RUSSIA & ETHIOPIA Buildings Past, Present and FutureAnastasiia, Ahmad, Netsanet, Shabani University of Oslo, 2016

When earth was sustainable Before the most dangerous creator came Human Theres no such thing as a sustainable city Chris B ..

TODAY OUTLINEHistory of Buildings in Russia and Ethiopia The Current situation ChallengesProposals for more sustainable future Conclusion and personal views

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RUSSIA Population: 164 millions Very urbanized: 73% Russian live in cities Very centralized: 78% of Russian live in 25% of the land The dominance climate is the humid continental climate in most of the populated places (2)(1)(3)

78% of Russians live in the European part of Russia (less than 25% of the whole territory)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia#Climate *

HISTORY OF BUILDING The primary building materials

limestone blocks (5)fieldstone blocks (4)Wood (6)

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HISTORY OF BUILDINGS IN RUSSIAOld buildingsStalinkaKhrushchyovka LeningradkaPutinkaEnd of XIX - 19401956-19851935-19601970- late 90sSince late 90s(5)

Russian building stock mainly consists of several types of buildings:Old buildings end of XIX century 1940 - high historical value, but very bad functional conditionsStalinka 1935-1960 was named after Stalin. Very robust, high ceilings, was of good thermal protection, comfort and different floor planning. Stalin empire style which was developed to show the power of the country. But nowadays they are old and need serious and expensive renovation.Khrushchyovka 1956-1985 - is a type of low-cost, concrete-paneled or brick three- to five-storied apartment building which was developed in the USSR during the time its namesake Nikita Khrushchev directed the Soviet government. The Khrushchyovka design represented an early attempt at industrialised and prefabricated building, with elements (or panels) made at concrete plants and trucked to sites as needed. Planners regarded elevators as too costly and as too time-consuming to build, and Soviet health/safety standards specified five stories as the maximum height of a building without an elevator. Thus almost all Khrushyovkas have five stories. Khrushchyovkas featured combined bathrooms. Kitchens were small, usually 6 m2 (65 sq ft). Typical apartments of the K-7 series have a total area of 30 m2 (323 sq ft) (one-room), 44 m2 (474 sq ft) (two-room) and 60 m2 (646 sq ft) (three-room). Was distributed for free in order to fulfill the need in housing in the USSR, which experienced urbanization boom. (more details on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchyovka )Leningradka 1970- late 90s panel housebuilding made of concrete prefabricated panels, normally 5, 9, 14-storey buildings. Very poor thermal insulation with huge thermal bridges, small flats without possibilities to change the floor planning replacing structures. Has elevators and balconies.Putinka since late 90s cast concrete plus brick buildings. Slabs and frame is made of concrete and walls are made of brick. Better thermal insulation, higher indoor athmosphere quality, but too high and sometimes dont have proper social infrastructure around (schools, kindergartens, hospitals, shops, parking), which make entire districts very uncomfortable and transport-dependent.

An article about the timeline in Russian: http://expertoza.com/2014/09/vidy-zhilyx-domov/ Pictures from: http://ukhtoma.ru/history3_dom.htm http://s1.thingpic.com/images/71/kEpNMYUmh8KctpjLifBftPbu.jpeghttp://istoricheskij-portret.ru/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/XR.jpghttp://ic.pics.livejournal.com/to3men/71497504/1889/1889_original.jpghttps://rufabula.com/media/upload/images/2016/02/05/putin-peace.jpghttp://s47.radikal.ru/i115/1103/56/37f8e23ab409.jpghttp://im2.tourbina.ru/photos.3/7/7/778115/big.photo.jpghttp://wanderlog.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011-russia-rostov-3.jpghttp://ligarealty.com.ua/pic/planirovki/d0194349b71220b215a47e029e9f87ea.jpghttp://www.steel-development.ru/upload/resize_cache/iblock/8a7/500_300_2/8a753e70d00efefb870d861174be5a83.pnghttp://vipremontclub.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/41_11.jpghttp://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/5700/yurilobanow.21/0_4fa87_3440dde5_L.jpghttp://www.bn.ru/uploads/gazeta/2013_08/1_602e.JPGhttp://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/5001/royce80.4/0_4b6e8_bb1ab587_orighttp://s2.russianrealty.ru/upload/iblock/682/682514cb80b45c768215332ef96a9edb.jpghttp://tipdoma.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/124.jpghttp://way2day.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/3_Vid-sverhu_1024-min.jpg*

