1846 – Economic Problems lead to hardships◦Lower-middle class, workers, peasants

Middle class wanted right to vote◦Gov’t refused to make changes

1848 – monarchy overthrown◦Provisional government created◦Constitutional Assembly Elected by Universal Male Suffrage

Revolutions of 1848 - France

Nov. 4, 1848 – Second Republic created◦Single legislature elected by all males

December 1848 – Elect Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte president◦Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte

Italy ruled by many groups◦Austria Venetia and Lombardy

◦Spanish Bourbons Kingdom of Two Sicilies

Italians don’t want to live under separate rulers◦1815 – 1848 – move toward unification

Italian Unification

1848 – nationalists look to Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia for leadership◦Largest and most powerful Italian state

◦Liberal constitution1849 – King Victor Emmanuel II

1852 – Camillo di Cavour appointed prime minister◦Expanded economy to increase gov’t revenues

◦Created army Not large enough to defeat Austrians

◦Cavour allies w/France 1858 – Louis-Napoleon Combined army takes over northern Italy, except Venetia

Cavour Secretly helped rebels in southern Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi leads Red Shirts◦Capture Sicily◦Conquers Southern Italy◦Given permission by people to unite North and South

March 17, 1861 – Italy finally unified◦Garibaldi turns over control to King Victor Emmanuel III

Southern Italy

◦1866 – Venetia becomes part of Italy

◦1870 – Italians take Papal StatesRuled by popeRome becomes capital of Italy

1839 – German Confederation◦39 German states formed into a loose grouping

◦Dominated by largest states Austria-Hungary Prussia has advantages Mainly German population Powerful army industrialized

Bismarck Unites Germany

Prussia Leads German Unification◦Authoritarian gov’t King had control over gov’t and military

◦1861 – Wilhelm I succeeds throne Reforms army and doubles military Liberal parliament refuses to give money

Seen as challenge to authority Supported by Junkers – conservative wealthy landowners

Wilhelm I appoints Otto von Bismarck prime minister◦Realpolitik “Politics of reality” Power politics w/no room for idealism Based on practical matters not theory

◦Ruled w/out consent of parliament and budget Ruled by “Blood and Iron”

Prussia Expands◦1864- forms alliance w/Austria War w/Denmark to win Schleswig and Holstein

Seven Weeks’ War◦Causes conflict w/Austria over Schleswig

and Holstein Austria declares war in 1866

◦7 Weeks’ War Prussian victory Austrians lose Venetia to Italy Prussia controls northern Germany Joins eastern and western parts of Prussia 1867 – North German Confederation

dominated by Prussia

Franco-Prussian War◦war with France◦Bismarck claims French insulted Wilhelm I

◦French declare war on July 19, 1870◦Southern Germany joins Prussia Nationalism joins territories

◦January, 28, 1871 – French surrender Pay 5 billion francs Give up Alsace and Lorraine

Wilhelm I crowned kaiser (emperor) at Versailles◦Second Reich◦Dominance through “blood and iron” War and military strength

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Deutsches_Reich1.png

A Shift in Power Following Congress of Vienna 5 Great Powers◦Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

By 1871 – 2 great powers◦Britain and Germany Most powerful militarily and economically

◦Austria and Russia Lag far behind

◦France in the middle Balance of Power had shifted

◦Sets up possibility of future conflict