safe ps 08-17 nop 2015 @nang lam university @vietnam final-

Strategy to Reduce GHG Emission and Energy Fossil Consumption at Process Production of Biodiesel Using

Catalyst From Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Crude Jatropha Curcas Oil (CJCO) in Indonesia

by : Kiman Siregar*

Agricultural Engineering Department of Syiah Kuala University Jl.Tgk.Hasan Krueng Kalee No.3 Kopelma Darussalam Banda Aceh 23111 Banda Aceh – Indonesia

*Corresponding author : [email protected]

@ International Conference-Sustainable Agriculture, Food and Energy (SAFE2015)Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam, 17-18 November 2015

Founding member of ILCAN (Indonesian Life Cycle Assessment Network)www.ilcan.or.id

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.ilcan.or.id/

2

OOUTLINE :UTLINE :

1.1.IntroductionIntroduction2.2.MethodologyMethodology3.3.Result and DiscussionResult and Discussion4.4.ConclusionConclusion5.5.AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

INTRODUCTION Two important issues of biodiesel development : (1) Global warming GHG emission (2) Energy security energy fossil consumption

Global warming issue can be analyzed by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

LCA can be used to ensure that environmental impact has been considered in decision making.

The result of LCA is highly influenced by the reliability and sufficiency of data inventory of the assessed objects

Palm oil is the main biodiesel feedstock in Indonesia, as aditional Jatropha curcas oil also consider as an alternative feedstock

How to reduce contribution of GHG emission and energy fuel consumption at production process of biodiesel ?

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the research is to analysis and compare Life Cycle Assessment of oil palm and Jatropha curcas as feedstock for biodiesel in Indonesia with boundary from cradle to gate using data based found in Indonesia, and to find strategy to reduce of value of green house gas emission and energy fossil consumption

INTRODUCTION The following questions have been formulated from the previous

problem in systematic and structured study to provide good result :

1. What is the emission distribution for planting, harvesting and post-harvesting of palm oil and Jathropa curcas-based biodiesel? Which stage has significant effect? What kind of material input is the most siqnificant increasing the GHG emission value?

2. How are the energy consumption, net energy balance, net energy ratio, and renewable index of biodiesel production from palm oil and jathropa curcas?

3. How much is the potentialing in reducing GHG emission generated from palm oil and jathropa curcas-based biodiesel compared to diesel-fuel one?

It is expected that the research could give solution and describe the GHG emission and energy consumption for further development of biodiesel processing.

METHODOLOGY

Research boundary

1. Land preparation2. Seedling3. Planting4. Fertilizing5. Protection6. Harvesting7. Palm oil mills/Oil extraction8. Biodiesel production

The main difference between those two feedstock is crude oil production Oil palm by milling on other ways Jatropha curcas by extraction

１．１． Goal and Scope DefinitionGoal and Scope Definition 　　　　

Cradle to gate for Jatropha

Cradle to gate for Palm

Land preparation Planting Harvesting Palm oil mills biodiesel

plantBDF

kernel

CPOFFB

shell

empty fruit bunches

fibers

Palm ready to harvest

Seeding

Land ready to planted

See

d

Fertilizing

Protectionfe

rtiliz

er

Pes

ticid

es &

Her

bici

des

Emision (E) (E) (E) (E) (E)

(E) (E)

(E)

Energy (Electric, fuel fossil,

Mechanical.etc)

Tran

spor

tatio

n (T

) TT

Land preparation Planting Harvesting Extraction oil Biodiesel

plantBDF

kernel

CJCOfruit

shell

empaty branch

skin fruit

Jatropha ready to harvest

Seeding

Land of ready planted

seed

fertilizing

Protection

ferti

lizer

Pes

ticid

es &

Her

bisi

des

Emisi (E) (E) (E) (E) (E)

(E) (E)

(E)

T

TT


Mechanical,etc)

Energy (Electric, fuel fossil, Mechanical.etc)


Mechanical.etc)


Mechanical.etc)


Mechanical.etc)


Mechanical.etc)










