russia & turkey

8/8/2019 Russia & Turkey

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Russia & Turkey Culture

Presented By: ESLSCA 32B

Abeer Karam Ahmed Lotfy Mariam Effat Mina Lotfallah

Supervised by:

Dr. Yassin El Shazly


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Power Distance Index

1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120

Hofsted es Power Distance Map


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Power Distance Index (PDI) thatis the extent to which the lesspowerful members of organizationsand institutions (like the family)accept and expect that power isdistributed unequally. Thisrepresents inequality (more versusless), but defined from below, not

from above. It suggests that asociety's level of inequality isendorsed by the followers as muchas by the leaders. Power andinequality, of course, are extremelyfundamental facts of any society

and anybody with someinternational experience will beaware that 'all societies areunequal, but some are moreunequal than others'.


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Cul tu ra l aspects at E astern Eu rope.

The present study investigates power distance in a number of countries whichhave seen dramatic changes in their political systems in the past and developedan orientation towards the West (Turkey, Belarus, and Uzbekistan). The presentpaper is mainly based on Hofstede's framework (1980a, 1980b, 1991, 1994 and1997) where dichotomies such as high/low power distance or high/low

uncertainty avoidance are used to describe national business cultures. Thefactor power distance is chosen because power is closely related to politenessstrategies (e. g., Brown and Levinson 1987(1978), Spencer-Oatey 2000 andHolmes and Stubbe 2003). In total 236 questionnaires were distributed tobusiness students in the countries under investigation.


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Cul tu ra l aspects at E astern Eu rope.

The main question is whether political and social change in a country leads to achange in power distance relationships at work or whether underlying valuessuch as power distance prevail over time. The present study shows that, despitethe fact that the countries involved have made enormous efforts to adapt to theWestern market economy, local cultural values still play an important role. This isequally true for countries that changed their political orientation relatively recently

(within the past two decades: Belarus and Uzbekistan), and for a country thathad already changed its political system more than 80 years ago (Turkey).Despite all these political and socio-economic changes local cultural valuesprevail over time, and cross-cultural research in human behaviour (includingpoliteness) is only possible if these cultural differences are taken into account.


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Power DistanceIndex

Arab Countries 80 Singapore 74

Argentina 49 South Af rica 49

Australia 36 South Korea 60

Austria 11 Spain 57Belgium 65 Sweden 31

Brazil 69 Switzerland 34

Canada 39 Taiwan 58

Chile 63 Thailand 64

Colombia 67 Turkey 66

Costa Rica 35 Uruguay 61

Denmark 18 US A 40

Finland 33 Japan 54

France 68 Malaysia 104Germany FR 35 Mexico 81

Great Britain 35 Russia 93

Greece 60 Israel 13

Guatemala 95 Italy 50

Jamaica 45


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H igh Power Distance Vs. Low PowerDistance


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U ncertainty Avoidance Index ( U AI) deals with asociety's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; itultimately refers to man's search for Truth. It indicates towhat extent a culture programs its members to feeleither uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructuredsituations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown,surprising, different from usual. Uncertainty avoidingcultures try to minimize the possibility of such situationsby strict laws and rules, safety and security measures,and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; 'there can only be one Truth and wehave it'. People in uncertainty avoiding countries arealso more emotional, and motivated by inner nervousenergy. The opposite type, uncertainty acceptingcultures, are more tolerant of opinions different from

what they are used to; they try to have as few rules aspossible, and on the philosophical and religious levelthey are relativist and allow many currents to flow sideby side. People within these cultures are morephlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected bytheir environment to express emotions.


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U ncertainty Avoidance Index

Greece 191 Arab Countries 6Portugal 158 Morocco 6

Guatemala 145 Ecuador 1Uruguay 141 Germany -7

Malta 124 Thailand -11Russia 120 Bangladesh -28

Belgium 115 Estonia -28Salvador 115 Finland -32Poland 111 Iran -32Japan 107 Switzerland -37

Surinam 107 Trinidad -49Romania 98 West Africa -53

Yugoslavia 90 Netherlands -58Peru 86 East Africa -62

Argentina 82 Australia -66Chile 82 Slovakia -66

Costa Rica 82 Norway -70France 82 New Zealand -75

Panama 82 South Africa -75Spain 82 Canada -79

Bulgaria 77 Indonesia -79South Korea 77 USA -87

Turkey 77 Philippines -96Hungary 65 India -113

Mexico 65 Malaysia -129Israel 60 Great Britain -134

Colombia 56 Ireland -134Brazil 39 China -155

Venezuela 39 Vietnam -155Italy 35 Hong Kong -159

Czech Republic 31 Sweden -159Austria 14 Denmark -184

Luxembourg 14 Jamaica -227

Pakistan 14 Singapore -248Taiwan 10


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H igh Uncertainty Av oidance Vs. LowUncertainty Av oidance


