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The World Bank

Transport and Urban Development Department

TUDTR

Road Costs Knowledge System (ROCKS)Version 2.3

Executive Summary

December 12, 2006


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The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this document areentirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to theWorld Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board ofExecutive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does notguarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts noresponsibility for any consequence of their use.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The ROCKS system was developed in the Transport Unit TUDTR of the World Bankby a team led by Anil Bhandari and comprising Rodrigo ArchondoCallao and AlbertoNogales under the direction of John Flora, Director of the Transport and UrbanDevelopment Department. The Dutch Trust Fund TF038504 funded this initiative.

The system benefited from the inputs of an Advisory Group comprising Alain Labeau,Antti Talvitie, Cesar Queiroz, Christopher Hoban, Terje Wolden, and William D.O.Patterson. Assistance from staff of TUDTR, particularly, Benedictus Eijbergen, JerryLebo, Mirtha Araujo, Tipawan Bhutaprateep, and Barbara A. Gregory, is alsoacknowledged.

Strategic guidance was received from the Transport Sector Managers: Eva Molnar,Guang Zhe Chen, Jitendra Bajpai, Jose Luis Irigoyen, andMaryvonne Plessis-Fraissard;and overall advice and support from the following transport staff in headquarters and inthe regions: A. K. Swaminathan, Alok Nath Bansal, Amer Durrani, Chinnakorn Chantra,Elena Kastlerova, Gevorg Sargsyan, Imogene R. Jensen, Jean-Charles Crochet, KaziMahbub-Al Matin, Labite Victorio Ocaya, Mohi Uz Zaman Quazi, Natarajan Raman, NgaThi Quynh Dang, Ramiz Al-Assar, Robert Kietlinski, Sally L. Burningham, SteinLundebye, Sujit Das, Tawia Addo-Ashong, Thach Ngoc Phan, Yitzhak A. Kamhi, and ZhiLiu.

A selected group of road agencies contributed to the development of the system,provided access to the data, and tested the system: the Roads SSCC Agency in

Armenia, the Roads and Highways Department RHD in Bangladesh, the GhanaHighway Authority GHA; the Central Road Research Institute CRRI, and NationalHighways Authority NHAI in India, the Department of Public Works and Highways DPWH in the Philippines, the General Directorate of Public Roads GDDP in Poland,the Department of Highways DOH in Thailand, the Road Agency Formation Unit RAFU in Uganda, and the Planning and Investment Department of the Ministry ofTransport in Vietnam.

A Japanese Trust Fund funded the update of the System in 2004 and its disseminationin the following countries: Lao, Kyrgyz Republic, Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and

Serbia and Montenegro. The Japanese consultants Koji Tsunokawa and MakiTsumagari performed these tasks. A Japanese Trust Fund funded the update of theSystem in 2005/2006 by the Japanese consultants Sachicko Gause and Kikuo Oishi.


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ROadCostsKnowledgeSystem ROCKS Version 2.3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. INTRODUCTION

Road agencies, contractors, consultants and financial institutions require road costsinformation, which in general is locally available, but many times this information isscattered, proprietary of some organizations, and collected in unsystematic andunstructured ways. These entities need to assess costs differences among statesand regions, but no framework to compare road costs exists.

In 1999, in response to this demand, the World Bank made a first attempt to collectthis information from 67 Implementation Completion Reports of Bankfinancedprojects that were implemented in the period 1995 1999. The study (2000) foundthat the level of detail provided in these type of documents was limited and that there

is a worldwide need for a framework to collect this type of information.Consequently, the Bank decided to develop a simple system to collect road costsand to explore other sources of information.

II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND PRODUCTS

With the funds provided by the Dutch Trust Fund (TF038504), and primarily basedon the experience of Bank staff and the information contained in roads and highwaysprojects in selected road agencies in developing countries, the Transport Unit of theWorld Bank developed the ROad Costs Knowledge System (ROCKS). The mainobjective of the system is to develop an international knowledge system on

road work costs to be used primarily in developing countries to establish aninstitutional memory, and obtain average and range unit costs based onhistorical data that could ultimately improve the reliability of new costestimates and reduce the risks generated by cost overruns. The main outputsof this initiative are the following five products:

PRODUCT 1. The ROCKS Framework is based on five key concepts thatcharacterize the system, and provide the foundation to achieve its objective andintended outputs.