Boundary of research

METHODOLOGY LCIA (life cycle impact assessment) was conducted using the software released by MiLCA-JEMAI ver.1.1.2.5 (regular license) which refers to IPCC data and other common standards according to LCA-ISO 14040 series

Point of interest for environmental impacts in this study :

1.Green house gas (GHG) emission2.Energy consumption (net energy

balance, net energy ratio, renewable index)

Data Source1. Primary data Data for oil palm and jatropha curcas were

collected from condition real in Indonesia (from PT. PN VIII Lebak Banten Indonesia and Pusat Induk Jarak Pagar Pakuwon Sukabumi West Java

2. Secondary data Scientific journal, Research report published by research

institutions in Indonesia

Restrictions and the assumption of this research

1. The functional unit (FU) of this study is 1 ton of Bio Diesel Fuel (BDF)

2. Transportation from seedling to plantation area and from plantation to palm oil mills and from palm oil mills to biodiesel plant were also considered

3. Oil palm will start to produce at the age of 30 months, but the production will be stable after 5 years. Jatropha curcas will start to produce at the age of 4 months

4. Productivity of oil palm used in this research is 22.33 tonnes per ha, eventhough the productivity range from 12 tonnes per ha by farmers to 32.67 tonnes per ha by private plantation

5. Productivity of Jatropha curcas used in this research is 5 tonnes per ha, eventhough the productivity range from 2 tonnes per ha by farmers to 8 tonnes per ha by private plantation

6. Life cycle of oil palm is about 25 years, while Jatropha curcas can reach 50 years. In this research life cycle of both oil palm and Jatropha curcas is assumed to be 25 years since the productivity of Jatropha curcas is not stable anymore after the age of 25 years

Restrictions and the assumption of this research

7. Calculation divided in two stages : before stable productivity (1-5 years) and after stable productivity (6-25 years)

8. Palm oil mills assumed have implemanted methane capture

9. Excluding land use change

10. Calculation of methanol only for methanol that reacted with the triglyceride

LCI (Life cycle inventory) for Primary Data Materials and energy used at each activity to produce 1 ton BDF

Oil palm land preparation uses more herbicides than Jatropha curcas. The diesel fuel is used for machinery (tractor)

Oil palm seedlings takes longer time (about 12 months), compared to Jatropha curcas (about 3 months),

At this sub process of planting, Jatropha curcas trees need more fertilizer compared to oil palms. It caused by jatropha trees need to be fertilized before planting and also there are more number of plants per hectare for jatropha (appr. 2500 trees) than oil palms (appr. 136 trees)

At fertilizing : the materials and energy utilization for oil palms are higher than Jatropha curcas trees due to inheritance nature of oil palms

Input activities Input names Unit

Oil Palm

Jatropha curcas

Herbicide kg 0.861 0.624Diesel fuel for toppling & clearing L 0.703 1.208

(2) Seedling Fungicides kg - 0.852Insecticides kg 0.00018 0.0057Chemical fertilizer Urea 0.2 % kg 0.00492 -Organic fertilizer kg 8.367 9.377Kieserite (MgSO4) kg 2.008 -Urea kg 0.00007 -Herbicide kg 0.974 -Dolomite kg 2.949 -Compound fertilizer kg 4.686 -Electricity for Pump Water kWh 0.436 -Pesticides kg 0.004 -

Transportation Diesel fuel for truck 5 ton L 1.004 1.189(3) Planting TSP/SP36 kg 13.387 79.562

Organic fertilizer kg - 994.524Rock Phosphate kg 22.887 -KCl - 15.912

(4) Fertilizing Compound fertilizer kg 9.844 -for five years Rock Phosphate kg 252.492 -

ZA/Urea kg 279.464 87.518HGF Borate kg 3.347 -TSP/SP36 kg 117.140 278.467MOP (K)/KCl kg 245.995 95.474Kieserit kg 184.078 -HGF Borate kg 3.347 -Organic fertilizer kg - 994.524

(1) Land preparation

LCI for Primary DataMaterials and energy used at each activity to produce 1 ton BDF

