sack farming_ innovation for land scarcity farmers in kenya and ghana

Sack Farming: Innovation for Land Scarcity Farmers

in Kenya and Ghana

Abstract: Food insecurity and poverty create environmental challenges in many developing

countries. These challenges become compounded as agriculture, urbanization and industrialization

compete for space. In this restrictive context, agricultural land use extensification become

superseded by intensification. Nonetheless, there is hunger and starvation in Africa and other areas

which practice less agricultural intensification. As a result, innovations are required to address food

insecurity and poverty. In this regard, urban agriculture plays significant role as exemplifies by

green rooftop farming, backyard gardens, community gardens, commercial farms and public

institutional gardens. A latest addition to urban farming (sack farming – garden in a sack) has come

to supplement urban vegetable production by making use of urban soils, spaces and waste. Examples

of sack farming in large African cities like Nairobi, Kenya and refugee camps in Uganda offer very

useful lessons particularly for the latest introduction in Ghana. This paper provides a review.

Kenneth Peprah

University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana

Samuel Twumasi Amoah


Joseph Nyaaba Akongbangre


ISSN 2319-9725

May, 2014 www.ijirs.com Vol3 Issue 5

International Journal of Innovative Research and Studies Page 30

1. Introduction:

The twenty-first century has witnessed a critical event in the world’s history since for the first

time, more than half of the world population lives in cities [1]. According to Science Daily,

May 23, 2007 was the day that the urban population overtook the rural one. Thus, the urban

population reached 3.303.992.253 people, whereas rural population amounted to

3.303.866.404[1:696].As observed by UN-DESA [2], only 2% and 14% of the world

population lived in urban areas in 1800 and in 1900, respectively. However, it is projected

that by 2020, 55%of the world population will live in urban centers, and this percentage will

furtherrise up to 60% and 70% in 2030 and 2050, respectively. It is therefore crucial to

indicate that, these projected urbanization trends are likely going to present tremendous

consequences in urban planning and in the fresh food supply in particular [1:696].Admittedly,

the urbanization process occur along with a wide range of unwanted consequences, which

include reduction of fertile lands, deforestation, air and water pollution, reduced drainage and

the creation of peri-urban areas where socio-economic constraints are exacerbated and

poverty is aggravated[1 citing Baud].

According to UN-HABITAT [3], the annual urban growth rate of sub-Saharan African

countries is estimated at 4.58%. This presents a scenario that, the unbridled population

concentration is expected to be a major feature in the global south which will occur

particularly in urban areas creating a situation of exploding demand for all necessities of life

including land to produce the much needed food to feed the rapidly increasing population.

Corroborating the foregoing, the population increase and concentration further culminate in

straining the capacity of the cities to provide basic infrastructure and livelihood support

especially for the urban poor[4].Already, the urban poor spend major portions of their income

to feed themselves but food consumption remains insufficient in quality and quantity which

exposes them to both work and food insecurity [5]. Given the circumstance, identifying

innovative ways of cultivating food amidst land scarcity is increasingly becoming critical.

Compounding the woes of the urban poor is the poor management of resources which have

further depleted the opportunities of living in urban centres. Unfortunately, measures to

alleviate poverty are not readily available which may explain the dramatic increase in poverty

levels in urban areas. Nevertheless, the intervention of international development agencies in

tackling urban poverty is relatively new[1 citing UNFPA]. To this end, the emergence and

development of urban agriculture in general and urban horticulture in particular is being


International Journal of Innovative Research and Studies 1

practiced spontaneously in developing countries to address urban poverty and improve the

wellbeing of city dwellers [1].The adoption of urban agriculture as a livelihood strategy is to

improve the livelihood and food security of city dwellers majority of whom are poor[6; 7].

According to Hui[8]urban agriculture includes green rooftop farming, backyards gardens,

community gardens, commercial farm and public institutional gardens managed by schools

and hospitals.

