2016].

Bosnia and Herzegovnia: Law on Nature Protection 2013. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Law on Nature Protection 2013. Zakon o zaštiti prirode FBiH. Available at: http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-bin/faolex.exe?rec_id=143206&database=faolex&search_type=link&table=result&lang=eng&format_name=@ERALL. [Accessed: 18/02/2016].

Budnikov, G. and Kricsfalusy, V. 1994. Bioecological study of Galanthus nivalis L. in the east Carpathians. Thaiszia Journal of Botany. Košice, 4: 49–75.

Bundesgesetzüber den Natur- und Heimatschutz 1966. Systematische Sammlung des Bundesrechts (SR) 451. Available at: https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/19660144/index.html. [Accessed: 27/11/2015].

Council of the European Communities 1992. Council directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (Habitats Directive). Official Journal of the European Communities, L 206/7.

Crook, V. and Davis, A. 2013. Galanthus nivalis. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/162168/0. [Accessed: 2/11/2015].

Didukh, Y.P. 2010. ‘Red Data Book of Ukraine. Vegetable Kingdom’ Afterword. Biodiversity: Research and Conservation, 19: 87–92.

Domashlinets, V. 2015. Volodymyr Domashlinets (information from M.G. Holodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) of CITES Management Authority of Ukraine in litt. to UNEP-WCMC 18/12/2015.

Economic Comimission for Europe 1999. UN. Environmental Performance Review Series No. 6. Ukraine. Available at: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/epr/epr_studies/ukraine.pdf. [Accessed: 27/11/2015].

Greenway 2013. Red list of flora of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Crvena lista flore Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine. Sarajevo.

Grey-Wilson, C. and Matthew, B. 1981. Bulbs. The bulbous plants of Europe and their allies. William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, London.

de Klemm, C. 1997. Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of legislation for the protection of wild flora in Europe. Nature and environment No. 88. Council of Europe Publishing.

de Klemm, C. and Shine, C. 1993. Biological diversity conservation and the law: legal mechanisms for conserving species and ecosystems. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law paper no. 29. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Medić V. 2015. Vanda Medić (Bosnia and Herzegovina CITES management authority) pers. comm to UNEP-WCMC 11/12/2015.

Montemaggiori, A., Capula, M., Gippoliti, S., Marsden, S.J., Mertens, A., Rondinini, C., Salerno, G. and Sorace, A. 2005. A study of species which are subject to import restrictions according to the article 4.6 of Regulation 338/97. Istituto Ecologia Applicata.

Moser, D., Gygax, A., Bäumler, B., Wyler, N. and Palese, R. 2002. Red List of the Threatened Ferns and Flowering Plants of Switzerland (Rote Liste der gefährdeten Farn- und Blütenpflanzen der Schweiz). Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, Bern; Zentrum des Datenverbundnetzes der Schweizer Flora, Chambésy; Conserva.

Naturschutzverordnung 2007. Verordnung über den Schutz wildwachsender Pflanzen und freilebender Tiere (Naturschutzverordnung) (NSV). Available at: http://www.gesetzessammlung.sg.ch/frontend/versions/1233. [Accessed 14/03/2016]

Republika Srpska 2013. Red list of protected species of flora and fauna. Republica Srpska. Available at: http://nasljedje.org/docs/crvenalista/Lista_vaskularne_flore.pdf. [Accessed 14/03/2016

Šilić, Č. 1996. The List of Plant Species (Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta) for the Red Book of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo.

Supreme Council of Ukraine 1999. With law decree of Ukraine. On Flora 591-14. Available at: http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/591-14. [Accessed: 6/11/2015].

The National Data and Information Center of the Swiss Flora 2013. Galanthus nivalis. Available at: https://www.infoflora.ch/de/flora/3128-galanthus-nivalis.html. [Accessed: 6/11/2015].

The State Ecological Inspectorate in Luhansk region 2015. Державна екологічна інспекція у Луганській областіДержавний нагляд у сфері охорони навколишнього природного середовища ‘Первоцвіт’. Available at: http://deilg.gov.ua/actions/pervocvit/. [Accessed: 6/11/2015].

