river linking project - governance in...

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February 2011

Governance Knowledge CentrePromoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public GrievancesMinistry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of Indiahttp://indiagovernance.gov.in/

Researched and Documented by

OneWorld Foundation India

River Linking ProjectJalgaon, Maharashtra

Transparency and Accountability

Governance Knowledge CentrePromoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and

Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions

Government of India

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ................................

Background ................................

Objective ................................................................

Working Design ................................

Financial Resources ................................

Methodology ................................

Key Stakeholders ................................

Lessons Learned ................................

Taking Small Steps ................................

Using Strengths of Local Topography

Extensive Field Assessment

Participatory Approach

Strong Leadership ................................

References ................................

Appendix A – Interview Questionnaire


Governance Knowledge Centre

Promoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances


Researched and documented by


Water and Sanitation

River Linking Project

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Using Strengths of Local Topography ................................................................

Extensive Field Assessment ................................................................................................

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Interview Questionnaire ................................................................


Case Study Water and Sanitation

River Linking Project – Jalgaon, Maharashtra

February 2011

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Government of India

Executive SummaryRiver connectivity is seen as a possible way to equally distribute of water across a geographical

region. Conceptually, inter-linking water ways is appreciated by policy practitioners to resolve

water problems but the practical ecological concerns usually

these lines, India’s National River Linking Project that aims to connect the rivers in the Ganges

basin to rivers in western and southern India has been an issue of debate. The displacement of

people due to land acquisition

acclaimed river linking project in Jalgaon has overcome these ch

strengths in geography and existing infrastructure.

This best practice documentation intends to provi

of the River Linking Project that has been successful in making adequate water available for

irrigation and human consumption throughout the district.

Jalgaon, due to its location, receives inadequate rainfall d

storage facilities also means that reservoirs, canals, and ground water supply are always below

the minimum storage level. In 2005, when the district witnessed an almost drought like

situation, the local administration fel

was already a network of canals and reservoirs to channel the water, interlinking of waterways

seemed to be an appropriate solution. Planning looked to restore the capacity of the existing

infrastructure and allow for excess water from nearby dams to irrigate water scarce areas.

This initiative is inspiring as it was conceptualised, planned and implemented within four

months. The participatory and proactive approach taken by district administra

they gained the support of the local people in fulfilling the project objectives.

Background Jalgaon, located in the north of Maharashtra, falls in a rain shadow area with a higher

probability of drought compared to its neighbouring districts. Local topography also adds to

the problem through unequal distribution of rainfall in the natural drainag

tributaries - Girna, Bori, Anjani, Titur and Waghur

being a major source of water supply at the south west corner of district. Even though there are

man-made canals to network the water for local i

storage capacity never reaches its minimum level. As such, the recurring problem of water

scarcity is usually addressed by supplying water tankers to provide temporary relief.









Executive Summary River connectivity is seen as a possible way to equally distribute of water across a geographical

linking water ways is appreciated by policy practitioners to resolve

water problems but the practical ecological concerns usually delay the implementation. Along



people due to land acquisition is also a cause for concern. Nevertheless, the nationally

acclaimed river linking project in Jalgaon has overcome these challenges by exploiting regional

strengths in geography and existing infrastructure.

This best practice documentation intends to provide insights into the design and achievements


irrigation and human consumption throughout the district.

Jalgaon, due to its location, receives inadequate rainfall during monsoon season. Inefficient



situation, the local administration felt the need to look for a long term solution. Given that there



astructure and allow for excess water from nearby dams to irrigate water scarce areas.


months. The participatory and proactive approach taken by district administra


Jalgaon, located in the north of Maharashtra, falls in a rain shadow area with a higher


the problem through unequal distribution of rainfall in the natural drainag

Girna, Bori, Anjani, Titur and Waghur - are the important rivers, with Girna Dam


made canals to network the water for local irrigation and storage purposes, the reservoir






February 2011

2

River connectivity is seen as a possible way to equally distribute of water across a geographical

linking water ways is appreciated by policy practitioners to resolve

delay the implementation. Along



is also a cause for concern. Nevertheless, the nationally

allenges by exploiting regional

de insights into the design and achievements


uring monsoon season. Inefficient



t the need to look for a long term solution. Given that there



astructure and allow for excess water from nearby dams to irrigate water scarce areas.