As observed by Gallaher et al.[9], the prominence of urban agriculture in the past three

decennia was almost insignificant. Nonetheless, in recent times it has been identified as one

critical activity that is gaining popularity among urban dwellers worldwide. To this end, its

development in and around cities has reached a phase of rapid expansion especially in

developing countries due to the extent to which it provides livelihood support especially to

the urban poor. Urban agriculture is defined as the production in the home or plots in and

around urban or peri-urban areas which in most of the cases classified as an informal activity

which is quite difficult to characterize with accurate data and trends [1 citing Ruel et al. and

FAO]. Supporting the definition, Allen et al. [10]described urban agriculture as

environmentally sustainable, economically viable and socially just alternative systems to

conventional food production. Owing to the high competition and scarcity of land, it occurs

in limited spaces.

Generally, urban agriculture is considered as a means to enhance local food security, reduce

the economic and environmental costs of food transportation chains, improve local income

earning potential, reduce poverty as well as improve the sustainability of urban communities

[11; 12]. Another key aspect of urban agriculture is the utilization of city water and municipal

solid waste as source of plant nutrients and also as growing containers (sacks, bags, cans). It

has therefore a crucial role in managing natural resources for a sustainable environment.

Quiet apart from that, it is further argued that, incorporating urban agriculture into

communities can play a critical role in creating vibrant spaces, enhancing sense-of-place and

providing opportunities for social inclusion [11; 13; 14; 15]. In addition, urban agriculture

provides cities with food security, health (curbs air pollution), ecology (greening cities),

poverty reduction and reducing vehicular traffic of food cargo[8].To Njenga and Karanja

[16], urban agriculture supplements food supplied by rural agriculture; it is near to urban

market; urban agriculture lowers production cost due to low transportation cost; and, it

reduces post-harvest losses as well as provides employment and income. Urban agriculture

further involves the ability to use open urban spaces such as under electricity grid lines, along



roadsides and railway lines, river banks and institutional lands. In the foregoing discussions,

it can be observed that urban agriculture presents wide range of social, environmental, and

economic impacts on the city [17].

Observing the urbanization trend, it is argued that urban agriculture is likely to become a

permanent characteristic of most cities, across the globe. For instance, it is estimated that

50% rate of the urban population in Accra (Ghana) are involved in urban agriculture [18],

80% in Brazzaville (Congo), 68 % in the five biggest cities of Tanzania, 45 % in Lusaka

(Zambia), 37 % in Maputo (Mozambique), 36 % in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso),

35%inYaoundé (Cameroon) [19; 20] and an estimated 29% of families in Kenyan’s cities,

are also employed in urban farming [21].

One important form of urban agriculture, the subject matter of this paper, is sack gardening or

vertical gardening where the cultivation of plants takes place in large sacks filled with soil. It

is a form of urban agriculture that is known to be practiced by households in one of the

largest and densely populated slums in sub-Saharan Africa called Kibera in Nairobi, Kenya

[22] where land for farming is very limited. The scarcity of land brings to the fore one

unintended socio- economic consequence that is associated with urbanization as it becomes

increasingly challenging to satisfy the diverse urban land uses which include urban

agriculture. As reported by Gallaher et al.[9], sack farming allows farmers to take advantage

of small open spaces to grow food by planting 20 to 40 plants into the sides and top of a 50kg

sack filled with soil and using stones to create a vent in the middle of the soil through which

water is distributed to the plants in the sack.

Aiken [23] reproduced that food insecurity is likely to go up in West Africa due to increasing

urbanization, rising global food prices and chronic poverty. The consequences may vary but

the likely ones may include food riots and civil unrest. These will pose serious threats to

burgeoning democracies in the sub-region. In order to solve these problems, rapid food

production and income generation particularly for slum dwellers are important. Sack farming

provides the opportunity to address the twin objectives. Many urban poor people who could

not afford to practice expensive forms of urban farming can use sack farming to increase

access to food as well as generate income from sale of the produce. Other benefits which may

accrue to sack farming include the use of vertical space, local farming knowledge of rural-

urban migrants and use of commonplace materials like plastic sacks, soil and stones.