At the stage of harvesting sub-process, the transport energy use for oil palm are higher than Jatropha curcas trees due to the difference of harvesting yield. The yield of oil palms is higher than yield of Jatropha curcas trees

In the case of crude oil production, Jatropha curcas needs only electricity and diesel fuel for its process. On the other hand, palm oil mills need more materials and energy

At the stage of biodesel production sub-process, due to high average value of free fatty acids (FFA) in Jatropha curcas oils, it needs esterification stage before trans-esterification. Consequently, Jatropha curcas oils needs more materials and energy

Input activities Input names Unit

Oil Palm

Jatropha curcas

(5) Protection Herbicide kg 56.317 -for five years Insecticides (liquid & powder) kg 1.323 -

Pesticides kg 0.801 2.955Diesel for power sprayer & fogging L 0.554 -

(6) HarvestingTransportation Diesel fuel for truck 10 ton L 5.027 2.468

Electricity kWh 34.39 14.833Steam consumption kg 1325.40 -Water consumption m3 3.968 -PAC kg 0.125 -Flokulon kg 0.00053 -NaOH kg 0.107 -H2SO4/HCl kg 0.109 -Tanin Consentrate kg 0.045 -Poly Perse BWT 302 kg 0.045 -Alkaly BWT 402 kg 0.043 -Shell consumption kg 133.862 -

Transportation Diesel fuel for truck 10 ton L 2.540 1.890Methanol ton - 0.449H2SO4 ton - 0.027

Esterification Electricity kWh - 1.285Methanol ton 0.269 -Electricity kWh 15.645 15.645NaOH ton 0.080 0.080Water consumption L 1700.68 1719.180Diesel fuel for Boiler L 14.00 16.00

(7) Palm oil mills vs Oil extraction

(8) Biodiesel production

Trans-esterification

The GHG emission value for oil palms is higher than Jatropha curcas in every stages except for planting and biodiesel production stages

The most significant environmental impact based on GHG value is caused by fertilizing and biodiesel production stages both at oil palm and Jatropha curcas

The percentage of fertilizing sub-process for oil palm and Jatropha curcas are 35.15% and 29.49%,respectively

Agro-chemical in form of fertilizer and plant protection, which is 50.46% and 33.50% of the total for biodiesel produced from CPO and CJCO,respectively

Calculation for GHG emission value of plants for the first 5 years of each sub-process

10.9 12.8

204.4

511.3

69.68.3 18.6

897.8

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

GHG emission

Land preparationSeedling

Planting

Fertilizing

Protection

Harvesting

Palm oil mills

Biodiesel production

kg-C

O2e

q./to

nB

DF

29.49%

35.15%

Percentage of GHG emission for LCA with boundary cradle to gate at oil palm and Jatropha curcas

Input activity Percentage (%)Palm oil Jatropha curcas

Pre-harvest 52.42 46.66Harvest 1.23 0.48Post-harvest 46.34 52.86

The calculaton analysis for stable productivity represents GHG emission at stable productivity which is 1658.50 and 740.90 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF for palm

oil and Jatropha curcas, respectively

Emission Reduction of CO2eq. Biodiesel vs Diesel Fossil

after stable productivitybefore stable productivity

Total life cycle

3.400

2.575

3.058

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Fuel source

CO2 emissions reduction value of the fossil fuelBefore stable productivity

Diesel oil BDF-Palm oil BDF-Jatropha curcas

kg-C

O 2/k

g

24.251 % reduction

10.07 % reduction 3.400

1.512

0.381

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Fuel source

CO2 emissions reduction value of the fossil fuelAfter stable productivity


kg-C

O2/

kg

55.531 % menurun

88.81 % menurun

3.400

1.725

0.916

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Fuel source

CO2 emissions reduction value of the fossil fueltotal productivity


kg-C

O2/k

g

49.27 % reduction

73.06 % reduction

Sheehan et al. (1998) : BDF-soybean can reduce CO2eq. of emission = 78.45% (B100), dan 15.66% (B20) vs fossil fuel