months. The participatory and proactive approach taken by district administration ensured that


Jalgaon, located in the north of Maharashtra, falls in a rain shadow area with a higher


the problem through unequal distribution of rainfall in the natural drainage area. Tapti’s

are the important rivers, with Girna Dam


rrigation and storage purposes, the reservoir






Government of India

In 2005, when Jalgaon was experi

conceptualised the river linking project to resolve perennial water crises by diverting excess

water from Girna dam to water

new, was executed in an innovative way which helped to overcome the challenge of balancing

ecological concerns, human displacement and high costs. In this case, the local administration

followed a methodical approach to sustainably implement the project in a timely

minimal costs.

At the start, Girna Dam, located at Nashik

excess rainwater. As such, the plan became that Girna Dam, through the river, would be linked

to other rivers, canals, reservoirs t

administration conducted a study to understand the developmental strengths and weaknesses

of the district. From this assessment, existing infrastructure was identified and incorporated

into new linkages to reduce costs and minimise any negative environmental impact.

Objective The project aims to equitably distribute water and to resolve water scarcity for drinking and

irrigation purposes by linking various water channels. Its specific objectives are to:

• Divert water from water surplus areas to arid and semi

• Increase the efficiency of different water storage structures

• Conserve water by channelling it through canals ducts, drains, nallahs, natural drains

etc. into drought-prone

• Identify the inter-relationships of recharge areas with geology and geomorphology

practices to examine the soils and structure of the area

• Detect land use changes over time and determine their relationship with changes in the

area of connectivity

• Carry out qualitative and quantitative assessment of water resources

• Suggest suitable sites and methods for artificial recharge to augment ground water

recharge in the area

• Establish and evaluate long

sustainable development in the area under benefit

• Assess the socio-economic impact of the river connectivity initiative









In 2005, when Jalgaon was experiencing drought-like conditions, the then district collector


water from Girna dam to water-deficit regions. This idea of connecting rivers, although not

executed in an innovative way which helped to overcome the challenge of balancing


followed a methodical approach to sustainably implement the project in a timely

At the start, Girna Dam, located at Nashik-Jalgaon border, was identified as the key source of


to other rivers, canals, reservoirs to make the water flow into areas that needed it. The



to reduce costs and minimise any negative environmental impact.

The project aims to equitably distribute water and to resolve water scarcity for drinking and


Divert water from water surplus areas to arid and semi-arid parts of the district

Increase the efficiency of different water storage structures

Conserve water by channelling it through canals ducts, drains, nallahs, natural drains

prone areas

relationships of recharge areas with geology and geomorphology

practices to examine the soils and structure of the area

Detect land use changes over time and determine their relationship with changes in the

Carry out qualitative and quantitative assessment of water resources

Suggest suitable sites and methods for artificial recharge to augment ground water

Establish and evaluate long-term research on monitoring, measuring and planning for

sustainable development in the area under benefit

economic impact of the river connectivity initiative




February 2011

3

like conditions, the then district collector


deficit regions. This idea of connecting rivers, although not

executed in an innovative way which helped to overcome the challenge of balancing


followed a methodical approach to sustainably implement the project in a timely manner with

Jalgaon border, was identified as the key source of


o make the water flow into areas that needed it. The



to reduce costs and minimise any negative environmental impact.

The project aims to equitably distribute water and to resolve water scarcity for drinking and


arid parts of the district

Conserve water by channelling it through canals ducts, drains, nallahs, natural drains

relationships of recharge areas with geology and geomorphology

Detect land use changes over time and determine their relationship with changes in the

Carry out qualitative and quantitative assessment of water resources

Suggest suitable sites and methods for artificial recharge to augment ground water

term research on monitoring, measuring and planning for

economic impact of the river connectivity initiative




Government of India

Working Design The project was developed with the goal of completing the task within the limited time period

of two to three months to ensure that the surplus rainwater from the 2005 monsoon was used in

time. The project entails a combination of rain water conservation and utilisation of flood water

run-off to replenish natural and artificial water bodies through natural drainage channels

To create the linkage architecture, the administration first took the following steps to assess the

on the ground scenario:

• A detailed field level survey (undertaken by the irrigation department) to investigate

water scarce areas and to study the effi

• Identification and assessment of existing infrastructure to minimise construction of new

canals

• An evaluation to understand the natural contours of the region that could be exploited

to divert water

• Discussion with beneficiaries to understand the needs of the local population

One of the major hindrances to undertaking a river connectivity project is the acquisition of

land for digging link canals. As a consequence, the administration followed a consultative

approach to include the stakeholders at the conceptualisation stage. On

administration met with landowners affected by the project to discuss the initiative and also to

inform them about the increased productivity of land resulting from improved irrigation. This

encouraged the landowners to donate t

value of the land that was otherwise considered barren. The administration was also proactive

in consulting with stakeholders from various government departments and elected

representatives to increase support for the project.

After initial exploration, the five tributaries

inter-linked with various canals and reservoirs to develop water resources for the area. The

following are the five route maps:









The project was developed with the goal of completing the task within the limited time period

ensure that the surplus rainwater from the 2005 monsoon was used in


off to replenish natural and artificial water bodies through natural drainage channels


A detailed field level survey (undertaken by the irrigation department) to investigate

water scarce areas and to study the efficiency of the groundwater recharge structure

Identification and assessment of existing infrastructure to minimise construction of new

An evaluation to understand the natural contours of the region that could be exploited

n with beneficiaries to understand the needs of the local population



approach to include the stakeholders at the conceptualisation stage. Once identified, the district



encouraged the landowners to donate their land for the project as it enhanced the commercial



e support for the project.

After initial exploration, the five tributaries - Girna, Bori, Titur, Mhasva and Anjani

linked with various canals and reservoirs to develop water resources for the area. The

following are the five route maps:




February 2011

4

The project was developed with the goal of completing the task within the limited time period

ensure that the surplus rainwater from the 2005 monsoon was used in


off to replenish natural and artificial water bodies through natural drainage channels.


A detailed field level survey (undertaken by the irrigation department) to investigate

ciency of the groundwater recharge structure

Identification and assessment of existing infrastructure to minimise construction of new

An evaluation to understand the natural contours of the region that could be exploited

n with beneficiaries to understand the needs of the local population



ce identified, the district



heir land for the project as it enhanced the commercial



Girna, Bori, Titur, Mhasva and Anjani - were

linked with various canals and reservoirs to develop water resources for the area. The




Government of India









Route 1: Connecting Dam to River

Girna Dam was first linked with Bori

River to increase the water supply at

Bori dam as it is the main source of

supply for 74 villages. Excess flood

water from Girna is diverted to Panzan

left bank canal and then short

connections were created to divert

surplus water from Panzan Canal to

Bori river, which was not possible

earlier.

Route 2: Connecting Canal to Pond

The second step was to connect Girna

to Mhasva pond. The project was

planned in such a way that overflowing

water released from the Girna dam

could be diverted to Parola

canal and then, through a link, canal

water was used to fill the pond.




February 2011

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Route 1: Connecting Dam to River

Girna Dam was first linked with Bori

River to increase the water supply at

Bori dam as it is the main source of

supply for 74 villages. Excess flood

water from Girna is diverted to Panzan

left bank canal and then short

ections were created to divert

surplus water from Panzan Canal to

Bori river, which was not possible

Route 2: Connecting Canal to Pond

The second step was to connect Girna

ond. The project was

planned in such a way that overflowing

water released from the Girna dam

could be diverted to Parola branch

anal and then, through a link, canal

water was used to fill the pond.




Government of India Transparency and Accountability








Route 3: Connecting Canal to River

A new link canal was built to make water

flow from Parola Branch Canal to An

river and Kala bandhara.

Route 4: Connecting Rivers

Girna river was connected to Titur river

through existing Jamda Right canal by

creating a new link canal. This was done

to provide additional water to Titur river

from Girna dam.




February 2011

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Route 3: Connecting Canal to River

A new link canal was built to make water

flow from Parola Branch Canal to Anjani

river and Kala bandhara.

Route 4: Connecting Rivers

Girna river was connected to Titur river

through existing Jamda Right canal by

creating a new link canal. This was done

to provide additional water to Titur river




Government of India









Route 5: Increasing Water Storage

Capacity

The water from Girna

channelled through canals and a new link

nala to provide additional water for

storage at Pimpri bandhara.

