sabbath presentation 1

8/8/2019 Sabbath Presentation 1

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Shabbat:Shabbat:To Observe and to RememberTo Observe and to Remember


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Divine InstructionDivine Instruction

44thth Commandment of DecalogueCommandment of Decalogue

Remember the Sabbath day, and keep it holy.Remember the Sabbath day, and keep it holy.Six days you shall labor and do all your work.Six days you shall labor and do all your work.

But the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORDBut the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORDyour God; you shall not do any workyour God; you shall not do any work-- you, youryou, yourson, or your daughter, your male or femaleson, or your daughter, your male or femaleslave, your livestock, or the alien resident in yourslave, your livestock, or the alien resident in your

towns. For in six days the LORD made heaventowns. For in six days the LORD made heavenand earth, the sea, and all that is in them, butand earth, the sea, and all that is in them, butrested on the seventh day; therefore the LORDrested on the seventh day; therefore the LORDblessed the Sabbath day and consecrated itblessed the Sabbath day and consecrated it

--Exodus 20: 8Exodus 20: 8--1111


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Divine InstructionDivine Instruction

Dual CommandDual Command

2. Shall not do any work2. Shall not do any work

Melachah = workMelachah = workWork that is creative or that involves controlling theWork that is creative or that involves controlling the

environmentenvironment

Gods act of creationGods act of creation


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Origins of the SabbathOrigins of the Sabbath

SabbathSabbath--like day of rest practiced bylike day of rest practiced bysurrounding peoplesurrounding people

Babylonian originBabylonian origin

ShabattuShabattu

Certain actions restrictedCertain actions restricted

Other scholars believe Sabbath is uniqueOther scholars believe Sabbath is unique

Jewish institutionJewish institutionSimple, similar form of sabbath traditionSimple, similar form of sabbath traditionexistedexisted


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Development of SabbathDevelopment of Sabbath

Nature of to remember suggestsNature of to remember suggests

Sabbath tradition was already observedSabbath tradition was already observed

before Decaloguebefore DecalogueDivine commandDivine command

Provided reasons to observe and toProvided reasons to observe and to

rememberremember

Sabbath became divinely important toSabbath became divinely important to

JewsJews


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DevelopmentDevelopment

Early 9Early 9thth Century BCECentury BCE Domestic animals were freeDomestic animals were free

Traveling was allowed (2 Kings 4:25)Traveling was allowed (2 Kings 4:25)

Late 9Late 9thth Century BCECentury BCE Traveling was suspendedTraveling was suspended

600 BCE600 BCE Jeremiah forbids carrying burdensJeremiah forbids carrying burdens

Thus says the LORD: For the sake of your lives, takeThus says the LORD: For the sake of your lives, takecare that youcare that you do not bear a burdendo not bear a burden on the Sabbathon the Sabbathday or bring it in by the gates of Jerusalem. And doday or bring it in by the gates of Jerusalem. And donot carry a burden out of your housenot carry a burden out of your housebut keep thebut keep theSabbath day holy as I commanded your ancestorsSabbath day holy as I commanded your ancestors

(Jeremiah 17:21(Jeremiah 17:21--22)22)


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587 BCE587 BCE-- Nebuchadnezzar from BabylonNebuchadnezzar from Babyloncaptures Jerusalem, destroys first temple, exilescaptures Jerusalem, destroys first temple, exilesJews to BabylonJews to Babylon

Sabbath keeping became strictly enforcedSabbath keeping became strictly enforcedDeveloped deeper meaning, more spiritualDeveloped deeper meaning, more spiritualsignificancesignificanceIf you refrain from trampling the Sabbath, from pursuingIf you refrain from trampling the Sabbath, from pursuing

your own interests on my holy day; if you call theyour own interests on my holy day; if you call theSabbath a delight and the holy day of the LORDSabbath a delight and the holy day of the LORDhonorable; if you honor it, not going your own ways,honorable; if you honor it, not going your own ways,serving your own interests, or pursuing your own affairs,serving your own interests, or pursuing your own affairs,then you shall take delight in the LORD (Isaiah 58:13then you shall take delight in the LORD (Isaiah 58:13--

14)14)


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After Exile PeriodAfter Exile Period-- Rebuilding of TempleRebuilding of Temple

Sabbath continues to grow in strictnessSabbath continues to grow in strictness

Early 400 BCEEarly 400 BCE-- Reign of ArtaxerxesReign of Artaxerxes Violations of sacrificial law and Sabbath neglectViolations of sacrificial law and Sabbath neglect

Great moral reformers of Ezra and NehemiahGreat moral reformers of Ezra and Nehemiah

developed new Sabbath rules and regulationsdeveloped new Sabbath rules and regulations

Kept Jews separate from mingling with GentilesKept Jews separate from mingling with Gentiles

Travelling and carrying of burdens (heavy and light)Travelling and carrying of burdens (heavy and light)

again prohibitedagain prohibited

All selling prohibited (Nehemiah 13:15All selling prohibited (Nehemiah 13:15--20)20)


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Romans rule between 63 BCERomans rule between 63 BCE--313 CE313 CE

70 CE, Roman army conquers Jerusalem and70 CE, Roman army conquers Jerusalem anddestroys Second Templedestroys Second Temple

Sabbath thoroughly fixed in Jewish cultureSabbath thoroughly fixed in Jewish culture Exemption from military duty on SabbathExemption from military duty on Sabbath

Sacrifices (Num. 28: 9Sacrifices (Num. 28: 9--10)10)

Holy status (Lev. 23:3)Holy status (Lev. 23:3)Several statements calling for observance,Several statements calling for observance,varying degrees of observance,varying degrees of observance,interpretationsinterpretations


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Apocryphal EvidenceApocryphal Evidence

JudithJudith fasted all the days of herfasted all the days of her

widowhood, except for the day before thewidowhood, except for the day before the

Sabbath and the Sabbath itself.Sabbath and the Sabbath itself.