The first concept seeks to systematically classify the different road work

types and predominant work activities in order to be able to organize themand match them with typical civil works contracts. The road works have beenclassified in two categories: Preservation and Development. The details onwork classes, types and predominant work activities are presented in thetables below.

the second, defines a shared concept of unit cost as the fundamental costelement, and depending on the type of work suggests to use $/km, or $/m2;

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage i of xiv


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the third concept, establishes a minimum set of data requirements that isgenerally available in any country and that allows the system to work;

the fourth concept seeks to add flexibility to the system by defining a setof highly recommended data, and a series of optional data that allow theusers to select the levels of detail or criteria to be used, and adapt the system

to their needs and data available, and

the fifth concept suggests to collect the data on any currency and referencedate, but to convert all data to a single currency and a single referenceyearto allow for data comparisons.

Concept 1.

Predominant Work Activity for Preservation Works

Recommended Alternative

Work Category Work Class Work Type Predominant Work Activity Unit Cost Unit Cost

Preservation Routine Routine Maintenance Routine Maintenance Earth Road $/km-year

Routine Maintenance Gravel RoadRoutine Maintenance Block 2L Highway

Routine Maintenance Bituminous 2L HighwayRoutine Maintenance Concrete 2L Highway

Routine Maintenance Bituminous > 2L Highway

Routine Maintenance Concrete > 2L HighwayRoutine Maintenance Bituminous ExpresswayRoutine Maintenance Concrete Expressway

Periodic Grading Light Grading $/kmHeavy Grading

Gravel Resurfacing Regravelling $/m2 $/km

Concrete Pavem ent Preventive Treatment Concrete Pavement Preventive Treatment $/m 2 $/km

Bituminous Pavement Preventive Treatment Fog Seal $/m2 $/km

Rejuvenation

Unsealed Preventive Treatment Unsealed Preventive Treatment $/m2 $/km

Surface Treatment Resurfacing Slurry Seal or Cape Seal $/m2 $/km

Single Surface TreatmentDouble Surface TreatmentTriple Surface Treatment

Asphalt Mix Resurfacing Asphalt Overlay < 40 mm $/m2 $/kmAsphalt Overlay 40 to 59 mm

Rehabilitation Strengthening Asphalt Overlay 60 to 79 mm $/m2 $/km

Asphalt Overlay 80 to 99 mmAsphalt Overlay > 99 mm

Mill and ReplaceBonded Concrete Overlay

Unbounded Concrete Overlay

Concrete Pavement Restoration Concrete Slab Replacement $/m2 $/kmConcrete Slab Repair

Concrete Diamond Grinding

Reconstruction Reconstruction Earth $/m2 $/km

Reconstruction GravelReconstruction Block

Reconstruction BituminousReconstruction Concrete

Number of Lanes

1L - One Lane 4L - Four Lane2L - Two Lane 6L - Six Lane Date: 12/12/06

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage ii of xiv


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Concept 1.

Predominant Work Activity for Development Works

Recommended Alternative

Work Category Work Class Work Type Predominant Work Activity Unit Cost Unit Cost

Development Improvement Partial Widening Partial Widening to Gravel 2L $/kmPartial Widening to Block 2LPartial Widening to Bituminous 2LPartial Widening to Concrete 2L

Part ial Widen ing and Reconst ruc tion Partial Widening and Reconst ruction to Gravel 2L $/kmPartial Widening and Reconstruction to Block 2LPartial Widening and Reconstruction to Bituminous 2LPartial Widening and Reconstruction to Concrete 2L

Widening Widening Adding Bituminous 1L $/kmWidening Adding Bituminous 2LWidening Adding Bituminous 4LWidening Adding Concrete 1LWidening Adding Concrete 2LWidening Adding Concrete 4L

W idening and Reconstruction W idening and Reconstruction Ad ding Bitumino us 1L $/kmWidening and Reconstruction Adding Bituminous 2LWidening and Reconstruction Adding Bituminous 4LWidening and Reconstruction Adding Concrete 1LWidening and Reconstruction Adding Concrete 2LWidening and Reconstruction Adding Concrete 4L