Generally, sacks are well known for packaging of farm produce (e.g. cocoa and coffee

beans), grains such as maize, rice and millet, other foods (e.g. sugar), farm inputs (e.g.

chemical fertilizer) and mails/letters (e.g. postbag). Hence, sack is briefly defined here as

traditional storage material. Waste sacks that have no use for the original purposes are filled

with soil and used for vegetable farming, here after, sack farming. The practice of farming in

sack involves growing seedlings in large sacks filled with soil [23; 24]. Within Kenya

particularly Kibera suburb of Nairobi as already alluded to, sack farming is a sustainable

livelihood activity. Kenya’s case is used by this paper as the first case study. The second case

study taken from Ghana is rather a pilot project which seeks to introduce sack farming to land

scarcity irrigated farmers in rural farming rather than urban setting. Although, the two case

studies depend on sacks for providing land/soil for farming, the method of supplying water to

the soil differs. The discussion that follows scrutinizes the two modes of sack farming.

2. Materials And Methods:

The study combines literature review and qualitative data. The primary data was sourced

through photography and key informant interviews. It also involved a field trip to Kibera,

Nairobi Kenya and Balawa in the Wa Municipality of Upper West Region, Ghana. The

qualitative data is subjected to discussion with a backdrop from the literature.

The first case study indicates Mashimoni eco-school compound in Kibera, Nairobi where

teachers and pupils make use of small plot of the school to grow leafy vegetables in sack

farming. The school develops compost from solid waste to support sack farming. The

compost is also used to support the growing of trees and green grass at the frontage of the

school therefore earning the accolade eco-school. The second case study depicts an

agricultural experiment underway at Balawa a peripheral community in the Wa Municipal of

the Upper West Region of Ghana. In both country cases, plastic sacks are filled with soil

whereby a vent is created at the middle of the sack from bottom to top. The purpose of the

vent is to create water way to the soil. The vent is made with stones of varying sizes in

Kenya’s case whilst Ghana’s vent is made from PVC pipe with perforated holes to aid water

supply. Also, Ghana’s PVC pipe vent is filled with charcoal black grain-less maize cobs. The

sides of the sacks are holed to create planting spaces for vegetable seedlings.



A detailed description of construction of sack farm begins with the creation of a central vent.

The material used for vent construction is of paramount importance to the success of this kind

of farming. While a stone vent may provide water to all the parts of the sack, the same cannot

be said about the use of PVC pipes. This is because water gushes out only through the

provided random outlets provided on the pipes. The possibility that water may not go to all

parts of the sack is major concern. A summary of the first case study method is provided in a

report by the United Nations University project – Education for Sustainable Development in

Africa.

A primary school called Mashimoni which practices Urban Agriculture. Behind one of the

classes, there was a small farm where Kales were being cultivated. The area was so small

yet, the vegetation was enormous. Once the kales had reached certain age (3-4 weeks) they

would be uprooted and planted in a sack garden. This was manila sack filled with a

combination of soil and compost manure. The sack was filled initially to about 12 inches

with the treated soil then a hollow tin was placed right at the center filled with ballast. Soil

was thereafter added surrounding the tin up to its top and the tin was then pulled, once it

seemed almost empty, the tin was topped with more ballast and this was done until the sack

was full. This sack therefore had soil mixed with manure and its center with a pipe-like stone

to water the vegetation. Once full, 20 liters of water is poured right at the center, stone area,

then the sides of the sack is pierced with holes (2 -3 centimeters) for the seedlings to be

planted. The holes are made such that every line has eight holes and there are five rows of

the same alternating, hence making a total of 40 holes in any given sack. Once the kales have

grown to 3-4 weeks in the garden, some are given to the parents of Mashimoni Primary, some

is transferred into these sacks and on maturity (2-3 months) it is part of meal for the children

during lunch hours. This sack had enough manure to be used for at least 3 years according to

the teachers of Mashimoni Primary [25:71].

