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Symbols of Australia

By Daniella Pontigo 5/6Gold


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THE AUSTRALIAN FLAG


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The Australian National Flag was chosen by the Australian people inthe year of the national federation (1901) from 32,823 entries in a

public design competition. The popular contest was initiated by a

publication, The Review of Reviews and made official by the

Commonwealth Government. The Prime Minister, Sir Edmund

Barton was the master of ceremonies for the first raising of the largeblue national flag, measuring 11 x5.5 metres. The event was held on

the 3 September 1901 when the flag was hoisted up above the then

Commonwealth Parliament meeting place- the Royal Exhibition

Building, Melbourne. Later 3 September was officially proclaimed as

Australian National Flag Day to commemorate the day in 1901 onwhich the Australian flag was first flown.


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The Symbolism

The Australian national Flag is a design of striking stars and crosses.

This unique combination of devices has created an attractive and

meaningful flag which by law, custom and tradition is Australia's chief

National Symbol. Our flag should be treated with dignity and respectas it represents all Australian citizens equally, whatever background,

race, colour, religion or age. Our flag is a reminder of the

contributions of past and current generations.


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The Stars-The Southern Cross

The constellation of the Southern Cross indicates our geographical

location in the southern hemisphere. This constellation of stars

relates to the indigenous legends and reminds us of our rich andprecious Aboriginal and Torres Strait heritage.


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The CommonwealthStar-National Federation

The large seven pointed star is the emblem of Australian Federation.

Six points represents the states and the seventh all the federalterritories which together constitute the nation, the Commonwealth

of Australia.


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THE ABORIGINAL FLAG


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The Australian Aboriginal Flag was designed by artist HaroldThompson and first flown at Victoria Square in Adelaide, SouthAustralia, on National Aborigines day, 12 July 1997.

In 1997, the Federal Court of Australia declared that HaroldThomas was the owner of the copyright in the design of theAboriginal flag, and thus the flag has protection under Australiancopyright law. Mr Thomas had sought legal recognition to his

ownership and compensation following the Federal Government's1995 proclamation of the design. His claim was contested by twoothers at the time, Mr Brown and Mr Tennant. Since then, MrThomas has awarded world rights solely to Carroll and RichardsonFlag world Pty Ltd for the manufacture and marketing of the flag.

It became the official flag for the Aboriginal Tent Embassy inCanberra after it was first flown there in 1972. Since then, it hasbecome a widely recognised symbol of the unity and identity ofAboriginal People.


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In view of the flag's wide acceptance and importance inAustralian society, the Commonwealth took steps in 1994 togive the flag the legal recognition After a period of publicconsultation, in July 1995 the aboriginal flag was proclaimed a'Flag of Australia' under the Flags Act 1953.

The Aboriginal Flag is divided horizontally into halves. The tophalf is black and the lower half is red. There is a yellow circlein the centre of the flag.

The meanings of the flags are:

Black- represents the Aboriginal people of Australia.

Yellowcircle- represents the sun, the giver of life and protector

Red- represents the red earth, the red ochre used in ceremoniesand Aboriginal peoples' spiritual relation to the land.


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THE COAT OF ARMS


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The Commonwealth Coat of Arms is the formal symbol of the Commonwealthof Australia that signifies Commonwealth Authority and ownership.

The Commonwealth Coat of Arms is used by Australian Governmentdepartments and agencies, statutory and non-statutory authorities, theParliament and Commonwealth courts and tribunals.

King Edward VII made the first official grant of coat of arms to theCommonwealth of Australia n a Royal Warrant dated 7 May 1908.

King George V granted the second Commonwealth Coat of Arms in a Royal

Warrant dated 19 September 1912.

The significant change was to include the symbols of the states on the shield.


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1908 Commonwealth Coat of Arms

The arms were composed of a simple shield of white and blue enclosing across of St George on which there were five six-pointed white stars, aroundthe outside of which they were six small escutcheons, i.e. small shield wasthe crest containing the seven-pointed gold star of Federation on a wreathof white and blue. The motto 'Advance Australia' was inscribed at the base.