Upgrading Upgrading to Earth 2L $/kmUpgrading to Gravel 2LUpgrading to Block 2LUpgrading to Bituminous 2LUpgrading to Concrete 2L

New New 1L Road New Earth 1L Road $/kmConstruction New Gravel 1L Road

New Block 1L RoadNew Bituminous 1L RoadNew Concrete 1L Road

New 2L Highway New Earth 2L Highway $/kmNew Gravel 2L HighwayNew Block 2L HighwayNew Bituminous 2L HighwayNew Concrete 2L Highway

New 4L Highway New Bituminous 4L Highway $/kmNew Concrete 4L Highway

New 6L Highway New Bituminous 6L Highway $/kmNew Concrete 6L Highway

New 4L Expressway New Bituminous 4L Expressway $/kmNew Concrete 4L Expressway

New 6L Expressway New Bituminous 6L Expressway $/kmNew Concrete 6L Expressway

Number of Lanes1L - One Lane 4L - Four Lane2L - Two Lane 6L - Six Lane Date: 12/12/06

Concept 2.

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage iii of xiv

It includesall civil works costs:

It does not includeother agency costs:

Mobilization Pavement -Drainage Design

Major Structures - Line markings Land Acquisition

Contingencies Resettlement

Taxes Supervision

CONCEPT:UNIT COST PER LENGTH & UNIT COST PER AREA


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Concepts 3 and 4.

ROCKS - ROad Costs Knowledge System Version 2.3 (12/12/06)

Sections 1 through 5 - Cost and Work DescriptionRecordCountry

State, Department or Province

User Classification 1User Classification 2User Classification 3Project or Source Name

SectionReport Type

Report LocationCost DateCost Type Currency Code

Cost Source US$ Exchange Rate

Cost Financing Construction Method

Contract Type Economic Cost Factor Procurement Method Taxes (Y/N)Contractor Type Contingencies (Y/N)Work DescriptionWork Type

Work Predominant ActivityBase Cost (M$) Total Cost (M$)Physical Contingencies (M$) Length (km)Price Contingencies (M$) Duration (months)

Section 6 - Road Work Cost per LengthTotal Cost per Kilometer ($/km) Total Cost per Kilometer (2000 US$/km)

Section 7 - Road Work Cost per AreaTotal Cost per Carriageway Area ($/m2) Total Cost per Carriageway Area (2000 US$/m2)

Section 8 - Road Work CharacteristicsPavement Width (m) Climate Type

Shoulder Width (m) Pavement TypeNumber of Lanes Surface Class

Resurfacing Layer Thickness (mm) Surface TypeDepth of Milling (mm) Surface MaterialSurface Thickness (mm) Base MaterialBase Thickness (mm) Patching or Crack Sealing Unit Cost ($/m2)Subbase Thickness (mm) Patching or Crack Seal. Quantity (m2/km-year)

Structural Number Spot Regravelling or Regravell. Unit Cost ($/m3)

Traffic (AADT) Spot Regravelling Quantity (m3/km-year)Terrain Type

Section 9 - Road Work Cost Details (% of Road Work Cost)Mobilization (%)Demolition and Site Clearance (%)Earthworks (%)

Drainage,P Works,Culv.&Min. Bridges (%) Drainage and Protective Works(%)Major Bridges and Structures (%) Culverts and Minor Bridges (%)

Accesses and Junctions (%)Pavement Courses (%) Subbase and Base (%)

Shoulder Works (%) Subbase (%)Line Markings and Signs (%) Base (%)Environment (%) Surface (%)

Dayworks (%)Other (%)Contingencies (%)

Taxes (%)Total (%) 100.0%

Labor (%) Equipment (%)Materials (%)Foreign Currency (%) Foreign Currency Code

Section 10 - Other Additional Road Agency Costs (% of Road Work Cost)Land Acquisition (%) Design (%)Resettlement (%) Supervision (%)Land Acquisition & Resettlement (%)

Minimum and Required Data Set Highly Recommended Data Set

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage iv of xiv


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ROCKS - ROad Costs Knowledge System Version 2.3 (12/12/06)