Orchis mascula

42

ORCHIDALES: ORCHIDACEAE

Orchis mascula II/B

Trade patterns Orchis mascula was listed in Appendix II on 01/07/1975 and in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade

Regulations on 01/06/1997 as part of the family listing for Orchidaceae. Albania has not yet submitted

annual reports for 2013 and 2014 and has not published annual export quotas for O. mascula for the

period 2005-2014.

No direct or indirect trade in O. mascula from Albania to the EU-28 or countries other than the EU-28

was reported over the period 2005-2014.

Conservation status Orchis mascula has a wide distribution, including Central, Southern and Eastern Europe (Williams et al.,

1978; Davies et al., 1983), North Africa and the Middle East (la Croix, 2008).

O. mascula has been reported as favouring open woodland, moist pasture and thickets (Williams et al.,

1978; Davies et al., 1983; la Croix, 2008) and is absent from very acidic or wet sites (Jacquemyn et al.,

2009b). The species has been reported as flowering mid-spring to mid-summer (Martin, 1982; Stewart,

1995; la Croix, 2008; Jacquemyn et al., 2009b).

The species has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2015) but it was assessed as Least

Concern in the European Red List of Vascular Plants (Bilz et al., 2011).

Declines of the species in Europe have been linked to a reduction in the use of traditional coppicing

methods (Jacquemyn et al., 2009b). Reduction in coppicing has been linked to reduced genetic diversity

of the species (Jacquemyn et al., 2009a), and reduction in mowing/grazing has been linked to

overshadowing of O. mascula by shrubs and trees (Biereżnoj, 2012). Small population sizes have also

been shown to negatively affect reproductive success (Meekers and Honnay, 2011).

Albania: O. mascula has been recorded as occurring in Albania (Republic of Albania Ministry

Environment, Forests and Water Administration, 2013; Imami et al., 2015). It has been reported in

Tomorri National Park, south central Albania (Mahmutaj et al., 2014) and around Mount Korab in the

east (Pieroni et al., 2014). No further information on the population distribution, size or status in

Albania could be identified.

COMMON NAMES: Early Purple Orchid (EN), Orchis mâle (FR)

RANGE STATES: Albania, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Isle of Man (United Kingdom), Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

UNDER REVIEW: Albania

EU DECISIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild and ranched specimens from Albania first applied on 29/10/2001 and last confirmed on 28/05/2015.

IUCN: Not Assessed

Orchis mascula

43

All 16 Orchis spp. (with the exception of O. provincialis) are listed as Vulnerable under the Albanian

National Red List Assessment (Republic of Albania Ministry Environment, Forests and Water

Administration, 2013).

Orchis mascula has been reported to be harvested as a medicinal and aromatic plant in Albania and for

the production of a traditional beverage, salep (Imami et al., 2015; Kreziou et al., 2015); Mahmutaj et al.

(2013) reported it as one of the most collected plants for trade in Tomori National Park, Albania.

Lange (pers. comm. in Kathe et al., 2003) reported that O. mascula may be exported from Albania as

Orchis morio. Orchis spp. populations were reported to have been depleted due to overharvesting on the

Albanian side of Mt. Korab (Pieroni et al., 2014). It has been reported that approximately 95 per cent of

wild collected medicinal and aromatic plants (including Orchis spp.) were exported (Lange, 1998; Vaso

1997 in Kathe et al., 2003).

Inclusion in the Albanian National Red List appears to preclude harvesting in Albania (Albania Ministry

of the Environment, 2014). Environmental licences are required for exploitation of plants (Law on

Environmental Protections, No. 7664), while harvesting of non-timber forest products (including

medicinal and aromatic plants) is covered under the Law on Forests and the Forest Service Police (No.

7623) and allows harvesting only after a valid permit has been obtained.

References

Albania Ministry of the Environment 2014. Fifth national report of Albania to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Tirana, Albania. 49 pp.