Figure 1 shows construction of sack container for vegetable farming in Kenya.



Figure 1: Construction of sack container with stone vent in Nairobi, Kenya

Source: picture taken by Kenneth Peprah on 28th

February, 2010

Figure 2 displays the vents and some sack containers in an exhibition plot in Ghana.



Figure 2: Experimental plot of sack containers with PVC pipes as vents,Balawa– Wa, Ghana


March, 2014

Figure 3 shows sacking farming at Mashimoni primary school compound at Kibera, Nairobi,

Kenya.



Figure 3: Leafy vegetables growing on sack container in Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya


February, 2010

Figure 4 shows demonstration sack farm at Balawa, Wa Municipal, Ghana.



Figure 4: Experimental plot of sack container for tomato farming at Balawa in Wa

Municipal, Ghana


March, 2014

3. Results And Discussion:

The unavailability of land represents the highest limiting factor to food production in and

around cities [14]. This explains why in both case studies, land scarcity is imminent. Urban

land uses particularly for housing leaves no space for gardening in the case of Kibera suburb

of Nairobi; and, in Ghana’s case, irrigation farmers have exhausted the available farming

land. Hence, there is the pressing need to create innovative additional planting spaces to grow

crops to serve both food and income purposes. If the objective of sack farming is to reduce

income expenditure on farming, that is, cut down on the amount of monetary outlays, then the

Kenya example does that better than Ghana’s case. The main material, sacks are normal

household items usually used forstoring farm produce which may also be bought from the



market. The soil normally comes at no financial cost and so are the stones for the

construction of the vent. However, the PVC pipes are not materials that could be collected

freely at any construction site in Wa (Ghana). The pipes must certainly be bought (at the

current price of GH¢15.00 where US$1.00 = GH¢2.70). For the farmers living at the

peripheral communities of Wa Municipal, the cost of these PVC pipes may impede adoption

by local farmers. Nonetheless, if the returns from the Ghanaian approach proved to be quite

good, there are few farmers who may form cooperatives to pull resources together to

purchase the PVC pipes. It is also important to state that, transporting the pipes from Wa

main town (central business district) to the farming communities would also add to the cost

making the Ghanaian approach more cost intensive than the Kenyan one.

In the first case study,(Kibera, Nairobi Kenya) households and other institutions like the eco-

school cultivate crops such as kale and spinach – leafy vegetables which adapts very well to

the conditions of sack farming[22]. However in the second case study (Balawa, WaGhana),

tomato seedlings have been planted. Tomato crops creeps and its fruits would make it

difficult to hang on the sides of the sacks. With regard to suitability of crops grown in the two

case studies, vertical growing crops such as pepper and garden eggs plant would have been

more appropriate in Ghana. The cultivation of tomatoes in the Ghanaian case can be

explained by the availability of ready market for this crop.

As stated by Dossa et al. [26], urban agriculture (in this case sack farming) is an activity

highly practiced by the poor hence itssustainability to a large extent depends very much on

the income returns that it accrues to farmers. For instance, the economic benefits of sack

farming is already accruing to the residents of Kibera, Nairobi Kenya where monthly rent is

US$6.00; sack farmers earn about US$5.00 per week from the sale of vegetables, that is,

about US$20.00 per month [23:5]. The implication is obvious; sack farmers could off set

monthly rent and have some income left to cater for other needs. Already, 85% of

participants of sack farming in Kenya are satisfied with the pilot project and about 95% has

expressed willingness to continue to do sack farming. In terms of food security, low

vegetable consumption of 1-3 times per week has increased to 6 or more per week for about

37% of the participant farmers with an average of six people taking part in this meal [27:37].

Similar results from the second case study (Ghana) would depend on adoption rate. So far,

farmers’ involvement in the construction phase is nil.



The issue of adoption needs a careful consideration particularly in the second case study

(Ghana) where supplementary food is not a problem. In this context, sack farming promotion

has only one objective which is income generation besides provision of space for farming.