Sections 11 - Contract Cost InformationContract ID

Project IDContract DescriptionContract Signing Date

Contractor NameContractor CountryContractor Region

Contract CurrencyContract Exchange Rate

PAD Contract Estimate (M US$)Original Contract Amount (LC)Contract Taxes (LC)

Variation Orders Amount (LC)Final Contract Amount (LC)

SAP Contract Amount (M US$)Number of Variation OrdersContract Implementation

Contract WB Financing (%)Information Source

Contract RemarksBid Opening DatePlanned Completion Date

Actual Completion DatePlanned Work Duration (month)Delays (month)

Number of BidsBID No 1 (LC)

BID No 2 (LC)BID No 3 (LC)

BID No 4 (LC)BID No 5 (LC)BID No 6 (LC)


BID No 10 (LC)BID No 11 (LC)


BID No 15 (LC)

Section 12 - Unit CostsAsphalt Concrete (US$/m3)

Portland Cement Concrete (US$/m3)Base (US$/m3)Subbase (US$/m3)Earthworks (US$/m3)

PRODUCT 2.The ROCKS Components consists of a Database, and a set of threecomplementary Modules to view the information collected, and generate statistics.The modules were designed as Microsoft Excel spreadsheets to make sure that theyare accessible to any road agency in any region of the world.

ROCKS Database. It is the main element of the system and the primary toolto collect and input the data. It also includes detailed instructions provided inthe Users Manual.

ROCKS View Module. This module can be used to filter, sort, view and printthe information stored in the ROCKS Databases.

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage v of xiv


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ROCKS Statistics Modules. Are used to filter, generate statistical reports,and analyze the information stored in the ROCKS Databases.

ROCKS Disbursements Module. It is a tool to translate a series of actualcurrent disbursements into a single constant cost for a selected base year.

PRODUCT 3.The ROCKS Development Network was identified and establishedby the World Bank Transport Unit with a selected group of road agencies worldwidein order to further develop the system and properly test its features.

In November 2001 the first version of the system was tested, installed and stafffrom the road agencies were trained in five countries (Bangladesh, India,Thailand, Viet Nam, Philippines) in the South Asia (SAR) and East Asia andthe Pacific (EAP) Regions.

In March 2002 an improved second version was installed and tested in fourcountries (Ghana, Uganda, Poland, Armenia) in the Africa (AFR) and Eastern

Europe and Central Asia (ECA) regions.

All these road agencies that have contributed to this effort have designated a contactperson to provide access to the required data and to coordinate activities to furtherdevelop the system (see table below).

COUNTRY AGENCY ContactArmenia Armenia Roads SSCC Hakob PetrosyanBangladesh RHD Roads and Highways Department M. Abdul Quadir Ghana GHA Ghana Highway Authority James A. N. KluIndia CRRI Central Road Research Institute and NHAI D. Mukhopadhyay

Philippines DPWH Department of Public Works & Highways Anita CorreaPoland GDDP General Directorate of Public Roads Elzbieta NowickaThailand DOH Department of Highways Apirak SucharitUganda RAFU Road Agency Formation Unit D. LuyimbaziVietnam Ministry of Transport Planning & Investment Depart. Nguyen Danh Hai

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage vi of xiv

ROCKS DATABASESICRARACAIBRDINDATHAAPOLABGDAARMAGHAAUGAA

VIEW MODULE STATISTICS MODULE

DISBURSEMENTSMODULE

DATACOLLECTION

FORM

ROAD WORKSCLASSIFICATIO

N

INPUT

DATA

OUTPUT DATA REPORTSSTATISTICS

AVERAGE ANDRANGE

UNIT COSTS


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PRODUCT 3. The ROCKS Development Network was identified and establishedby the World Bank Transport Unit with a selected group of road agencies worldwidein order to further develop the system and properly test its features.

In November 2001 the first version of the system was tested, installed and stafffrom the road agencies were trained in five countries (Bangladesh, India,

Thailand, Viet Nam, Philippines) in the South Asia (SAR) and East Asia andthe Pacific (EAP) Regions.

In March 2002 an improved second version was installed and tested in fourcountries (Ghana, Uganda, Poland, Armenia) in the Africa (AFR) and EasternEurope and Central Asia (ECA) regions. This version was named Version 2.01.