Bateman, R.M., Hollingsworth, P.M., Preston, J., Yi-Bo, L., Pridgeon, A.M. and Chase, M.W. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 142: 1–40.

Biereżnoj, U. 2012. A new occurrence site of Orchis mascula in the town of Suwałki (NE Poland). Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, 68(6): 448–454.

Bilz, M., Kell, S.P., Maxted, N. and Lansdown, R.V. 2011. European Red List of Vascular Plants. Luxembourg.

la Croix, I. 2008. The new encyclopedia of orchids: 1500 species in cultivation. Timber Press, Inc., Portland and London. 524 pp.

Davies, P., Davies, J. and Huxley, A. 1983. Wild Orchids of Britain and Europe. Chatto & Windus, London. 256 pp.

Duperrex, A. 1961. Orchids of Europe. Blandford Press Ltd., London, UK. 235 pp. Imami, D., Ibraliu, A., Fasllia, N., Gruda, N. and Skreli, E. 2015. Analysis of the Medicinal and Aromatic

Plants Value Chain in Albania. Gesunde Pflanzen, 67: 155–164. IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4. Available at:

http://www.iucnredlist.org. [Accessed: 17/11/2015]. Jacquemyn, H., Brys, R., Adriaens, D., Honnay, O. and Roldán-Ruiz, I. 2009a. Effects of population size

and forest management on genetic diversity and structure of the tuberous orchid Orchis mascula. Conservation Genetics, 10: 161–168.

Jacquemyn, H., Brys, R., Honnay, O. and Hutchings, M.J. 2009b. Biological Flora of the British Isles: Orchis mascula. Journal of Ecology, 97: 360–377.

Kathe, W., Honnef, S. and Heym, A. 2003. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania. Bonn, Germany. 201 pp.

Kreziou, A., de Boer, H. and Gravendeel, B. 2015. Harvesting of salep orchids in north-western Greece continues to threaten natural populations. Oryx, (May): 1–4.

Lange, D. 1998. Europe’s medicinal and aromatic plants: their use, trade and conservation. TRAFFIC, Cambridge, UK. 119 pp.

Mahmutaj, E., Merja, Y. and Hoda, P. 2013. Preliminary data on floristic richness of species with economical values in Tomorri National Park (Albania). Natura Montenegrina, 12(3-4): 657–672.

Mahmutaj, E., Merja, Y. and Hoda, P. 2013. Preliminary data on floristic richness of species with economical values in Tomorri National Park (Albania). Natura Montenegrina, 12(3-4): 657–672.

Martin, W.K. 1982. The New Concise British Flora. Michael Joseph Limited & Ebury Press, London, UK.

Orchis mascula

44

247 pp. Meekers, T. and Honnay, O. 2011. Effects of habitat fragmentation on the reproductive success of the

nectar-producing orchid Gymnadenia conopsea and the nectarless Orchis mascula. Plant Ecology, 212(11): 1791–1801.

Pieroni, A., Nedelcheva, A., Hajdari, A., Mustafa, B., Scaltriti, B., Cianfaglione, K. and Quave, C.L. 2014. Local knowledge on plants and domestic remedies in the mountain villages of Peshkopia (Eastern Albania). Journal of Mountain Science, 11(1): 180–193.

Republic of Albania Ministry Environment Forests and Water Administration 2013. Red List of Wild Flora and Fauna, Albania. 28 pp.

Stewart, J. 1995. Manual of Orchids - the new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary. MacMillan Reference Books, London, UK.

Williams, J.G., Williams, A. and Arlott, N. 1978. A Field Guide to the Orchids of Britain and Europe. Collins, London. 176 pp.

Cyclamen mirabile

45

PRIMULALES: PRIMULACEAE

Cyclamen mirabile II/B

Trade patterns Cyclamen mirabile was listed in Appendix II on 01/07/1975 as part of the genus listing for Cyclamen and

was included in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997, also as part of a genus

listing.

