romanesque: style and period
DESCRIPTION
Covers major historical events, figures, and church architecture, circa the 1100's.TRANSCRIPT
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ROMANESQUET, R, 12-1:20PM
Professor Paige Prater
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“Romanesque” Society
Feudalism 3 Classes: king/nobles, churchmen, peasants Manor: self-sufficient agricultural estate
inheritance, shifting obligations/allegiances
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Worcester Chronicle, England, 1140
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Key Events/People 1050-1150 1056-1106 – Henry IV rules Germany + Holy
Roman Empire 1066 – William of Normandy invades England
BAYEUX TAPESTRY 1075 – Investiture Controversy 1095-1099 – First Crusade 1098 – Cistercian Order founded 1137-1152 – Eleonor of Aquitaine Queen of
France with Luis VII 1141-1151 – Hildegard of Bingen writes Scivias 1147-1149 – Second Crusade 1154-1189 – Eleanor of Aquitaine Queen of
England with Henry II
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Key Abbots and Popes
1049-1109 – Hugh de Semur, Abbot of Cluny 1088 – Great Church of Cluny begun
1058-1086 – Desiderius (Benedictine), Abbot of Monte Casino 1086-1087 – elected as Pope Victor III
1088-1089 – Pope Urban II (Cluniac) preached First Crusade
1115-1153 – Saint Bernard (Cistercian), Abbot of Clairvaux Abbey; writer, preacher, called for Second Crusade
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The Power Networks: France & England
King of France: Ile-de-France Duke of Normandy, heir of Vikings (north)
1066 – Duke William II of Normandy invaded England: “William the Conqueror” replaced Saxon rule
Normans: CLOSE ties to the CHURCH Duke of Burgundy (east) TOKEN HOMAGE to king of France
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The Bayeux Tapestry, 1066-1082
Animated! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtGoBZ4D4_E&feature=iv&src_vid=b%20DaB-NNyM8o&annotation_id=annotation_559561
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The Power Networks: Investiture Controversy
Holy Roman Empire vs. Pope Gregory VII Only the pope could appoint bishops/abbots!
Civil wars between German families who took sides Welfs of Saxony (“Guelfs” in Italy) vs.
Hohenstaufens of Swabia (“Ghibellines” in Italy)
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Pilgrimages
Hat, satchel, walking stick
Santiago de Compostela Shell as passport
http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Camino_de_Santiago/Camino.htm
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Route to Santiago de Compostela
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4mRnoZuiZU
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St. Sernin, Toulouse
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRrzFQGXUIc
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The Power Networks: Muslim vs. Christian
Iberian peninsula: Muslim in south vs Christian in North 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon had
conquered Toledo, Muslim controversy
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The Crusades
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQelzI (up to 6:23)
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CHURCHES Portal Tympanum Trumeau Jamb Historiated Capitals Archivolts: curved
moldings of wedge-shaped stone voussoir
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Changes to the Basilica Plan
Added apses Wide projecting transepts; aisled Variety of ambulatories Fireproof stone masonry (vs. wooden
roofs) Two-towered west façade
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Church of Sant Vincenc, Cardona, 1020-1030s
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Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy, late 9th or 10th century (with later additions)
Silver gilt over a wood core
33” high
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Regional Styles: Cathedral Complex Pisa
imperial Rome campanile = free-standing bell-tower
Master Bonanno, 1174 Master-builder: Busketos Cathedral: long nave with double side-
aisles (5 aisles=homage to Rome) Tuscan churches: decorated with marble
on exterior
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Church of San Clemente, Rome, consecrated 1128
Baldachin – altar cover Monastic church- not accommodating
pilgrims Open, partially underground crypt Nave and aisles end in apses; 12th century
liturgy
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Church of Saint-Savin-Sur-Gartempe, 1060-
1075
Barrel vaults no clerestory
windows or galleries
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Speyer Cathedral, 1080-1106 (remodeled)
1030-1060 – Ottonion wooden-roofed church
1080-1106 – masonry vault over 100’ high
Heavy compound piers and small piers Groin vaults: weight on bay corners –
side-wall windows
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Exterior, Speyer Cathedral
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Interior, Speyer Cathedral
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Durham
Military outpost on Scottish border Vault experimentation
Durham Cathedral – Norman church begun 1087; vaults – 1087
Count-bishop: secular AND religious authority
River Wear’s oxbow = natural moat
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Durham Cathedral
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Saint-Etienne, Caen, 1060-1077
Normandy, France Dedicated by William the Conqueror Stringcourses: unbroken horizontal
moldings at each window level 1096-1100 – façade (13th century spires)
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Saint-Etienne, Caen, 1060-1077: facade
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Saint-Etienne, Caen, 1060-1077: interior
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Dover Castle, England
Roman lighthouse tower Earthworks: rebuilt Angloo-Saxon church 12th century: Norman Great Tower,
surrounding earthworks and wall 13th century: outer walls
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Architectural Sculpture
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Creation and Fall, West Façade, Modena Cathedral, 1099
3’ high, approximately Sculptor Wiligelmus
Some of the earliest NARRATIVE sculpture in Italy
Used to be painted brightly Inscription: “Among sculptors, your work
shines forth, Wiligelmus”
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South Portal and Porch,
Priory Church of
Saint-Pierre, Moissac,
1115
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Trumeau Detail
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Last Judgment, Tympanum
on West Portal,
Cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun, 1120-1130;
1130-1145
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Suicide of Judas (capital) Cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun
1125
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Hildegard of Bingen
Hildegard and Volmar, Liber Scivias, 1165-1175 (facsimile frontispiece)
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Christ in Majesty, apse detail
Church of San Climent, Taull, Catalunya, Spain, 1123
Byzantine, Mozarabic, and classical
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Portable Scullpture: Crucifix (Majestat Batllo) – Catalunya,
Spain, mid-twelfth century
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Virgin and Child – Auvergne region, France, late 12th century
Mary as the “Throne of Wisdom”
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The Mouth of Hell –
Winchester Psalter, 1150