River Connectivity in Jalgaon




February 2011

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5: Increasing Water Storage

The water from Girna dam was

channelled through canals and a new link

nala to provide additional water for

storage at Pimpri bandhara.




Government of India

Modifications to Existing Infrastructure

Apart from building new links, the capacity of existing canals was improved by modifying the

height with mud. Canals were also lined with PVC paper to avoid leakages and increase the

flowing capacity, also known as the

Bank Canal and Panzan Left Bank Canal were upgraded using low cost PVC papers at canal

apexes and aqueduct beds as they are the main channels

other water bodies.

Storage capacity of reservoirs/bandhara was al

water by creating temporary fences using gunny bags. A safe level was maintained in case of

flooding and so that the barriers could easily be removed in such a situation.

Financial Resources

Funding for the project was provided by elected officials and the state government. The district

administration presented the project development report to the local leaders, and once the

elected representatives were convinced about the significance of the

grants from the Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) were made

available to partially fund the project.

A cost-benefit analysis was presented separately to the state government to request for funding.

The project was proposed as a plan to overcome water scarcity issues in the area and not

simply connecting rivers. It was shown that the overall cost of implementing the initiative was

much lower as compared to undertaking additional measures for improving t

water. The Government of Maharashtra allocated Rs. 2 crores from the scarcity fund.

Methodology For the purpose of this best practice, the OneWorld Foundation India Governance Knowledge

Centre (GKC) research team conducted a telephonic interview with Mr. Vijay Singhal, the

former District Collector of Jalgaon, who was instrumental in conceptualising

addition, data was gathered from sources available on the public domain.

Further documents on technicalities of river connectivity in Jalgaon can be found on the District

Administration’s website accessible at









Infrastructure



flowing capacity, also known as the Gauckler-Manning coefficient. Specifically, J


apexes and aqueduct beds as they are the main channels of diverting water from Girna

Storage capacity of reservoirs/bandhara was also increased to retain maximum amount of





elected representatives were convinced about the significance of the project for the community,


available to partially fund the project.

benefit analysis was presented separately to the state government to request for funding.

e project was proposed as a plan to overcome water scarcity issues in the area and not


much lower as compared to undertaking additional measures for improving t


For the purpose of this best practice, the OneWorld Foundation India Governance Knowledge


former District Collector of Jalgaon, who was instrumental in conceptualising



Administration’s website accessible at http://jalgaon.gov.in/Html/River_Linkage.htm




February 2011

8



coefficient. Specifically, Jamda Left


of diverting water from Girna dam to

so increased to retain maximum amount of





project for the community,


benefit analysis was presented separately to the state government to request for funding.

e project was proposed as a plan to overcome water scarcity issues in the area and not


much lower as compared to undertaking additional measures for improving the availability of


For the purpose of this best practice, the OneWorld Foundation India Governance Knowledge


former District Collector of Jalgaon, who was instrumental in conceptualising the project. In



http://jalgaon.gov.in/Html/River_Linkage.htm.




Government of India

Key Stakeholders • Jalgaon District Collectorate: The District Collector’s office played a pivotal role in

conceptualising the project. The project was conceived in order to address

water problem, which is the collector’s responsibility.

• Irrigation Department: The irrigation department assisted with initial funding for the

project and also provided the technical guidance in needs assessment.

• Elected Representatives:

the project.

• State Government: Funding for the project was provided by the government under

Water Scarcity.

• Landowners: People donated part of their land for construction of new link canals.

Lessons Learned By distributing surplus water to deficit areas, the government has successfully made resources

available to 128 villages and 5 municipal corporations. In total, 8.5 lakh people have benefitted

and the total irrigated area has increased from

The impact of project was assessed through a socio

watershed surveillance and research institute in Jalgaon. The survey covered a random sample

of 840 households in 42 villages, out of the total population of 300 villages. Over 84percent of

the people are in favour of river linking efforts, and nearly 54 percent of farmers have noticed

increases in the level of water in their wells with 57 percent of people reporting

drinking water.

Successful implementation of this river linking project is encouraging at a time when the

national river linking project is being questioned as an environmental disaster. The following

lessons derived from Jalgaon’s experience can aid i

initiatives.