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RussiaC ountry Profile

Area 17,074,933 sq. Km ( spans 11 time zones)Population 143,524,000C apital Moscow, 8,316,000Language RussianLiteracy 98%Life expectancy 67 yearsG DP per capita $7,700G overnment Federated Republic

From the ashes of the geopolitical USSR, the Russian Federation hasemerged in the past decade


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RussiaIntroduction

Appearance

Businessmen in Russia usually wear suits that are dark and welltailored along with good dress shoes. A businessmans wardrobe demonstratesthe individuals image as a professional.

Men often do not take off their jackets in negotiations.Do not stand with your hands in your pockets. This is considered rude.Women dress rather conservatively, avoiding overly flashy or gaudy outfits.Women should always cover their heads when entering into any RussianOrthodox C hurches.Skirts should be worn rather than pants.

When attending dinner in a citizens home, casual dress of slacks and a niceshirt without a tie are appropriate.


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RussiaIntroduction

B ehavior :

Social events are more relaxed. It is acceptable for foreigners to be 15 to 30minutes late.

Patience is an extremely important virtue among Russians; punctuality is not.

Russians are known as great "sitters" during negotiations, this demonstratestheir tremendous patience.The U.S.S.R. was officially an atheist nation in the days of communism. Now,

however, participation in religion in increasing, with many citizens practicingProtestantism, Islam, Russian Orthodoxy, and Judaism.

Some 'hard-line' Russians still view compromise as a sign of weakness, and

often refuse to back down. To these individuals, compromising is bad business. As a foreigner, you should realize that "Final Offers" are often not actually theend of the negotiations, and that often times the outcome will be more beneficialand attractive if you can hold out.

There is a Russian term meaning "connections" or "influences. It is extremelydifficult to do business in Russia without help from a local. To help with this, gifts,

money or other items are often a good idea when doing business in Russia.


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RussiaIntroduction

B ehavior :

If attending dinner at a family residence, it is appropriate to bring a gift, such asa bottle of wine, dessert, or a bouquet of flowers.

When shaking hands with someone, be sure to take off your gloves, as it is

considered rude not to.When attending any formal engagements such as the theatre, it is appropriateto check your coat and other belongings at the front door of the establishment.

Do not show the soles of your shoes, as this is considered impolite. They areconsidered dirty, and should never come in contact with any type of seat (like ona subway or bus).

Be sure to have plenty of business cards with double sides of information. Oneside should be printed in English, the other side in Russian.Be alert and open to taking a drink or having a toast, as refusing to do so is a

serious breach of etiquette.


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RussiaPower Distance

According to the G eert Hofstede, Russias estimated PDI is 93Basically if you are born into a family with power you will have power

but if youre born into a family who is poor, youre not able to move upand you will continue to be poor.if something goes wrong, most of the time they will blame it on the

subordinates, which are the poorest people and are at the bottom of thehierarchyThey deadlines are strict and solidusually dont have a personal relationship with the bossparents and teachers are much respectedMost business C EOs or people with power are very totalitarian, They

dont care what other people say or feel about the situation.Working in these conditions can be very stressful because demands arevery high and they absolutely cant miss deadlines


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RussiaPower Distance

According to the G eert Hofstede, Russias estimated PDI is 93Basically if you are born into a family with power you will have power

but if youre born into a family who is poor, youre not able to move upand you will continue to be poor.if something goes wrong, most of the time they will blame it on the

subordinates, which are the poorest people and are at the bottom of thehierarchyThey deadlines are strict and solidusually dont have a personal relationship with the bossparents and teachers are much respectedMost business C EOs or people with power are very totalitarian, They

dont care what other people say or feel about the situation.Working in these conditions can be very stressful because demands arevery high and they absolutely cant miss deadlines


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TurkeyC ountry Profile

Area 779,452 sq. KmPopulation 67,264,000C apital A nakaraReligion Muslim/ mostly sunniLanguage Turkish/Kurdish/ A rabic/ A rm./G reekLiteracy 85%Life expectancy 71yearsG DP per capita $6,800G overnment Republic

T urkey is a mixture of modern and medieval, of cosmopolitan and peasant, of secularism and Islamic fundamentalism


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Turkey

Introd u ctionTurkey was created in 1923 from the Turkish remnants of the OttomanEmpire. Soon after the country instituted secular laws to replace traditionalreligious fiats. In 1945 Turkey joined the UN and in 1952 it became amember of N ATO.It is located in southeastern Europe and southwestern A sia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering theBlack Sea, between Bulgaria and G eorgia, and bordering the A egean Seaand the Mediterranean Sea, between G reece and SyriaTurkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry andcommerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in 2001 stillaccounted for 40% of employment. It has a strong and rapidly growingprivate sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking,transport, and communication. The most important industry - and largestexporter - is textiles and clothing, which is almost entirely in private hands.


