Revolutions in Revolutions in EnglandEngland1603-16891603-1689

A. Limited MonarchyA. Limited Monarchy 1600s = Absolute Monarchy 1600s = Absolute Monarchy was the rule.was the rule.

England was the exception.England was the exception.

King John agreed in the King John agreed in the year 1215 year 1215 to share power to share power with the wealthy with the wealthy members members of society.of society.

Magna CartaMagna Carta (Great Charter) (Great Charter)

A. Limited Monarchy A. Limited Monarchy (c0nt.)(c0nt.)

Seats elected by themiddle class.

Seats inherited by members of thelandowning families.

The wealthier classes in England were The wealthier classes in England were represented in a two house body calledrepresented in a two house body called::

Parliament

A. Limited Monarchy A. Limited Monarchy (c0nt.)(c0nt.)

Parliament traditionally held Parliament traditionally held the the “power of the purse.”“power of the purse.”

Parliament controlled access Parliament controlled access to the wealth of the country.to the wealth of the country.

If the king needed money, he If the king needed money, he would go to Parliament and ask would go to Parliament and ask them to pass tax laws.them to pass tax laws.

B. James IB. James I

Tudor monarchs:Tudor monarchs:

Henry VIII (1509-1547)Henry VIII (1509-1547)

Edward VI (1547-1553)Edward VI (1547-1553)

Mary I (1553-1558)Mary I (1553-1558)

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

Elizabeth never married and Elizabeth never married and never had children. She died never had children. She died without an heir.without an heir.

B. James I (cont.)B. James I (cont.)

• James VI, King of Scotland.

• First cousin of

Elizabeth I.• A member of the

Stuart family.

B. James I (cont.)B. James I (cont.)

In 1603, James traveled In 1603, James traveled south and became King James south and became King James I of England.I of England.

In Scotland, James ruled In Scotland, James ruled as an absolute monarch.as an absolute monarch.

Wrote a book called Wrote a book called The The True Law of Free Monarchies.True Law of Free Monarchies.

B. James I (cont.)B. James I (cont.)

James had no love for James had no love for Parliament.Parliament.

James asked to be called “King James asked to be called “King of Great Britain,” Parliament of Great Britain,” Parliament refused.refused.

James asked for money to fight James asked for money to fight wars, Parliament refused.wars, Parliament refused.

Parliament tried to squeeze Parliament tried to squeeze James by putting him on a budget.James by putting him on a budget.

B. James I (cont.)B. James I (cont.) James preferred to James preferred to ignore Parliament and rule ignore Parliament and rule without their input.without their input.

In 1625, James died.In 1625, James died.

He left his thrones (and He left his thrones (and his poor relationship with his poor relationship with Parliament) to his son, Parliament) to his son, Charles I.Charles I.

C. Charles I C. Charles I

• Charles Stuart• King of England and Scotland• 1625-1649

C. Charles I (cont.)C. Charles I (cont.)

Charles intended to rule Charles intended to rule with absolute power.with absolute power.

Instead of asking Instead of asking Parliament for money, he Parliament for money, he took took “forced loans.”“forced loans.”

Those who refused to pay Those who refused to pay were often imprisoned.were often imprisoned.

C. Charles I (cont.)C. Charles I (cont.)

In 1628, Charles assembled In 1628, Charles assembled Parliament to ask for taxes to Parliament to ask for taxes to pay for a possible war with pay for a possible war with Spain & France.Spain & France.

Parliament demanded that Parliament demanded that Charles accept a contract Charles accept a contract called the called the “Petition of Right.”“Petition of Right.”

C. Charles I (cont.)C. Charles I (cont.)

Petition of Right:Petition of Right:

1) No forced loans.1) No forced loans.

2) No imprisonment w/o 2) No imprisonment w/o just cause.just cause.

3) No quartering troops 3) No quartering troops in in private private homes.homes.

C. Charles I (cont.)C. Charles I (cont.)

Charles agreed to the Charles agreed to the Petition but then dissolved Petition but then dissolved Parliament for 11 years.Parliament for 11 years.