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1912 Commonwealth Coat of Arms

The absence of specific references to states in the shield in the 1908 Arms led to a

number of alterations approved on the recommendations of the CommonwealthGovernment by King George V. The new design included a shield with six partseach containing a representation of the badge of state.

The positions and poses of the supporters were also changed. The colours of thewreath of the crest were altered to gold and blue. These are the "livery" or

identifying colours of the Arms.

The new Arms were accompanied by small branches of wattle, ornamental rests forthe supporters, and a scroll with the word "Australia" - none of which are actuallymentioned in the 1912 Royal Warrant.


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There are ten variations of the 1912 Arms - the colour version, four

variations of the conventional Arms and five variations of the stylisedArms.

CommonwealthCoat of Arms(conventional)

CommonwealthCoat of Arms

(stylised)


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Descriptions of the 1912Commonwealth Coat of Arms.

The blazon or official description of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms iscontained in the Royal Warrant. The blazon describes a coat of arms in heraldicterms, enabling accurate reproduction in any part of the world.

Symbols of Australia 's six states appear together on the shield, which is thecentral feature of a coat of arms. The border of the shield symbolises federation.

The kangaroo and emu are the native animals that hold the shield with pride.Some say the kangaroo and emu were chosen to symbolise a nation movingforward. This is based on the common belief that neither animal can movebackward easily.

A gold commonwealth Star sits above the shield. Six of the star's point representthe Australian states. The seventh point represents the territories. A wreath ofgold and blues sits under the Commonwealth Star. Gold and blue are theCommonwealth Coat of Arms' livery or identifying colours.


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Description of the Shield

Symbols of Australia's six states appear on the shield:

New South Wales - the Cross of St George with lion and stars

Victoria - the Southern Cross

Queensland - a blue Maltese Cross and Crown

South Australia - the Australian piping shrike

Western Australia - a black swan

Tasmania - a red walking lion


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First Quarter(representing New South Wales)

Background silver, featuring the Cross of St George containing an

heraldic gold lion, walking to the wearer's right (viewer's left), threepaws on the ground, the right forepaw being raised, the head turned

so as to face the spectator and the tail curved over the back, and on

each arm of the cross an eight-pointed gold star.


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Second Quarter(representing Victoria)

Background blue, containing five stars, one of eight points, two of

seven points and one of five points (the constellation of the SouthernCross) with an Imperial Crown in normal colours placed above the

first star.


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Third Quarter(representing Queensland)

Background silver, containing a blue Maltese Cross surmounted by anImperial Crown in normal colours.


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Fifth Quarter(representing Western Australia)

Background gold featuring a black swan swimming to the wearer's left(viewer's right).


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Sixth Quarter(representing Tasmania)

Background silver, featuring a red lion waking to the wearer's right

(viewer's left) three paws on the ground, the right forepaw beingraised, the head looking forward and the tail curved over the back.


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STATE SYMBOLS


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Australian Capital TerritoryThe Nation's Capital

Animal: No Official EmblemFloral: Royal BluebellFaunal: Gang-Gang CockatooMarine: No Official Emblem


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New South WalesThe First State

Animal: Platypus

Floral: Waratah

Faunal: Kookaburra

Marine: Blue Groper


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Northern TerritoryOutback Australia

Animal: Red Kangaroo

Floral: Sturt's Desert Rose

Faunal: Wedge-Tailed EagleMarine: No Official Emblem


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QueenslandThe Sunshine State

Animal: KoalaFloral: Cooktown Orchid

Faunal: Brolga

Marine: No Official Emblem


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South AustraliaThe Festival State

Animal: Hairy - Nosed Wombat

Floral: Sturt's Desert Pea

Faunal: Piping Shrike (unofficial)

Marine: Leafy Sea-dragon


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VictoriaThe Garden State

Animal: Leadbeater's Possum

Floral: Common Heath

Faunal: Helmeted Honeyeater

Marine: Weedy Seadragon


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Western AustraliaThe State of Excitement

Animal: Numbat

Floral: Red and Green Kangaroo Paw

Faunal: Black Swan

Marine: No Official Emblem


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AUSTRALIA DAY


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On January 26, 1788, the First Fleet of 11 ships from Great Britain arrived atPort Jackson, which now forms Sydney Harbour. The First Fleet was led byCaptain Arthur Philip. He established the Colony of New South Wales, the

first penal colony in Australia. By 1808, January 26 was being celebrating as"First Landing Day" or "Foundation Day" with drinking and merriment.