Turkey has not published annual export quotas for C. mirabile for the period 2005-2016 and has


No direct or indirect trade in C. mirabile from Turkey to the EU-28 or the rest of the world was reported

over the period 2005-2014.

Conservation status C. mirabile is a range-restricted perennial herb (Yesson and Culham, 2011), endemic to Turkey (Dusen et

al., 2015). This species was thought to have become extinct by the middle of the 20th century due to over-

harvesting, until it was rediscovered in western Turkey (Byfield, 1993). The distribution centres around

south-western Turkey (Yesson and Culham, 2006; Dusen et al., 2015), and the range size was estimated

as 15 321 km2 (Yesson and Culham, 2006). Historic reports placed it as most abundant in the Turkish

provinces of Muğla, Aydin and Isparta (Meikle, 1978 in Dunsen et al. 2015), with more recent site-specific

studies finding it around the town of Akçaova in Aydin (Dusen et al., 2015) and on the slopes of Madran

Babadağ (Yamaner and Erdag, 2008).

C. mirabile flowers between September and November (Debussche et al., 2004; Dusen et al., 2015), and

seeds are reportedly released during late May the following year (Debussche et al., 2004; Yesson and

Culham, 2006). Surveys showed it to favour organic, rich soils in oak and pine woodland at altitudes

ranging from 500 to 1000 m (Dusen et al., 2015).

This species has not yet been assessed by the IUCN, but the Red Book of Turkish plants (Ekim et al.,

2000) classified it as Endangered based on the IUCN Red List criteria. It was described as rare by Yesson

and Culham (2011). A more recent assessment by Dusen et al. (2015) also classified this species as

Endangered due to “grazing, tourism, industrialization and urbanization” threats causing population

declines, whilst Ciotir et al. (2008) classified it as Critically Endangered based on an estimated decrease

in range size of more than 80 per cent by 2050.

Historically, the main threat to the species has been the harvesting of wild bulbs of other similar species

(Read, 1989; Jenkins and Oldfield, 1992), which cannot be specifically identified until flowering, meaning

that wild tubers were likely exported in shipments of other, more common species (Jenkins and

Oldfield, 1992). Although there appeared to be little information about levels of illegal harvesting, a

RANGE STATES: Turkey

UNDER REVIEW: Turkey

EU DECISIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild imports from Turkey first applied on 29/10/2001 and last confirmed on 28/05/2015

IUCN: Not assessed

Cyclamen mirabile

46

TRAFFIC report noted that seizures of illegal Cyclamen continued to be reported (Kecse-nagy et

al.,2006). The species was also considered to be at risk from climate change due to its restricted

altitudinal range: based on future climate scenarios, a range loss of 20 - 100 per cent was predicted for

this species by 2050 (Yesson and Culham, 2006; Yesson et al., 2009).

A ban on the export of all wild endemic Cyclamen is reportedly in place, although this was considered

difficult to enforce (Kecse-nagy et al., 2006). No further information on the management of C. mirabile

in Turkey was found. This species is, however, readily cultivated (Grey-Wilson, 2002), and can be

artificially propagated (Yamaner and Erdag, 2008), which may reduce, though not alleviate the demand

for wild-sourced specimens (Kecse-nagy et al., 2006).

References

Byfield, A. 1993. Indigenous propagation project, Turkey. Oryx, 27(1): 65–67. Ciotir, C., Yesson, C. and Culham, A. 2008. Future predictions of Cyclamen distribution in the

Mediterranean region. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npre.2009.3066.1. [Accessed: 3/12/2015].

Debussche, M., Garnier, E. and Thompson, J.D. 2004. Exploring the causes of variation in phenology and morphology in Mediterranean geophytes: a genus-wide study of Cyclamen. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 145(4): 469–484.

Dusen, O.D., Gurcan, B. and Mammadov, R. 2015. Morphology, Anatomy and Palynology of endemic Cyclamen mirabile hildebr. (Primulaceae) in South-West Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 43(3): 243–247.

Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytaç, Z. and Digüzel, N. 2000. Türkiye Bitkileri Kirmizi Kitabi (Egrelti ve Tohumlu Bitkiler) [Red Data Book of Turkish Plants (Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta)]. Ankara. 1–246 pp.

Grey-Wilson, C. 2002. Cyclamen: a guide for gardeners, horticulturists and botanists. 2nd Ed. Pavilion Books Company Ltd, London, UK.

Jenkins, M. and Oldfield, S. 1992. Wild plants in trade. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK. Kecse-nagy, K., Papp, D., Knapp, A. and Meibom, S.V.O.N. 2006. Wildlife Trade in Central and Eastern

Europe: A Review of CITES Implementation in 15 Countries. TRAFFIC Europe report, Budapest, Hungary.

Meikle, R.. 1978. Cyclamen L. In: Davis, P.. (Ed.). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 6. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, U.K. 128–135.

Read, M. 1989. The bulb trade - a threat to wild plant populations. Oryx, 23(3): 127–134. Yamaner, O. and Erdag, D. 2008. Direct shoot formation and microtuberization from aseptic seedlings

of Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr. Biotechnology, 7(2): 328–332. Yesson, C. and Culham, A. 2006. A phyloclimatic study of Cyclamen. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 6(1): 72. Yesson, C. and Culham, A. 2011. Biogeography of Cyclamen: an application of phyloclimatic modelling.

In: Hodkinson, T., Jones, M., Waldren, S. and Parnell, J. (Eds.). Climate Change, Ecology and Systematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK). 265–279.

Yesson, C., Toomey, N.H. and Culham, A. 2009. Cyclamen: time, sea and speciation biogeography using a temporally calibrated phylogeny. Journal of Biogeography, 36(7): 1234–1252.

Cyclamen pseudibericum

47

PRIMULALES: PRIMULACEAE

Cyclamen pseudibericum II/B

Trade patterns Cyclamen pseudibericum was listed in Appendix II on 01/07/1975 as part of the genus listing for Cyclamen

and was included in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997, also as part of a genus

listing.

Turkey has not published annual export quotas for C. pseudibericum for the period 2005-2016 and has


No direct or indirect trade in C. pseudibericum from Turkey to the EU-28 or the rest of the world was

reported over the period 2005-2014.

Conservation status C. pseudibericum is a range-restricted perennial herb endemic to Turkey (Anderberg, 1994; Curuk et al.,

2015). It is found in moist, mountainous areas around the north-eastern Mediterranean sea (Grey-

Wilson, 2002; Yesson and Culham, 2006). Surveys showed it to favour oak/pine woodland and shrubland

at altitudes ranging from 800 to 1320 m (Celemli et al., 2015; Curuk et al., 2015).

C. pseudibericum was estimated to have a range size of 14 767 km2 (Yesson and Culham, 2006), and a

distribution centring around the northern Amanus (Nur) and the southern Anti-Taurus mountain

ranges in south-central Turkey, primarily in Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay provinces (Grey-Wilson, 2002).

Specifically, Çelemli et al. (2015) recorded this species as being present at the Zorkun Plateau in the

Osmaniye region of the Amanos Mountains.

The species flowers during February-March (Debussche et al., 2004; Curuk et al., 2015), and seeds are

reportedly released during a single week in late June (Debussche et al., 2004).

This species has not yet been assessed by the IUCN, but the Red Book of Turkish plants (Ekim et al.,

2000) classified it as Endangered based on the IUCN Red List criteria. A more recent assessment by

Ciotir et al. (2008) classified it as Critically Endangered based on an estimated decrease in range size of

more than 80 per cent by 2050. Although there appeared to be little information about levels of illegal

harvesting, a TRAFFIC report noted that seizures of illegal Cyclamen continued to be reported (Kecse-

nagy et al.,2006). In addition to the threat from illegal trade, the species was also considered at risk from

climate change due to its restricted altitudinal range: based on future climate scenarios, a range loss of

up to 92 per cent was estimated for this species by 2050 (Yesson and Culham, 2006).