ETHIOPIA

Area of 1.12 million KM2, more than whole ScandinaviaPopulation of 100 millions Most populated landlocked in the whole world The only African never been colonized The oldest nation , you are all EthiopiansAgriculture is the major revenue generator

(1)(5)

Ethiopia was the powerful state between the Roman Empire and Persia. The early home of civilizations such as the civilizations of Axum, Yeha and Damat. These civilizations had meaningful external relations with the civilizations of the world. Ethiopia is a cradle of mankind, ffirst skeleton (Lucy) was discovered by Australopithecus Afarensis 3.2 million years old, in 1974 Ethiopia http://aigaforum.com/articles/Ethiopia_the_cradle.htm

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History of Buildings in Ethiopia

Vernacular Architecture:

Ethiopia has a remarkable variety of peoples, with different lifestyles, languages, religion, and culture. Ethiopia is famous for its variety of topographies and housing typology. *

Construction method simple geometrical shapes, mixture of stone, straw and timber

Most Ethiopian traditional houses are constructed out of simple geometrical shapes but with distinct construction techniques and methods, mixture of stone, straw. *

Its Vernacular Architecture and Sustainability

Scenario 1: KONSO CULTURAL LANDSCAPEOne of the Nine World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia inscribesby UNESCO in 2011.The site features 55km2 arid property of stone walled terraces and strong settlements in the Konso highlands of Southern part of Ethiopia.

Even though Ethiopia has its own several ancient civilisations,from the 60s there is a great influence by the internationalstyle of architectural designwhich being unimpressive, are a menace to the society and a cause of environmentalDegradati.. we have not yet been to able satisfy the basic housing needs of ourpeople even with the modern solutions.

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Its Vernacular Architecture and Life style

Cultural Tradition and strong Interaction within the people and the environment.

In the most rural places in Ethiopia, it is still contunioun the trend of a sustainable households with in the community.*

HISTORY OF BUILDINGS IN ETHIOPIAEconomyStructure and Materials used

A diagram showing the reltionship betwen thw economy grows Vs Structure and material for building used.This indicates how unsusainablity occures due to economic grow...The qustion is how we can handle our econmyical growth intermes of achiving a sustainable present and for the future.One option is to look back and follow the nature, cultural context for a balanced life.*

SUGGESTION SOLUTIONSImprove social services in rural areas to encourage young people to stay thereIncrease land survey in urban Rain water harvest from buildingsThe use of local materials e.g soil bricks and stones Reduce land lease to suit local peopleUpdates the codes is requiredCommunity participation is a key for solving social problems(micro markets old)

CHALLENGES Rural urban migration due to the poor social services,Increase of slums in cities Water supply problems in citiesHighly depend on importation of building materials Land lease in Towns is in riseThe building codes are outdated;Social issues are not being taking into account;

Though 80% of the population still lives in the rural part of the country but the incompatibility with rapid urbanization growth and rural migration is still a big problem.We believe that empowering and teaching the rural society to wards social and environments sustainable growth and development should be a priority. In most cases the life style of the rural society is most sustainable toward adopting the natural environment but not balanced with the economical and social aspects. *

RAPID URBANIZATION, CONCRETE WITH NO PLANNING Improve social services in rural areas to encourage young people to stay there

Social More solar panels installation :Can be used to pump water for irrigation NATURAL & SUSTAINABLE LOW-COST HOUSINGLow cost :Natural material ,Stone, timber, Adobe blocks, Cement Stabilized Soil Blocks (CSSB) (ground housing project)EconomicenvironmentConstruction sector attained a 23.7% annual growth in 2014Apartment value decrease with the height (people hate high levels)

A CSSB is a building block made from soil, water and cement; working as a stabiliser, mixed and compressed in a pressing machine. Adobeis a building material made from earth and often organic materialcost of building materials accounts for the largestproportion of the overall construction cost, innovating low-costbuilding material is vitalAfrica face serious challenges in providing affordable housing to the urban dwellers*