US EPA NODA palm oil biodiesel = 17%EU-RED palm oil biodiesel = 19%

Strategy to Reduce GHG Emission and Energy Fuel Consumption

Scenario 1 : Using organic fertilizer in fertilization phase, the other terms are similar Scenario 2: 20% biodiesel utilization to substitute diesel for Indonesian power plant, according to government’s target by 2025

A kind of a power plant and a source of fuel Percentage (%)Hydropower (PLTA) 7.23Fossil fuel-HSD 22.46Fossil fuel-IDO 0.03Fossil fuel-MFO 6.83Geothermal (PLTP) 2.44Coal 38.5Natural Gas 22.52%Solar power plant 0.0005

Jenis Pembangkit

GWP kg-CO2e Urut

Jenis Pembangkit

Acidification kg-SO2e Urut

Jenis Pembangkit

Waste m3 Urut

A kind of a power plant and a source of fuel Persentasi (%)Hydropower (PLTA) 9.6Coal 18.4Fossil fuel 9.2Natural gas 26.4Nuclear 34.3Others 2.1

Jenis Pembangkit

GWP kg-CO2e Urut

Jenis Pembangkit


Jenis Pembangkit

Waste m3 Urut

Jenis Pembangkit

A composition of electricity Indonesia(Statistik PLN, 2011)

GWP (per kWh) Acidification (per kWh) Waste (per kWh) Eutrophication (per kWh) Energy consumption (per kWh)

Urut Jenis Pembangkit

GWP kg-CO2e Urut

Jenis Pembangkit


Jenis Pembangkit

Waste m3 Urut

Jenis Pembangkit

Eutrophication kg-PO4e Urut

Jenis Pembangkit

Energy Consm.(MJ)

1 Coal 0.337 1 Fossil fuel-IDO 0.003 1 Hydropower 2.8E-06 1 Nuclear 3.9E-07 1 Geothermal 10.0622 Fossil fuel-IDO 0.308 2 Natural gas 0.0004 2 Nuclear 2.2E-06 2 Geothermal 2.4E-07 2 Nuclear 7.5353 Fossil fuel-HSD 0.287 3 Coal 0.0002 3 Geothermal 5.2E-08 3 Hydropower 5.40E-08 3 Hydropower 4.3554 Fossil fuel-MFO 0.278 4 Fossil fuel-HSD 0.00016 4 Coal 1.2E-09 4 Coal 1.3E-10 4 Fossil fuel-IDO 3.9935 Natural gas 0.186 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 0.00014 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 1.4E-10 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 1.21E-12 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 3.8426 Nuclear 0.039 6 Nuclear 0.00013 6 Fossil fuel-IDO 1.3E-10 6 Fossil fuel-IDO 1.10E-12 6 Fossil fuel-HSD 3.7437 Hydropower 0.007 7 Hydropower 0.00006 7 Fossil fuel-HSD 1.2E-10 7 Fossil fuel-HSD 1.03E-12 7 Coal 3.6168 Geothermal 0.003 8 Geothermal 0.000005 8 Natural gas 0.0E+00 8 Natural gas 0.0E+00 8 Natural gas 3.545

A composition of electricity Japan (in Widiyanto et al. 2003)

LCIA of Electricity

GHG (per kWh)

GHG

GWP (per kg) Acidification (per kg) Waste (per kg) Eutrophication (per kg) Energy consumption (per kg)

Urut Jenis Pembangkit

GWP kg-CO2e Urut

Jenis Pembangkit

Acidific. kg-SO2e Urut

Jenis Pembangkit

Waste m3 Urut

Jenis Pembangkit

Eutrophic. kg-PO4e Urut

Jenis Pembangkit

Energy Cnsm.(MJ)