During 2004, the ROCKS Version 2.01 was installed and tested in six additionalcountries: Lao, Kyrgyz Republic, Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Serbia andMontenegro. During this period additional ROCKS data was collected from WorldBank documents. As a product of this dissemination effort and updated ROCKSVersion 2.2 was created and released on December 2004.

On December 2006, ROCKS Version 2.3 was released including the datacollected worldwide in 2005 and 2006 mostly from World Bank documents.

All the road agencies that have contributed to this effort have designated a contactperson to provide access to the required data and to coordinate activities to furtherdevelop the system (see table below).

COUNTRY AGENCY ContactArmenia Armenia Roads SSCC Hakob Petrosyan

Bangladesh RHD Roads and Highways Department M. Abdul Quadir Ghana GHA Ghana Highway Authority James A. N. KluIndia CRRI Central Road Research Institute and NHAI D. MukhopadhyayPhilippines DPWH Department of Public Works & Highways Anita CorreaPoland GDDP General Directorate of Public Roads Elzbieta NowickaThailand DOH Department of Highways Apirak SucharitUganda RAFU Road Agency Formation Unit David LuyimbaziVietnam Ministry of Transport Planning & Investment Depart. Nguyen Danh HaiLao Ministry of Communication Transport Post and

ConstructionAnousone SISA-AD

Kyrgyz Ministry of Transport and Communications Bakyut K.Jamalidinov

Kazakhstan Ministry of Transport and Communications Muratbekov Alibek

NursagievichEthiopia Ethiopian Roads Authority Yemane ShiferawNigeria Federal Ministry of Works J.A. (Akin)

OlawoyeNigeria Lagos LAMATA Olawale AgoroSerbia andMontenegro

Republic of Serbia Road Directorate Neboja Radovi

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage vii of xiv


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PRODUCT 4. The ROCKS Worldwide Database created with data collectedprimarily from World Bank financed projects has more than 3,000 records. All datahas been compiled into a single file that it is available and provides the basis forfuture data collection.

Description of the Data in the Consolidated Database GLOBAL

Sources of Information: Mainly from World Bank Implementation CompletionReports, Project Appraisal Documents, and actual Civil Works Contracts, but alsofrom Project Supervision Reports, Pavement Management Information Systems, andProcurement and Disbursements Reports.

The existing database has data from more than 89 developing countries. For themajority of countries only a few lines of data are available, and for some others suchas Brazil, Chile, Russia, Poland, Ghana, Uganda, India, Thailand, Philippines andBangladesh, there is a large set of data. Costs are classified by a cost datepresenting the representative date of the expenditures.

PRODUCT 5.The Set ofBasic Statistics, which is the main output of the systemprovides average costs for a selected number of predominant work activities in theselected single currency (US dollars) and single reference date (year 2000). The SetofRegional Statistics compares the median costs for a selected number ofpredominant work activities per World Bank geographic region and present detailstatistics per road work. The Road Work Costs Composition Statistics present theaverage breakdown of the road work costs.

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage viii of xiv


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Scenario: All World Regions

Costs per Km Statistics (2000 US$/km)

Work Category Work Class Work Type Average Minimum Maximum St Dev. Count Predominant Work Activity Average Minimum M aximum St Dev. Count

Preservation Routine Routine Maintenance 2226 277 8685 1448 94 Routine Maintenance Earth Road 1187 329 2045 1213 2Routine Maintenance Gravel Road 1027 277 2027 626 12Routine Maintenance Block 2L Highway 2728 1500 3956 1736 2

Routine Maintenance Bituminous 2L Highway 2294 340 5580 1258 53

Routine Maintenance Concrete 2L Highway #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Routine Ma inte nance Bitum ino us > 2 L Hig hway 35 12 35 12 35 12 # DIV/0 ! 1Routine Maintenance Concrete > 2L Highway #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/ARoutine Maintenance Bituminous Expressway #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Routine Maintenance Concrete Expressway #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Periodic Grading 247 51 876 229 18 Light Grading 110 51 205 49 12Heavy Grading 522 323 876 195 6

Gravel Resurfacing 17515 1872 112950 15559 233 Regravelling 16272 1872 65038 13382 226

Concrete Pavement #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A Concrete Pavement Preventive Treatment #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/APreventive Treatment