SMART DESIGNRespect the architecture and the culture of Ethiopia, sustainability was always apart of the buildings Design Aspects: Natural lighting and ventilationUrban integration with natureDUBAI FEVER (GLASS &STEEL) HIGH RISE BUILDINGS Many imported materials, no respect to the nature, the weather or the culture

This sustainability is exhibited in two physical scales: architectural and urban. It varies from utilization of natural materials, indoor spaces of mixed use, and spatial elements such as courtyards, to compact urban form that feature narrow streets, mixed land uses and integration with surrounding natural environment.Dubai fever: The desire to copy or import image of economic growth (glass and steel towers)

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ADVANTAGES Prefabricated constructionsDistrict (centralized) heatingAffordable housing in the pastMinimalistic lifestyle

CHALLENGES Wasteful heat energy consumption attitudePoor thermal insulation; Corrupted construction sector low quality and material losses ;Violations of building codes;The building codes are outdated;Old pipes for potable and heating water;Environmental and social issues are not being taking into account nowadays.Very urbanized

Wasting heat energy attitude: lack of building and individual-level control devices;*

RISE PRICES & EDUCATE Increase prices as an economical incentive.Educating people in TV and enforce education material for best usage of buildings (Europe)Renovation Each owner should has enough motivation to improve the insulation Wasteful heat energy consumption attitude(7)(8)Poor thermal insulation;HEAT ENERGY (5)

Decreasing usage will help environment *

UPDATE & ACCOUNTABILITY Update old codes with regulation and mindset toward sustainability Without monitoring it will be less efficient Real monitoring systems (anti-corruption plan)Accountability to Prevent Corruption in Construction Projectsframework i) awareness raising (ii) strengthening professional institutions (iii) prevention of corruption and (iv) enforcement and monitoring measuresBUILDING CODES & CORRUPTION construction than in any other sector of the economyCodes out of date

framework focus on (i) awareness raising (improvingdemand, improving voice and participation) (ii) strengthening professional institutions (iii) prevention ofcorruption and (iv) enforcement and monitoring measures

Transparency Internationals Bribe Payers Index (2005) repeatedly reveals corruption to begreater in construction than in any other sector of the economyCorruption, particularly in developing countries, is often viewed as a cultural problem.However, the international experience described above suggests that corruption is no more acceptable ordesirable in developing than developed countrie

Bribe- payments made in order to gain an advantage or to avoid a disadvantage,Fraud- theft through misrepresentation,Embezzlement- misappropriation of corporate or public funds,Kickbacks-sweeteners or rewards for favourable decisionsframework focus on (i) awareness raising (improvingdemand, improving voice and participation) (ii) strengthening professional institutions (iii) prevention ofcorruption and (iv) enforcement and monitoring measures

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PROGRESS IN RUSSIAVoluntary green building certification systems LEED and BREEAM were introduced on Russian market. For example, In 2013, LEED certified project in St. Petersburg, Russia, since then fifth LEED-certified project has been certified in all of Russia

http://greenrabbits.org/blog/details-rsvp-farm-city-expo-march-4th-nyc-%E2%80%9Cturning-local-purchasing-profits-farmersPictures from: http://caengrs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/leed.jpghttp://blewburton.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/breeam.jpg*

SUSTAINABILITY IN RUSSIARuGB The Russian Green Building Council is dedicated to accelerating development and adoption of market-based green building practices. RuGBC isa member of the World Green Building Council - the world's largest Green Building movement.The Council achieves these aims through:Setting standards of best practice through the adaptation of benchmarks and internationally accepted rating tools for the Russian market (e.g. BREEAM and LEED).Education and training for all segments of the building industry value chain.Facilitating our members to actively lead the market.Providing our members with networking opportunities.

during the 9th slide. And just for information: USGBC doesnt make big changes unfortunately ....I think its not about what they have achieved but the way forward http://www.rugbc.org/en/about-rugbc*

