royal mosque (pakistan) al-razi & ibn sina
TRANSCRIPT
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Out of the sands of the Arabian Desert have come many wonderful things …
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Haram Mosque in Makkah
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Hajj at the Ka'bah
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Dome of the Rock (Israel)
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Royal Mosque (Pakistan)
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Samarra Mosque
(Iraq)
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The Alhambra (Spain)
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Al-Razi & Ibn Sina
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Al - Khwarizmi
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Astrolabe
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A Thousand and One Arabian Nights
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Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
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Islamic calligraphy (Allah)
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Muhammad
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Five Pillars of Islam
I. Profession of Faith
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II. Prayer
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III. Almsgiving
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IV. Fasting
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V. Pilgrimage
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Spread of Islam
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After the death of Muhammad…• Muhammad left no clear instructions on
succession →prominent Muslims met & chose a caliph (successor) and expansion continued
1. Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s father-in-law)
2. Umar (father-in-law)– conquered peoples retained land & religion– required to pay a special tax, known as the jizya
3. Uthman (son-in-law)
4. Ali (son-in-law: Fatimah)
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Divisions w/in Islam• In Syria, governor Muawiya refused to pay Ali
allegiance & after the murder of Ali in 661, became the caliph of the entire Muslim world
• This created a split in Muslim world – Ali’s followers refused to follow Muawiya & the concept of the caliph as a political leader → Shiite Muslims (Iran, some in Iraq & Lebanon)
• Most Muslims followed Muawiya as caliph → Sunni Muslims (90% of all Muslims)
• Sufi – dissatisfied w/ the worldliness of Muawiya & the Umayyad Dynasty, they focused on prayer, meditation, fasting & religious writing
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Umayyad Caliphate(661 – 750)
• Stressed political rather than religious (ruled more like kings than caliphs)
• Arabic official language• Minted Arabic currency, built roads &
established postal routes• Jews & Christians were tolerated as people of
the book, but paid a tax• Shiite areas were discontent
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Abbasid Caliphate(750 – 1258)
• Anti-Umayyad Arabs joined non-Arab muslims to overthrow the dynasty & new caliph, Abu al-Abbas (descendant of Muhammad’s uncle)
• Baghdad became the capital of the empire• More social equality → Persians dominated the
bureaucracy, Turks dominated the army & Arabs controlled religion
• However, many lands on the outskirts began to break free from the Abbasid Empire
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