Thirty years after the arrival of the First Fleet, in 1818, the Governor ofAustralia ordered a 30-gun salute, hosted a dinner ball at Government Houseand gave government employees a holiday. in the following years, employeesof banks and other organisations were also given holidays. In the followingdecades, horse racing and regattas were popular activities on January 26.

In 1838, Foundation Day was Australia's first public holiday. It was also theoccasion of the first public celebrations of the founding of Australia. The

shores of Sydney Harbour were crowded and there was a firework display.By 1888, the centenary of the arrival of the First Fleet was celebrated withceremonies, exhibitions, banquets, regattas, fireworks and the unveiling of astatue of Queen Victoria.


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By 1935, January 26 was known as Australia Day in all states except NewSouth Wales, where it was still called Anniversary Day. In 1938, large scalecelebrations were held. These included a re-enactment of the landing of

the First Fleet, which did not mention the convict status of many of thepassengers on these ships. The re-enactment is included the removal of agroup of Aborigines. Shortly before the celebrations, a group of Aboriginalactivists arranged a "Day of Mourning". They used this to campaign forcitizenship and equal rights for Aborigines.

From 1946, January 26 was known as Australia Day in all sates, However,the public holiday was moved to the Monday nearest to January 26 tocreate a long weekend. Since 1994, the Australia Day public holiday hasbeen on January 26 in all states and territories.

The anniversary of the first permanent European settlement in Australia isnot a cause for celebration for all citizen. Indigenous Australians often feelthat the celebrations on Australia Day exclude them and their culture,which was thriving for thousands of years before the arrival of the FirstFleet.


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The main symbols of Australia Day are the symbols of Australia.

These include the Australian national flag, with its representations of

the Union Jack, the Commonwealth Star and the five stars of the

Southern Cross, and the national anthem "Advance Australia Fair".Other symbols include the Golden Wattle, which is the national floral

emblem, the opal, which is the national gemstone and the national

colours of green and gold.


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ANZAC DAY


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ANZAC Day is one of Australia's most important nationalcommemoratives occasions. It marks the anniversary of the first majormilitary action fought by Australian and New Zealand forces during the

First World War.

ANZAC stands for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. TheSoldiers in those forces quickly became known as ANZACs, and the pridethey took in that name endures to this day.

At the Australians War Memorial, the ceremony takes place at 10.15am inthe presence of people such as the prime minister and the governor general.Each year the ceremony follows a pattern that is familiar to generations ofAustralians. A typical ANZAC Day ceremony my include the followingfeatures: an introduction, hymn, prayer, an address, laying of wreaths, a

recitation, the Last Post, a period of silence, either the Rouse or theReveille, and the national anthem. After the Memorial's ceremony, familiesoften place red poppies beside the names of relatives on the Memorial'sRoll of Honour, as they also do after Remembrance Day services.


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Rosemary is also traditional worn on ANZAC Day, and sometimes on

Remembrance Day. Rosemary has particular significance for

Australians as it is found growing wild on the Gallipoli peninsula.

Since ancient times, this aromatic herb has been believed to haveproperties to improve the memory.

During World War One, the friends and families of soldiers and

community groups sent food to the fighting men. Due to the timedelay in getting food items to the front lines, they had to send foodthat would remain edible, without refrigeration, for long periods of

time that retained high nutritional value; the ANZAC biscuit met this

need.

The biscuit was first known as the Soldier's Biscuit. The current

name, ANZAC Biscuit, has as much to do with Australia's desire torecognise the ANZAC tradition and the ANZAC biscuits as part of

the staple diet at Gallipoli.

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