A ban on the export of all wild endemic Cyclamen is reportedly in place, although this was considered

difficult to enforce (Kecse-nagy et al., 2006). No further information on the management of

RANGE STATES: Turkey

UNDER REVIEW: Turkey

EU DECISIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild imports from Turkey first applied on 29/10/2001 and last confirmed on 28/05/2015.

IUCN: Not assessed

Cyclamen pseudibericum

48

C. pseudibericum in Turkey was found. This species is, however, readily cultivated (Grey-Wilson, 2002),

which may reduce, though not alleviate the demand for wild-sourced specimens (Kecse-nagy et al.,

2006).

References

Anderberg, A. 1994. Phylogeny and subgeneric classification of Cyclamen L. (Primulaceae). Kew Bulletin, 49(3): 455–467.

Celemli, O., Temizer, I. and Altinozlu, H. 2015. Anatomy, palynology of endemic Cyclamen pseudibericum in Mediterranean phytogeographic region of Turkey and chemical analysis of its tuber extracts. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 43(2): 105–113.

Ciotir, C., Yesson, C. and Culham, A. 2008. Future predictions of Cyclamen distribution in the Mediterranean region. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npre.2009.3066.1. [Accessed: 3/12/2015].

Curuk, P., Sogut, Z., Bozdogan, E., Izgu, T., Sevindik, B., Mohammad Tagipur, E., Teixeira da Silva, J.A., Serce, S., Aka Kacar, Y. and Yalcin Mendi, Y. 2015. Morphological characterization of Cyclamen sp. grown naturally in Turkey: Part I. South African Journal of Botany, 100: 7–15.

Debussche, M., Garnier, E. and Thompson, J.D. 2004. Exploring the causes of variation in phenology and morphology in Mediterranean geophytes: a genus-wide study of Cyclamen. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 145(4): 469–484.

Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytaç, Z. and Digüzel, N. 2000. Türkiye Bitkileri Kirmizi Kitabi (Egrelti ve Tohumlu Bitkiler) [Red Data Book of Turkish Plants (Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta)]. Ankara. 1–246 pp.

Grey-Wilson, C. 2002. Cyclamen: a guide for gardeners, horticulturists and botanists. 2nd Ed. Pavilion Books Company Ltd, London, UK.

Kecse-nagy, K., Papp, D., Knapp, A. and Meibom, S.V.O.N. 2006. Wildlife Trade in Central and Eastern Europe: A Review of CITES Implementation in 15 Countries. TRAFFIC Europe report, Budapest, Hungary.

Yesson, C. and Culham, A. 2006. A phyloclimatic study of Cyclamen. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 6(1): 72.

Appendix

49

Table 1: Purpose of trade Code Description

T Commercial

Z Zoo

G Botanical garden

Q Circus or travelling exhibition

S Scientific

H Hunting trophy

P Personal

M Medical (including biomedical research)

E Educational

N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild

B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation

L Law enforcement / judicial / forensic

Table 2: Source of specimens Code Description

W Specimens taken from the wild

R Ranched specimens: specimens of animals reared in a controlled environment, taken as eggs or juveniles

from the wild, where they would otherwise have had a very low probability of surviving to adulthood

D Appendix-I animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes in operations included in the Secretariat's

Register, in accordance with Resolution Conf. 12.10 (Rev. CoP15), and Appendix-I plants artificially

propagated for commercial purposes, as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions

of Article VII, paragraph 4, of the Convention

A Plants that are artificially propagated in accordance with Resolution Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP15), as well as

parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 5 (specimens of species

included in Appendix I that have been propagated artificially for non-commercial purposes and specimens of

species included in Appendices II and III)

C Animals bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.), as well as parts and derivatives

thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 5

F Animals born in captivity (F1 or subsequent generations) that do not fulfil the definition of ‘bred in captivity’ in

Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.), as well as parts and derivatives thereof

U Source unknown (must be justified)

I Confiscated or seized specimens (may be used with another code)

O Pre-Convention specimens

Appendix

review of selected species subject to long- standing...

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