1 Chemical-N15%, P2O5 15%, K 2.626

1 Chemical-N15%, P2O5 15%, K 0.0036

1 Miscellaneous phosphatic acid 1.5E+01

1 Fused phosphate 5.4E-07

1 Nitrogenous & phosphatic 45.585


2 Miscellaneous ammonia 0.0034

2 Fused phosphate 2.0E-05

2 Miscellaneous phosphatic acid 3.2E-07

2 Chemical-N15%, P2O5 15%, K 43.621

3 Nitrogen fertilizer 2.181

3 Miscellaneous phosphatic acid 0.0033

3 Phosphate fertilizer 1.6E-05

3 Chemical-N15%, P2O5 15%, K 2.38E-07



4 Fused phosphate 0.00305

4 Chemical fertilizer 1.531E-05

4 Chemical-N 19%, P2O5 42% 1.68E-07




5 Compound fertilizer 1.526E-05

5 Miscellaneous ammonia 1.50E-07


6 Phosphate fertilizer 1.222


6 Mixed fertilizer 1.52E-05

6 Phosphate fertilizer 1.37E-07


7 Chemical fertilizer 1.008


7 Miscellaneous chemical 1.4E-05

7 Miscellaneous chemical 1.02E-07

7 Chemical-N 19%, P2O5 42% 18.112

8 Chemical-N 19%, P2O5 42% 1.005

8Chemical fertilizer 0.00141

8Miscellaneous ammonia 1.1E-05

8Chemical fertilizer 9.3E-08

8Chemical fertilizer 17.189

9 Miscellaneous chemical 0.987

9 Chemical-N 19%, P2O5 0.00139

9 Nitrogen fertilizer 1.07E-05

9 Compound fertilizer 8.57E-08

9 Compound fertilizer 16.587



10 Nitrogenous & phosphatic 9.05E-06

10 Nitrogenous & phosphatic 8.02E-08




11 Chemical-N15%, P2O5 15%, K 7.67E-06

11 Mixed fertilizer 7.56E-08

11 Mixed fertilizer 15.692



12 Potassic fertilizer 7.48E-06

12 Nitrogen fertilizer 6.87E-08


13 Potassic fertilizer 0.310


13 Chemical-N 19%, P2O5 42% 3.66E-06

13 Potassic fertilizer 4.44E-08


14 Organic fertilizer 0.080


14 Organic fertilizer 1.52E-06

14 Organic fertilizer 1.71E-08


LCIA for fertilizer

Organic fertilizers and related organic materials play an important role in

GHGGHG

Calculation of Environmental impact

Previous GHG value of stable productivity is 1658.50 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF, decreases to 1211.97 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF for palm oil. For Jatropha curcas, previously it is 740.90 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF, decreases to 207.88 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF for Jatropha curcas

The use of organic fertilizer reduces the GHG value on sub-process fertilizing from 307.28 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF to 11.66 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF for palm oil, and from 219.36 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF to 46.72 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF for Jatropha curcas

A summary GHG value for four scenario (kg-CO2eq. / ton-BDF / ha / year)

Oil palm Oil palm Oil palmJatropha curcas Oil palm

Jatropha curcas

2568.82 1733.67 2300.24 1947.63 2575.48 3057.74 542.12 934.23Stable productivity 1658.50 740.90 1109.42 662.85 1511.96 380.52 1211.97 207.88Total Life cycle 1840.56 939.45 1347.58 919.81 1724.66 915.96 1078.00 353.15

Scenario 3 Scenario 4

Oil palmJatropha curcas Oil palm Oil palm Oil palm

Unstable productivity 2568.82 1733.67 2300.24 1947.63 2575.48 3057.74 542.12 934.23Stable productivity 1658.50 740.90 1109.42 662.85 1511.96 380.52 1211.97 207.88Total Life cycle 1840.56 939.45 1347.58 919.81 1724.66 915.96 1078.00 353.15

Scenario 1 Scenario 2

The period

B e f o r e A f t e r

LCIA Biodiesel from CJCO

GHG value of BDF-CJCO value throughout its life cycle is 0.916 kg-CO2eq./kg-BDF-CJCO or 0.776 kg-CO2eq./liter-BDF-CJCO. To

produce 1 kWh electricity, it needs SFC (specific fuel consumption) for about 0.27 (normal Diesel Power Plant), then its