Taking Small Steps

The national river linking project has the ambitious goal of connecting perennial Himalayan

Rivers to monsoon dependent rivers in west and south India. Changing the entire course of

river through creating artificial linkages could prove disastrous for the

Jalgaon, these issues were addressed by taking small steps. Girna Dam, due to its location in









Jalgaon District Collectorate: The District Collector’s office played a pivotal role in

conceptualising the project. The project was conceived in order to address

water problem, which is the collector’s responsibility.

Irrigation Department: The irrigation department assisted with initial funding for the


Elected Representatives: Financial support was offered by political leaders to implement

State Government: Funding for the project was provided by the government under

Landowners: People donated part of their land for construction of new link canals.

By distributing surplus water to deficit areas, the government has successfully made resources


and the total irrigated area has increased from 13,000 hectares to 30,000 hectares in 2008.

The impact of project was assessed through a socio-economic survey in 2007 by JalaSRI, a


lages, out of the total population of 300 villages. Over 84percent of


increases in the level of water in their wells with 57 percent of people reporting



lessons derived from Jalgaon’s experience can aid in the planning process of other such



river through creating artificial linkages could prove disastrous for the natural environment. In





February 2011

9

Jalgaon District Collectorate: The District Collector’s office played a pivotal role in

conceptualising the project. The project was conceived in order to address the recurring

Irrigation Department: The irrigation department assisted with initial funding for the


Financial support was offered by political leaders to implement

State Government: Funding for the project was provided by the government under

Landowners: People donated part of their land for construction of new link canals.

By distributing surplus water to deficit areas, the government has successfully made resources


13,000 hectares to 30,000 hectares in 2008.

economic survey in 2007 by JalaSRI, a


lages, out of the total population of 300 villages. Over 84percent of


increases in the level of water in their wells with 57 percent of people reporting adequate



n the planning process of other such



natural environment. In





Government of India

Nashik district, had water available during monsoon season, but since there was no way of

controlling the additional water, it would flow

extra water from Girna could be diverted in a planned way to boost the volume of available

water in the existing water network. Only short linkages were created between already present

water bodies to divert water to required areas.


Due to a widespread power crisis, and the high cost of installing electric pumps to facilitate the

flow of water, the administration opted to exploit the geographical strengths of the region

towards improving the flow of water. The natural contours were identified through a baseline

study and the route for link canals were decided after that. This helped in keeping the cost of

the project low.


This initiative was implemented after doing a baseline assessment to understand the local

conditions and needs. Villagers and agriculturalists

current scenario of water availability.. This helped in planning the routes in a well

manner and also to gain support from the villagers as they became aware of the project

planning.


The absence of any objection from various sections of society makes this project unique. The

administration proactively included all

and build confidence. Villagers were educated about benefits of the project and encouraged to

be a part of it. As mentioned previously, land for creating new link canals were donated by the

local people with no compensation from the government.

Strong Leadership

The project was implemented success because of the strong leadership offered by the

administration and namely, the District Collector. With a background in civil engineering, he

was able to visualise the project for the region and could also anticipate the challenges.

Research was carried out by OneWorld Foundation India (OWFI), Governance Knowledge Centre (GKC) team.

Documentation was created by

For further information, please contact










controlling the additional water, it would flow into the Arabian Sea. It was thus identified that



t water to required areas.







mplemented after doing a baseline assessment to understand the local

conditions and needs. Villagers and agriculturalists were approached to comprehend the

current scenario of water availability.. This helped in planning the routes in a well

er and also to gain support from the villagers as they became aware of the project



administration proactively included all stakeholders in the planning process to gather support



mpensation from the government.



alise the project for the region and could also anticipate the challenges.

Research was carried out by OneWorld Foundation India (OWFI), Governance Knowledge Centre (GKC) team.

Documentation was created by Research Associate, Aryamala Prasad

information, please contact Naimur Rahman, Director, OWFI, at [email protected]




February 2011

10


into the Arabian Sea. It was thus identified that







mplemented after doing a baseline assessment to understand the local

were approached to comprehend the

current scenario of water availability.. This helped in planning the routes in a well-organised

er and also to gain support from the villagers as they became aware of the project


stakeholders in the planning process to gather support





alise the project for the region and could also anticipate the challenges.