This was called the This was called the “Eleven-“Eleven-Year Tyranny.”Year Tyranny.”

In 1640, rebellion in In 1640, rebellion in Scotland caused Charles to call Scotland caused Charles to call Parliament again and ask for Parliament again and ask for money.money.

C. Charles I (cont.)C. Charles I (cont.) The House of Commons called The House of Commons called the king out:the king out:

1) No taxes w/o consent. 1) No taxes w/o consent.

2) Triennial Act.2) Triennial Act.

3) Dissolved only with consent.3) Dissolved only with consent.

4) Passed a resolution officially 4) Passed a resolution officially callingcalling Charles a tyrant.Charles a tyrant.

C. Charles I (cont.)C. Charles I (cont.)

Charles brought 400 soldiers Charles brought 400 soldiers into the H of C and demanded into the H of C and demanded the arrest of five of its leaders.the arrest of five of its leaders.

The H of C considered this an The H of C considered this an act of war by the king and act of war by the king and organized an army.organized an army.

In 1642, the In 1642, the English Civil WarEnglish Civil War began.began.

D. The Civil WarD. The Civil War

The English Civil War The English Civil War was fought from 1642-49.was fought from 1642-49.

The issue was The issue was POWERPOWER..

Would the king get all Would the king get all of it, or would the common of it, or would the common people get some, too.people get some, too.

D. The Civil War D. The Civil War (cont.)(cont.)

The King’s army was The King’s army was known as the “Cavaliers.”known as the “Cavaliers.”

D. The Civil War D. The Civil War (cont.)(cont.)

The Commons army was called The Commons army was called the New Model Army and the New Model Army and nicknamed the “Roundheads.”nicknamed the “Roundheads.”

D. The Civil War D. The Civil War (cont.)(cont.)

v.

D. The Civil War D. The Civil War (cont.)(cont.)

In 1649, the King’s army was In 1649, the King’s army was crushed after a series of crushed after a series of defeats.defeats.

Charles I was captured and put Charles I was captured and put on trial in front of a court set on trial in front of a court set up by the House of Commons.up by the House of Commons.

He was found guilty of being a He was found guilty of being a tyrant and sentenced to death.tyrant and sentenced to death.

“A king has no superior jurisdiction on earth”

E. The Commonwealth E. The Commonwealth & Restoration& Restoration

After executing the King, the After executing the King, the Commons voted to abolish the Commons voted to abolish the House of Lords and the monarchy.House of Lords and the monarchy.

They proclaimed England a They proclaimed England a republic called the republic called the CommonwealthCommonwealth..

Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell was the most was the most powerful figure in the new powerful figure in the new government.government.

E. The Commonwealth E. The Commonwealth & Restoration & Restoration

(cont.)(cont.)• Oliver Cromwell• Member of

the House of Commons

• General in the New Model Army

E. The Commonwealth & E. The Commonwealth & Restoration (cont.)Restoration (cont.)

Scotland1650

Ireland1649

E. The Commonwealth & E. The Commonwealth & Restoration (cont.)Restoration (cont.)

Back in London, Cromwell Back in London, Cromwell found the House of Commons found the House of Commons doing nothing but arguing.doing nothing but arguing.

In 1653, he dismissed the In 1653, he dismissed the members and proclaimed members and proclaimed himself himself “Lord Protector of “Lord Protector of the Commonwealth.”the Commonwealth.”

The government was now a The government was now a military dictatorship.military dictatorship.

E. The Commonwealth E. The Commonwealth & Restoration & Restoration

(cont.)(cont.) When Cromwell died in 1658, When Cromwell died in 1658, his title passed to his son his title passed to his son RichardRichard..

Richard did not have the Richard did not have the support of the army.support of the army.

The army leaders called for The army leaders called for Parliament to be reconvened.Parliament to be reconvened.

E. The Commonwealth E. The Commonwealth & Restoration (cont.)& Restoration (cont.)

Parliament decided to restore Parliament decided to restore the limited monarchy.the limited monarchy.

They offered the throne to They offered the throne to the oldest son of Charles I who the oldest son of Charles I who had spent most of life in had spent most of life in France.France.