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Turkey occupies a strategic location at the crossroads between Europe and A siaand having access to the Black Sea where many neighboring countries aredependent on their ports.Turkey has a rich cultural and ethnic diversity.Its history stretches from ancient civilizations, such as the Hittites, through theG reek and Roman periods (when St Paul introduced C hristianity there) toByzantium and the Ottoman Empire.The modern Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923 as a western-style secular State.Nearly 99% of the population is Muslim. A considerable Kurdish population lives inthe south-eastern part of the country.the U.S. Department of C ommerce listed Turkey as one of the worlds 10 biggestemerging markets.

Turkey


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S ocia l Cul tu reF amily - The most essential social unit inTurkish culture is the family.

A very ma le-oriented society , womenoutside the cities are usually kept in thebackground or in groups, as strict sexualsegregation is maintained.

I slam - remains a prevalent feature of Turkish culture & influence cultural life .


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T urkey High Power Distance

The Turkish business environment exhibitsmuch respect for rank, education and authority.

Decisions are always made by the mostsenior business people .European business ethics and modernmanagement practices &Highly (oftenforeign) educated managers, growing skillsbase.

Consider most senior business person to beviewed as a father or mother figure the well-being of their employees family and socialduties.


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From H ofstedes score about power distance , Turkey is 66 which is quitehigh degree that creates a situation where leaders have virtually ultimate power and authority, and less powerful members of organization have to follow the

hierarchy order. Then how it affect in their business? We can divide into 3perspectives as peer to peer relations , manager-peer relations , and people- government relations . A ccording to research, in Turkish practice, its respectfulto address their professional by his or her occupational title alone; for example,Doctor or Lawyer. Because they want to feel that they are higher than others inbetween peer to peer relations.


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T urkey Power Distance

In Turkey, age is a sign of wisdom and consequentlydemands respect in all aspects of society.

When addressing a Turk the most common method isto call a man first name followed by ' bey ' & woman's

followed by ' hanim ' .

Professional titles such as lawyers ' A vukat', engineers'Muhendis' and managers 'Mudur'.


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Turkey as a high power distance country, their business environment reveal muchadmire for education, authority, and rank. In Eldem research reviews that usuallysenior members of a Turkish company have very little opportunity to talk or meet theexecutive officer. Of course the decision makers will be higher ranking business

people so that junior people need to follow the orders; just like everything is flowingdown. It would be a public acknowledgement that issues of corruption and humanright issues are being taken seriously. Last, how the relation with people andgovernment can affect the business that we as the investors on it. A s we know thatTurkey is in strong military influence in government, and it contribute the politicalinstability and strong bureaucratic problem to business. A ccording to the researchpresents that their government need to eliminate the administrative barriers tobusiness and maintain regulations for trade; for example, they should not meddle inbusiness and should strive avoid large currency fluctuations. A lthough Turkey haswide range of opportunities to offer the foreign investor, we need to really have ideathat how we can be survives on this market. Turkey is the one of the high power distance countries that we might need to understand how they are working at their field.

T urkey

High Power Distance


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T urkey U ncertainty Avoidance

Business is personal in Turkey. A lthough this is changing with the morecorporate culture in some of the larger companies, many businesses are still family owned and run.

Decision making can be slow & after consultation and are always made by themost senior business people .

Turks tend to juggle several activities and issues at the same time andcontinue multiple conversations simultaneously.


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T urkey

U ncertainty AvoidanceThe pace of life is slower here, and promptness is not highly regarded.

This culture is marked by tenacity, single-mindedness, self-reliance, andconstraint among its citizens.

The chain of command should never be bypassed.

Do not use deadlines or pressure tactics as the Turks will use this to their advantage and reverse the tactic by threatening to cancel agreements or end negotiations.

People expect more formality in interactions.


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Conclusion

International minded.

Family oriented.Personal relation focus.Professional title is important.Individual C ompetitive.

Audio visual more effective.Share the decision & avoid pressure.

Focus on respect & honor benefits. Consider A ge & rank.Islam influence life despite it is secular country.


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Thank You

russia & turkey

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