Research was carried out by OneWorld Foundation India (OWFI), Governance Knowledge Centre (GKC) team. ryamala Prasad

[email protected]




Government of India

References Jalgaon District Administration Website: Jalgaon.gov.in

Pictures sourced from Jalgaon administration website:









Jalgaon District Administration Website: Jalgaon.gov.in

Pictures sourced from Jalgaon administration website: jalgaon.gov.in/html/river_linkage.htm




February 2011

11

jalgaon.gov.in/html/river_linkage.htm




Government of India

Appendix A – Interview Questionnaire1. It is impressive to know that project was planned and executed within 4 months. What

steps were taken to complete the project in such a short amount of time?

2. Who are the stakeholders in this project? What are their roles and responsibilities?

a. How did the administration coordinate between different stakeholders to ensure

on time completion?

3. River linking is a technical project that needs a good geographical understanding of

area. What kind of technical guidance was available for the project?

a. Was there any use of GIS mapping to plan/execute the project?

4. How were the water bodies for river connectivity identified?

5. The project seems to have utilised natural contours to mak

direction. Was new infrastructure built to channel the water? If so, what?

6. The design of the project relies on excess water from Girna dam to provide water for

rivers. Is that the only source of water? What happens when the wa

low?

a. Is there any monitoring mechanism to check the water level?

7. In terms of planning the project, how was the participatory approach undertaken? Was

it at district level or village level? How did the use of participatory planning cont

to the success of this project?

8. Residents of Jalgaon gave their land for the project voluntarily. What motivated them?

Was there any compensation given for the land?

a. Often there are environmental protests against river connecting projects in India.

How did the Jalgaon administration tackle this issue?

9. Given that Girna dam is in Nashik district, were there any administrative issues with

neighbouring districts?

10. Considering that Jalgaon is a drought prone area, were there any projects in the pipeline

to resolve water scarcity issue prior to the river linking project? What about today?

11. How I the water situation in Jalgaon today? Has it experienced drought after 2005?









Interview Questionnaire It is impressive to know that project was planned and executed within 4 months. What


stakeholders in this project? What are their roles and responsibilities?

How did the administration coordinate between different stakeholders to ensure

on time completion?

River linking is a technical project that needs a good geographical understanding of


Was there any use of GIS mapping to plan/execute the project?

How were the water bodies for river connectivity identified?

The project seems to have utilised natural contours to make the water flow in specific


The design of the project relies on excess water from Girna dam to provide water for

rivers. Is that the only source of water? What happens when the wa

Is there any monitoring mechanism to check the water level?

In terms of planning the project, how was the participatory approach undertaken? Was

it at district level or village level? How did the use of participatory planning cont

to the success of this project?

Residents of Jalgaon gave their land for the project voluntarily. What motivated them?

Was there any compensation given for the land?

Often there are environmental protests against river connecting projects in India.

How did the Jalgaon administration tackle this issue?

Given that Girna dam is in Nashik district, were there any administrative issues with

neighbouring districts?

Considering that Jalgaon is a drought prone area, were there any projects in the pipeline


How I the water situation in Jalgaon today? Has it experienced drought after 2005?




February 2011

12

It is impressive to know that project was planned and executed within 4 months. What


stakeholders in this project? What are their roles and responsibilities?

How did the administration coordinate between different stakeholders to ensure

River linking is a technical project that needs a good geographical understanding of the


Was there any use of GIS mapping to plan/execute the project?

e the water flow in specific


The design of the project relies on excess water from Girna dam to provide water for

rivers. Is that the only source of water? What happens when the water in reservoir is

Is there any monitoring mechanism to check the water level?

In terms of planning the project, how was the participatory approach undertaken? Was

it at district level or village level? How did the use of participatory planning contribute

Residents of Jalgaon gave their land for the project voluntarily. What motivated them?

Often there are environmental protests against river connecting projects in India.

Given that Girna dam is in Nashik district, were there any administrative issues with

Considering that Jalgaon is a drought prone area, were there any projects in the pipeline


How I the water situation in Jalgaon today? Has it experienced drought after 2005?

river linking project - governance in...

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