REFERENCES1- Google.com. (2016). Google. [online] Available at: http://www.google.com [Accessed 30 Jul. 2016].2- The Calvert Journal. (2016). The Calvert Journal A guide to the New East. [online] Available at: http://calvertjournal.com [Accessed 30 Jul. 2016]. 3- RT International. (2016). RT. [online] Available at: http://rt.com [Accessed 30 Jul. 2016].4-Library.ndsu.edu. (2016). NDSU Libraries. [online] Available at: http://library.ndsu.edu [Accessed 30 Jul. 2016].5-Wikipedia.org. (2016). Wikipedia. [online] Available at: https://www.wikipedia.org/ [Accessed 30 Jul. 2016].6-Wilkinson, T. and Astbury, J. (2016). The Architectural Review. [online] Architectural-review.com. Available at: http://www.architectural-review.com [Accessed 30 Jul. 2016].7-Bashmakov, Igor. "Resource of energy efficiency in Russia: scale, costs, and benefits."Energy Efficiency2.4 (2009): 369-386.8- Koshman, Olga, and Olga Ulyanova. "Attitudes towards domestic energy efficiency among Russian consumers: factors influencing behaviour". (2014).9- http://aigaforum.com/articles/Ethiopia_the_cradle.htm [Accessed 28 Jul. 2016].

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*78% of Russians live in the European part of Russia (less than 25% of the whole territory)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia#Climate *

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Russian building stock mainly consists of several types of buildings:Old buildings end of XIX century 1940 - high historical value, but very bad functional conditionsStalinka 1935-1960 was named after Stalin. Very robust, high ceilings, was of good thermal protection, comfort and different floor planning. Stalin empire style which was developed to show the power of the country. But nowadays they are old and need serious and expensive renovation.Khrushchyovka 1956-1985 - is a type of low-cost, concrete-paneled or brick three- to five-storied apartment building which was developed in the USSR during the time its namesake Nikita Khrushchev directed the Soviet government. The Khrushchyovka design represented an early attempt at industrialised and prefabricated building, with elements (or panels) made at concrete plants and trucked to sites as needed. Planners regarded elevators as too costly and as too time-consuming to build, and Soviet health/safety standards specified five stories as the maximum height of a building without an elevator. Thus almost all Khrushyovkas have five stories. Khrushchyovkas featured combined bathrooms. Kitchens were small, usually 6 m2 (65 sq ft). Typical apartments of the K-7 series have a total area of 30 m2 (323 sq ft) (one-room), 44 m2 (474 sq ft) (two-room) and 60 m2 (646 sq ft) (three-room). Was distributed for free in order to fulfill the need in housing in the USSR, which experienced urbanization boom. (more details on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchyovka )Leningradka 1970- late 90s panel housebuilding made of concrete prefabricated panels, normally 5, 9, 14-storey buildings. Very poor thermal insulation with huge thermal bridges, small flats without possibilities to change the floor planning replacing structures. Has elevators and balconies.Putinka since late 90s cast concrete plus brick buildings. Slabs and frame is made of concrete and walls are made of brick. Better thermal insulation, higher indoor athmosphere quality, but too high and sometimes dont have proper social infrastructure around (schools, kindergartens, hospitals, shops, parking), which make entire districts very uncomfortable and transport-dependent.