1 Maccabees 21 Maccabees 2-- Soldiers refuse to protectSoldiers refuse to protect

themselves on Sabbath, diedthemselves on Sabbath, died

1 Esdra includes Sabbath in list of holy1 Esdra includes Sabbath in list of holy

daysdays


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Dead Sea ScrollsDead Sea Scrolls

Psalms Scroll (11Ps 27: 4Psalms Scroll (11Ps 27: 4--8)8)

364 daily psalms plus 52 specific psalms for364 daily psalms plus 52 specific psalms for

SabbathsSabbaths

Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice found atSongs of the Sabbath Sacrifice found at

Qumran and MasadaQumran and Masada

Sabbath worship by angelsSabbath worship by angels

Damascus Document (Qumran)Damascus Document (Qumran)

Guidelines for proper behavior on SabbathGuidelines for proper behavior on Sabbath


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Second Temple JudaismSecond Temple Judaism

Elaboration ofElaboration ofmelachahmelachah

Word is rarely used outside of references toWord is rarely used outside of references toSabbath restrictionsSabbath restrictions

EXCEPT in Exodus 31: 6EXCEPT in Exodus 31: 6--77Reference to building the TabernacleReference to building the Tabernacle

Interestingly, Sabbath restrictions areInterestingly, Sabbath restrictions areimmediatelyimmediatelystated afterward in verses 13stated afterward in verses 13--1515

Ancient rabbis reasoningAncient rabbis reasoning

Labors for building Tabernacle = blueprint forLabors for building Tabernacle = blueprint for

Sabbath restrictionsSabbath restrictions


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RestrictionsRestrictions

Rabbis identified 39 prohibited Sabbath activities inRabbis identified 39 prohibited Sabbath activities inMishnah:Mishnah:

sowing, reaping, plowing, binding sheaves, threshing,sowing, reaping, plowing, binding sheaves, threshing,grinding, winnowing, selecting, sifting, kneading, baking,grinding, winnowing, selecting, sifting, kneading, baking,

shearing wool, washing wool, beating wool, dyeing wool,shearing wool, washing wool, beating wool, dyeing wool,spinning, weaving, making two loops, weaving twospinning, weaving, making two loops, weaving twothreads, separating two threads, tying, untying, sewingthreads, separating two threads, tying, untying, sewingtwo stitches,two stitches, tearingtearing, trapping, slaughtering, flaying,, trapping, slaughtering, flaying,salting meat, curing hide, scraping hide, cutting hide,salting meat, curing hide, scraping hide, cutting hide,writing two letterswriting two letters, erasing two letters, building, tearing a, erasing two letters, building, tearing a

building down,building down, extinguishing a fire, kindling a fire, hittingextinguishing a fire, kindling a fire, hittingwith a hammerwith a hammer,, taking an object from the private domaintaking an object from the private domainto the public domain, or transporting an object in theto the public domain, or transporting an object in thepublic domainpublic domain (Mishnah, Shabbat, 7:2).(Mishnah, Shabbat, 7:2).


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Rabbis provided clarity to Bibles vagueRabbis provided clarity to Bibles vague

decree to remember the Sabbathdecree to remember the Sabbath

Ritual of KiddushRitual of Kiddush Elaborate Sabbath liturgy which directedElaborate Sabbath liturgy which directed

Sabbath observanceSabbath observance

Many additions to liturgy and new songsMany additions to liturgy and new songs

developed by artists of Middle Agesdeveloped by artists of Middle Ages

Sabbath prohibitions adapted to meetSabbath prohibitions adapted to meet

changing social realities and technologieschanging social realities and technologies


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Sabbath TodaySabbath Today

Cleaning, cooking Friday afternoonCleaning, cooking Friday afternoon

Sabbath begins at Sunset FridaySabbath begins at Sunset Friday

Woman of house lights 2 Sabbath candlesWoman of house lights 2 Sabbath candles

Evening service followed by leisurely dinnerEvening service followed by leisurely dinner

Kiddush prayer over wineKiddush prayer over wine

Prayer for eating bread recited over two loaves ofPrayer for eating bread recited over two loaves of

challahchallah

Precooked mealPrecooked meal

Birkat haBirkat ha--mazonmazon


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Sabbath TodaySabbath Today

Morning Sabbath servicesMorning Sabbath services Kiddush is recitedKiddush is recited

Followed by leisurely lunchFollowed by leisurely lunch

Afternoon relaxationAfternoon relaxation Leisurely activitiesLeisurely activities Games, conversation, naps, walksGames, conversation, naps, walks

Sabbath ends at nightfall when 3 stars areSabbath ends at nightfall when 3 stars arevisible in skyvisible in sky

HavdalahHavdalah is performed and more blessings overis performed and more blessings overwine, spices, candles recitedwine, spices, candles recited

Final blessing noting importance of SabbathFinal blessing noting importance of Sabbath


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More so than the Jewish people haveMore so than the Jewish people have

preserved the Sabbath, the Sabbath haspreserved the Sabbath, the Sabbath has

preserved the Jewish peoplepreserved the Jewish people

--Ahad HaAhad Ha--AmAm

sabbath presentation 1

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