Targeting landless women in the farming communities would be a good idea. In that, sack

farming would provide fresh income for the women who depend on collection of wild fruits

(shea nuts and mangoes) and firewood for sale. Ghana’s example still stands the chance of

success as sack farming is not practiced only in urban setting. For instance, elsewhere in

northern Uganda, refugees are benefiting from sack farming through the production of carrots

to boost vegetable food security, sale of home produce, generate physical activity among the

landless, reduction in time spent in gardens outside the refugee camp as well as reduction in

risk of rebels attacked during working in such gardens[27].However, in the first case study

(Kenya), the urban poor needed to supplement their income as well as food essentially

vegetable intake. Therefore, about 11,000 household adopted sack farming and in no time the

number increased to 32,000 households[28:29]. About 60 communities in Nairobi involving

55,000 individuals have adopted sack farming; vegetable produced from the sack farms

provide an average of four meals per household per week; and, income from sales of

vegetables have increased in about 40 of the communities [29]. Poor and needy students of

the Olympic High School in Kibera pay school fees in kind by supplying the school with

vegetables produced from sack farming [24].

The bane of success of such projects often borne by a donor rested on a French NGO –

Solidarites in the first case in Kenya. The NGOs assisted dwellers of Kiberato grow tomatoes,

onion, spinach, capsicum and coriander as well as maintenance of plant nurseries which

supplied free seedlings. The second case study is at initial implementing stage beginning with

a pilot project and a tomato nursery. The paper strongly advocates for local level

management in order to achieve the purposes of popular participation and sustainability of

the sack farming project.

Also, the ability of the plastic sacks to adapt to the vagaries of the weather in both scenarios –

Ghana and Kenya plays a critical role. Ghana’s tropical continental or interior savanna

climate of the Upper West Region receives rainfall of about 1,000 – 1,500 mm per annum

within five months from May to October; during the raining season relative humidity ranges

between 70% and 90% but drops to 20% in the dry season; and, temperature varies between

27oC and 36

oC [30]. The durability of sack would be a source of worry. In Kenya, the climate

is the subtropical type with Nairobi experiencing double maxima rainfall (March – May and



October – December) with June – August dry season. The temperature in Nairobi ranges

between 11oC and 26

oC[31]. A further research on sacking farming would have to consider

durability of the plastic sacks under varying climatic conditions.

If a planting distance of 40 cm * 40 cm is assumed for growing tomato seedlings on the plot

of land; where 50 tomato seedlings normally occupy one sack as done in sack farming; on a

plot of land, 50 tomato seedlings would occupy 400 cm * 200 cm (4m * 2m = 8m2).

Furthermore, if one sack has the dimensions of 6ft * 3ft, where the base is 3ft, that is,

0.9144m, in this case, the actual ground area occupied by one sack is less than 1m2 which is

far less than 8m2

or 0.00197 acres if 50 tomato seedlings were to be grown horizontally on a

plot of land. Clearly, one sack which can contain 50 seedlings saves about 7m2 of land for

other purpose. Hence, sack farming offers an optimal way forward for land scarcity areas.

4. Conclusion:

The paper set out to compare sack farming in Kenya and Ghana and discloses lessons the

latter could adopt. Clearly, it is revealed that for the avoidance of cost, materials for sack

farms should depend on local materials which come at no or less monetary cost to local

farmers or poor urban dwellers. In addition, vertical growing crops do better than creeping

plants. Also, the weight of the vegetable fruits must be taken into consideration in the

selection of crops for sack farming. Furthermore, sack farming holds high prospects for

success when the objective is to enhance household vegetable consumption and to generate

supplementary income. Whereas the Balawa case study stands the chance of improving local

farmers income, Ghana would do a lot better if sack farming is introduced to the large towns

in the country particularly, the ten regional capitals.

Acknowledgement:

We appreciate the support of Prof. Edwin A. Gyasiand UNU-ESDA (United Nations

University, Education for Sustainable Development in Africa).



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