Bituminous Pavement 7702 1147 30653 5792 56 Fog Seal 8913 2805 15783 3632 18

Preventive Treatment Rejuvenation #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Unsealed 4348 2009 8506 1322 101 Unsealed Preventive Treatment 4278 2009 8506 1239 99

Preventive Treatment

Surface Treatment 20734 3451 81968 13149 209 Slurry Seal or Cape Seal 11854 3451 34621 7922 43Resurfacing Single Surface Treatment 19108 5295 45584 7943 55

Double Surface Treatment 28443 10246 81968 11457 65

Triple Surface Treatment #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Asphalt Mix 64193 12350 211000 28652 422 Asphalt Overlay < 40 mm 42435 12350 95148 18080 68Resurfacing Asphalt Overlay 40 to 59 mm 71902 20073 211000 28406 284

Rehabilitation Strengthening 138026 27473 553857 74476 443 Asphalt Overlay 60 to 79 mm 91074 27473 180761 32549 61

Asphalt Overlay 80 to 99 mm 136994 38583 553857 70000 142

Asphalt Overlay > 99 mm 178094 68447 478158 74677 106Mill and Replace 152797 54458 353720 98574 18Bonded Concrete Overlay #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Unbounded Concrete Overlay #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Concrete Pavement 68558 68558 68558 #DIV/0! 1 Concrete Slab Replacement #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/ARestoration Concrete Slab Repair #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Concrete Diamond Grinding #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Reconstruction 216217 2289 1514043 161801 839 Reconstruction Earth 23978 13684 56561 16279 6

Reconstruction Gravel 47391 9635 131778 27334 62Reconstruction Block 78007 78007 78007 #DIV/0! 1

Reconstruction Bituminous 231071 2289 1514043 159746 717

Reconstruction Concrete 247697 50890 655872 150878 30

Development Improvement Partial Widening 137946 67299 170356 29231 12 Partial Widening to Gravel 2L #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/APartial Widening to Block 2L #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Partial Widening to Bituminous 2L 137946 67299 170356 29231 12

Partial Widening to Concrete 2L #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Partial Widening and 260708 8219 682508 129926 116 Partial Widening to Gravel 2L and Reconstruction 31614 8219 73334 36219 3Reconstruction Partial Widening to Block 2L and Reconstruction #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Pa rt ia l W id eni ng t o Bi tu mi no us 2 L a nd Re co ns tr uct io n 2 66 79 0 2 80 52 6 82 50 8 1 25 96 2 1 13

Partial Widening to Concrete 2L and Reconstruction #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Widening 852021 9673 5785612 756904 132 Widening Adding Bituminous 1L 266986 9673 707547 289326 7Widening Adding Bituminous 2L 817925 165487 3497181 581061 116

Widening Adding Bituminous 4L 4643333 3501055 5785612 1615426 2Widening Adding Concrete 1L 1641940 1626837 1657043 21358 2Widening Adding Concrete 2L #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Widening Adding Concrete 4L #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Widening and 875199 179738 6532523 777429 96 Widening Adding Bituminous 1L and Reconstruction 338903 179738 1550653 249793 34Reconstruction Widening Adding Bituminous 2L and Reconstruction 1084031 241875 6532523 838483 51

W id eni ng A dd in g Bi tu min ou s 4 L a nd Re co ns tr uc tio n 1 85 55 87 1 56 83 59 2 08 87 00 1 86 58 0 8Widening Adding Concrete 1L and Reconstruction #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Widening Adding Concrete 2L and Reconstruction #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Widening Adding Concrete 4L and Reconstruction #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Upgrading 242246 3575 834428 163556 264 Upgrading to Earth 2L 12276 3575 18664 6340 4Upgrading to Gravel 2L 52704 15940 93205 23024 26

Upgrading to Block 2L 193738 153631 325644 50515 10

Upgrading to Bituminous 2L 267865 57271 834428 155747 206Upgrading to Concrete 2L 312999 92651 465583 160576 5

New New 1L Road 75002 58150 91335 12311 5 New Earth 1L Road 79215 71800 91335 9152 4

Construction New Gravel 1L Road 58150 58150 58150 # DIV/0! 1New Block 1L Road #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/ANew Bituminous 1L Road #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