An article about the timeline in Russian: http://expertoza.com/2014/09/vidy-zhilyx-domov/ Pictures from: http://ukhtoma.ru/history3_dom.htm http://s1.thingpic.com/images/71/kEpNMYUmh8KctpjLifBftPbu.jpeghttp://istoricheskij-portret.ru/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/XR.jpghttp://ic.pics.livejournal.com/to3men/71497504/1889/1889_original.jpghttps://rufabula.com/media/upload/images/2016/02/05/putin-peace.jpghttp://s47.radikal.ru/i115/1103/56/37f8e23ab409.jpghttp://im2.tourbina.ru/photos.3/7/7/778115/big.photo.jpghttp://wanderlog.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011-russia-rostov-3.jpghttp://ligarealty.com.ua/pic/planirovki/d0194349b71220b215a47e029e9f87ea.jpghttp://www.steel-development.ru/upload/resize_cache/iblock/8a7/500_300_2/8a753e70d00efefb870d861174be5a83.pnghttp://vipremontclub.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/41_11.jpghttp://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/5700/yurilobanow.21/0_4fa87_3440dde5_L.jpghttp://www.bn.ru/uploads/gazeta/2013_08/1_602e.JPGhttp://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/5001/royce80.4/0_4b6e8_bb1ab587_orighttp://s2.russianrealty.ru/upload/iblock/682/682514cb80b45c768215332ef96a9edb.jpghttp://tipdoma.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/124.jpghttp://way2day.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/3_Vid-sverhu_1024-min.jpg*Ethiopia was the powerful state between the Roman Empire and Persia. The early home of civilizations such as the civilizations of Axum, Yeha and Damat. These civilizations had meaningful external relations with the civilizations of the world. Ethiopia is a cradle of mankind, ffirst skeleton (Lucy) was discovered by Australopithecus Afarensis 3.2 million years old, in 1974 Ethiopia http://aigaforum.com/articles/Ethiopia_the_cradle.htm

*Ethiopia has a remarkable variety of peoples, with different lifestyles, languages, religion, and culture. Ethiopia is famous for its variety of topographies and housing typology. *Most Ethiopian traditional houses are constructed out of simple geometrical shapes but with distinct construction techniques and methods, mixture of stone, straw. *Even though Ethiopia has its own several ancient civilisations,from the 60s there is a great influence by the internationalstyle of architectural designwhich being unimpressive, are a menace to the society and a cause of environmentalDegradati.. we have not yet been to able satisfy the basic housing needs of ourpeople even with the modern solutions.

*In the most rural places in Ethiopia, it is still contunioun the trend of a sustainable households with in the community.*A diagram showing the reltionship betwen thw economy grows Vs Structure and material for building used.This indicates how unsusainablity occures due to economic grow...The qustion is how we can handle our econmyical growth intermes of achiving a sustainable present and for the future.One option is to look back and follow the nature, cultural context for a balanced life.*Though 80% of the population still lives in the rural part of the country but the incompatibility with rapid urbanization growth and rural migration is still a big problem.We believe that empowering and teaching the rural society to wards social and environments sustainable growth and development should be a priority. In most cases the life style of the rural society is most sustainable toward adopting the natural environment but not balanced with the economical and social aspects. *A CSSB is a building block made from soil, water and cement; working as a stabiliser, mixed and compressed in a pressing machine. Adobeis a building material made from earth and often organic materialcost of building materials accounts for the largestproportion of the overall construction cost, innovating low-costbuilding material is vitalAfrica face serious challenges in providing affordable housing to the urban dwellers*This sustainability is exhibited in two physical scales: architectural and urban. It varies from utilization of natural materials, indoor spaces of mixed use, and spatial elements such as courtyards, to compact urban form that feature narrow streets, mixed land uses and integration with surrounding natural environment.Dubai fever: The desire to copy or import image of economic growth (glass and steel towers)

*

Wasting heat energy attitude: lack of building and individual-level control devices;*Decreasing usage will help environment *

Transparency Internationals Bribe Payers Index (2005) repeatedly reveals corruption to begreater in construction than in any other sector of the economyCorruption, particularly in developing countries, is often viewed as a cultural problem.However, the international experience described above suggests that corruption is no more acceptable ordesirable in developing than developed countrie

Bribe- payments made in order to gain an advantage or to avoid a disadvantage,Fraud- theft through misrepresentation,Embezzlement- misappropriation of corporate or public funds,Kickbacks-sweeteners or rewards for favourable decisionsframework focus on (i) awareness raising (improvingdemand, improving voice and participation) (ii) strengthening professional institutions (iii) prevention ofcorruption and (iv) enforcement and monitoring measures

* http://greenrabbits.org/blog/details-rsvp-farm-city-expo-march-4th-nyc-%E2%80%9Cturning-local-purchasing-profits-farmersPictures from: http://caengrs.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/leed.jpghttp://blewburton.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/breeam.jpg*during the 9th slide. And just for information: USGBC doesnt make big changes unfortunately ....I think its not about what they have achieved but the way forward http://www.rugbc.org/en/about-rugbc*

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