In 1660, he was crowned In 1660, he was crowned Charles IICharles II..

E. The Commonwealth E. The Commonwealth & Restoration (cont.)& Restoration (cont.)

• Charles II• King of England, Scotland & Ireland

• 1660-1685

F. The Glorious F. The Glorious RevolutionRevolution

Charles II maintained a peaceful Charles II maintained a peaceful relationship with Parliament.relationship with Parliament.

In 1685, he died without a In 1685, he died without a legitimate child to inherit his legitimate child to inherit his throne.throne.

The crown was passed to his The crown was passed to his younger brother, who became younger brother, who became James James IIII..

F. The Glorious F. The Glorious Revolution (cont.)Revolution (cont.)

• James II

• King of England, Scotland & Ireland

• 1685-1688

F. The Glorious F. The Glorious Revolution (cont.)Revolution (cont.)

James spent most of his life James spent most of his life in France.in France.

James envied French kings and James envied French kings and wanted to rule the way they did.wanted to rule the way they did.

He appointed Catholics to high He appointed Catholics to high government offices in violation government offices in violation of laws passed by Parliament.of laws passed by Parliament.

F. The Glorious F. The Glorious Revolution (cont.)Revolution (cont.)

When Parliament protested, When Parliament protested, James shut them down.James shut them down.

To avoid another conflict, To avoid another conflict, Parliament decided to wait James Parliament decided to wait James out.out.

James married twice, his first James married twice, his first wife was a Protestant who gave wife was a Protestant who gave him a daughter, him a daughter, MaryMary, who was , who was next in line.next in line.

F. The Glorious F. The Glorious Revolution (cont.)Revolution (cont.)

When his wife died, James When his wife died, James remarried – to a Catholic – who remarried – to a Catholic – who in 1688 had a son, also named in 1688 had a son, also named JamesJames..

Now, Parliament decided to Now, Parliament decided to move.move.

Mary was married to her first Mary was married to her first cousin, a powerful Dutch prince, cousin, a powerful Dutch prince, named named William of OrangeWilliam of Orange..

F. The Glorious F. The Glorious Revolution (cont.)Revolution (cont.)

In 1688, In 1688, William & Mary William & Mary brought their army and marched brought their army and marched on James II.on James II.

When the British Army refused When the British Army refused to fight, James II fled back to to fight, James II fled back to France.France.

William & Mary became joint William & Mary became joint rulers of England.rulers of England.

F. The Glorious F. The Glorious Revolution (cont.)Revolution (cont.)

F. The Glorious F. The Glorious Revolution (cont.)Revolution (cont.)

In 1689, Parliament had William In 1689, Parliament had William & Mary sign the English Bill of & Mary sign the English Bill of Rights:Rights:

1) Parliament’s laws are supreme.1) Parliament’s laws are supreme.

2) Approval needed to raise taxes 2) Approval needed to raise taxes or an army.or an army.

3) Protected free speech.3) Protected free speech.

4) Guaranteed right to trial by 4) Guaranteed right to trial by jury, and jury, and outlawed cruel and outlawed cruel and unusual unusual punishment.punishment.

G. Hobbes & Locke G. Hobbes & Locke RevisitedRevisited

Hobbes wrote Hobbes wrote LeviathanLeviathan in 1651. in 1651.

He saw the execution of Charles He saw the execution of Charles I and the Civil War as an example I and the Civil War as an example of how rebellion leads to the of how rebellion leads to the state of nature.state of nature.

He concluded that a ruler He concluded that a ruler should have absolute power and should have absolute power and that the people should not rebel.that the people should not rebel.

G. Hobbes & Locke G. Hobbes & Locke Revisited (cont.)Revisited (cont.)

Locke published his Locke published his Two Two Treatises of GovernmentTreatises of Government in in 1689.1689.

He had seen three bad rulers He had seen three bad rulers overthrown and successfully overthrown and successfully replaced by better ones.replaced by better ones.

He concluded from this that He concluded from this that rebellion was sometimes a good rebellion was sometimes a good and necessary thing.and necessary thing.