New Concrete 1L Road #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

New 2L Highway 974816 22403 1985876 442545 85 New Earth 2L Highway #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

New Gravel 2L Highway 53443 22403 111650 50446 3New Block 2L Highway 1397474 1397474 1397474 #DIV/0! 1

New Bituminous 2L Highway 1061932 224882 1985876 424351 54

New Concrete 2L Highway 1023858 572502 1515835 348569 12

New 4L Highway 2538116 660242 4561035 967072 24 New Bituminous 4L Highway 2487807 660242 4561035 995914 21New Concrete 4L Highway 2890277 2213333 3758255 789979 3

New 6L Highway 1990155 1289094 2691215 991449 2 New Bituminous 6L Highway 1990155 1289094 2691215 991449 2

New Concrete 6L Highway #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

New 4L Expressway 2723280 937499 7810495 1397371 62 New Bituminous 4L Expressway 2723280 937499 7810495 1397371 62New Concrete 4L Expressway #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

New 6L Expressway 5571488 5571488 5571488 #DIV/0! 1 New Bituminous 6L Expressway 5571488 5571488 5571488 #DIV/0! 1New Concrete 6L Expressway #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage ix of xiv


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The frequency histograms are the basis for obtaining the average and range of unitscosts. The graph below presents a histogram which has been prepared using mainlythe data for two lane highways (2L).

ROCKS also provides unit costs per m2 calculated based on the width of the maincarriageway, and excluding the width of shoulders, bicycle lanes or median. TheSystem generates average and range unit costs per m2 for some work activities.

Scenario: All World Regions

Costs per M2 Statistics (2000 US$/m2)

Work Category Work Class Work Type Average Minimum Maximum St Dev. Count Predominant Work Activity Average Minimum M aximum St Dev. Count

Preservation Periodic Gravel R esurfacing 2.68 0.27 15.47 2.45 232 Regravelling 2.52 0.27 10.84 2.23 225

Concrete Pavement #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A Concrete Pavement Preventive Treatment #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A


Bituminous Pavement 1.05 0.16 4.38 0.82 56 Fog Seal 1.11 0.35 2.10 0.51 18Preventive Treatment Rejuvenation #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Unsealed 0.72 0.30 1.22 0.21 101 Unsealed Preventive Treatment 0.71 0.30 1.22 0.20 99


Surface Treatment 2.89 0.67 12.42 1.78 205 Slurry Seal or Cape Seal 1.76 0.67 4.95 1.13 41Resurfacing Single Surface Treatment 2.68 0.81 6.51 1.11 55

Double Surface Treatment 4.00 1.46 12.42 1.77 65

Triple Surface Treatment #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Asphalt Mix 9.18 1.69 31.49 4.22 413 Asphalt Overlay < 40 mm 6.34 1.69 19.07 3.38 65Resurfacing Asphalt Overlay 40 to 59 mm 10.12 2.75 31.49 4.17 279

Rehabilitation Strengthening 18.69 3.74 75.87 9.72 432 Asphalt Overlay 60 to 79 mm 12.81 3.92 22.60 4.14 61Asphalt Overlay 80 to 99 mm 18.65 5.51 75.87 8.47 136

Asphalt Overlay > 99 mm 24.80 9.38 65.50 10.42 105Mill and Replace #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Bonded Concrete Overlay #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Unbounded Concrete Overlay #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Concrete Pavement 10.55 10.55 10.55 #DIV/0! 1 Concrete Slab Replacement #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/ARestoration Concrete Slab Repair #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Concrete Diamond Grinding #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

Reconstruction 30.63 0.21 207.40 22.77 835 Reconstruction Earth 3.46 1.95 8.08 2.31 6

Reconstruction Gravel 7.60 1.38 28.35 5.01 61

Reconstruction Block 15.60 15.60 15.60 #DIV/0! 1

Reconstruction Bituminous 32.65 0.21 207.40 22.46 716Reconstruction Concrete 35.62 7.27 93.70 22.91 30

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage x of xiv

Frequency Histogram of Cost per km

Double Surface Treatment 2L Highway

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10,684

13,345

16,006

18,667

21,328

23,989

26,650

29,311

31,972

34,633

37,294

39,955

42,616

45,277

US$/km (Year 2000)

Num

berofObservations


14/18

III. SAMPLE SET OF OUTPUTS

It is expected that these preliminary average and range unit costs can be furtherenhanced in the future with an increased number of data, and more in depth level ofdetail for each data in order to:

monitor country road cost variations at different stages, from estimate to contractand actual costs;

assess road costs variations overtime;

compare road costs among states and regions, different financing sources,procurement methodologies (advertisement), etc;

establish relationships with different types of terrain, climate, regions,construction technologies, etc.; and

generate the data that is needed for other road cost related studies like life cycleanalysis applied in HDM-4.

Sample Output 1.

Unit Costs per Km in Million US$ (Year 2000) for Selected Work Activities inThailand and Cost Adjustment Factors by Region and Terrain Type

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage xi of xiv

WORK ACTIVITY REGION

Slurry Seal or Cape Seal (Reseal) 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011

Asphalt Overlay 40-59 mm (50 mm) 0.045 0.050 0.045 0.045

Asphalt Overlay 80-99 mm (80 mm) 0.068 0.077 0.068 0.068

Reconstruction Bitum. (50 mm AC) 0.070 0.092 0.071 0.070



TERRAIN TYPE Flat Rolling Mount. Flat Rolling Mount. Flat Rolling Mnt. Flat Rolling Mount.

Widening Adding Bitum. 2L (2L to 4L) 0.470 0.485 0.725 0.548 0.563 0.823 0.489 0.504 - 0.464 0.479 0.720




New Bituminous 2L Highway 0.337 0.351 0.567 0.387 0.401 0.634 0.352 0.366 - 0.332 0.347 0.563



New Bituminous 4L Expressway 2.584 2.406 3.685 2.762 2.539 3.862 2.620 2.443 - 2.575 2.398 3.677


REGION

TERRAIN TYPE Flat Rolling Mount. Flat Rolling Mount. Flat Rolling Mnt. Flat Rolling Mount.










COST ADJUSTMENT FACTORS BY REGION & TERRAIN TYPE f(FLAT = 1.0)NORTHERN REGION NORTHEASTERN REG. CENTRAL REGION SOUTHERN REGION

NORTHERN REGION NORTHEASTERN REG. CENTRAL REGION SOUTHERN REGION


15/18

Sample Output 2.

Average and Range Unit Costs per m2 in US$ (Year 2000)Selected Works for Bituminous Surface Class - Worldwide Data

Sample Output 3.

Cost Breakdown in Typical Bill of Quantities and Other Agency Costs (%)India Estimates Widening 2L to 4L and Reconstruction

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage xii of xiv

Road Work Cost Details (% of Road Work Cost)Mobilization (%): 0.5%Demolition and Site Clearance (%): 0.5%Earthworks (%): 11.9%Drainage,P Works,Culv.&Min. Bridges (%): 16.8%Major Bridges and Structures (%): 5.7%Pavement Courses (%): 49.5%Line Markings and Signs (%): 5.8%Contingencies (%): 9.2%Total (%): 100.0%

Land Acquisition (%): 5.1%Resettlement (%): 3.0%Supervision (%): 6.7%

Other Road Agency Costs (% of Road Work Cost)

2.613.82

5.18

9.81

12.74

18.66

0.811.53 1.84

3.003.92

5.514.59

5.296.14

11.28

19.16

21.06

38.35

20.89

1.111.62

10.49

0.740.35

42.08

2.10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fog Seal Slurry Sealor Cape

Seal

SingleSurface

Treatment

DoubleSurface

Treatment

AsphaltOverlay

99 mm

Pavement Preventive Treatment Surface Treatment Resurfacing Asphalt Mix Resurfacing Strengthening

Maximum Average Minimum


16/18

Sample Output 4.

Comparison between Actual Cost at completion and Estimated Costs atAppraisal for World Bank financed Projects All Countries

Sample Output 5.

Average and Range Unit Costs per Km in Thousands US$ (Year 2000)Selected Development Works - Worldwide Data

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPage xiii of xiv

All Countries

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0

Works costs per km: Actual Cost / Appraisal Estimate

Probabilit < 1.0 = 38 %

Probability > 1.0 = 62 %