GHG value to produce 1 kWh electricity is 0.209 kg-CO2eq

No Urut

Jenis Sumber Bahan Bakar Pembangkit

GWP kg-CO2eq./kWh

1 Coal 0.3372 Fossil fuel-IDO 0.3083 Fossil fuel-HSD 0.2874 Fossil fuel-MFO 0.2785 Bio Diesel-CJCO 0.2096 Natural gas 0.1867 Nuclear 0.0398 Hydropower 0.0079 Geothermal 0.003

ENERGY ANALYSIS

renewablefosilproses EnergyEnergyEnergy

input

output

EnergyEnergy

NERRatioEnergyNet )(

NEB, NER, RI

outputprocessinput EnergyEnergyEnergy

21 E

NaOHMeOH

E

CPO

E

input EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyin

CPOinput EnergyEnergy

residualoutEettoutout

residualMeOHglyerol

E

biodiesel

E

output EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy

_arg_

_ olglycerbiodieseloutput EnergyEnergyEnergy

thermalmechanicalyelectricitfossilnonfossilpr EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyE

1)(Re

process

renewable

EnergyEnergy

RIIndexnewable

processoutput EnergyEnergyNEBBalanceEnergyNet )(

Energy consumption in biodiesel production sub-process of Jatropha curcas oil is higher than that of oil palm oil due to higher free fatty acid (FFA) content which needs esterification process prior to the transesterification process

The energy consumption value for oil palms is higher than Jatropha curcas in every stages except for planting and biodiesel production stages

The highest energy consumption for Jatropha curcas is at biodiesel production sub-process. Conversely, the highest energy consumption for oil palms is at fertilizing sub-process

Calculation for energy consumption of plants for the first 5 years of each sub-process

163.4 242.9387.4

18240.0

6211.6

422.5

7994.1

16169.1

02000400060008000

10000120001400016000180002000022000240002600028000

Energy consumption

Energy consumption, HHV(fossil fuel) for Palm oilLand preparation

Seedling

Planting

Fertilizing

Protection

Harvesting

Palm oil mills

Biodiesel production

MJ/

ton

-BD

F

161.7 186.3

3394.3

10841.1

1178.6

110.4 234.2

25623.4

02000400060008000

10000120001400016000180002000022000240002600028000

Energy consumption

Energy consumption, HHV(fossil fuel) for Jatropha curcas

Land preparationSeedling

Planting

Fertilizing

Protection

Harvesting

Extraction oilBiodiesel production

MJ/

ton

-BD

F

NEB, NER, RI

-300000

-250000-200000-150000-100000

-500000

50000100000150000200000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

MJ/

ton

BDF

Year of

Net Energy Balance (NEB)

Oil palm Jatropha curcas

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

0.400

0.450

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

MJ/

ton

BDF

Year of

Renewable Index (RI)


1.0400

1.0405

1.0410

1.0415

1.0420

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

MJ/

ton

BDF

Year of

Net Energy Ratio (NER)


Increased production on oil palm and Jatropha curcas shows increased required fossil fuel as well as required diesel fuel used in boiler. This condition can be anticipated by using biomass produced by biodiesel during its production in boiler

Energy Analysis of NEB, NER, RI

• NER value for oil palm and Jatropha curcas i.e. 1.041 and 1.042, respectively. It turns that NER value appears to have constant value due to increased output value will increase the input value, although the NER value can reach higher value if the produced biomass energy is calculated as output energy.

• The NER value of oil palm and Jathropa curcas is 2.97 and 1.98, respectively. NER value of oil palm is higher as its produced biomass is higher than Jatropha curcas.

Energy parameter

Before AfterOil palm Jatropha

curcasOil palm Jatropha

curcasNEB 146948.08 39334.79 155041.89 42649.83

NER 2’97 1.98 1.041 1.042RI 0.162 0.270 0.06 0.1160.45 0.74

Sources NERBDF-CPO BDF-CJCO BDF-Rapeseed

Lam et al. (2009) 2.27 1.92Yee et al. (2009) 3.53 1.44

AcknowledgementThank you very much to Prof.Dr.Ir.Armansyah

H.Tambunan,M.Agr, Dr.Ir.Abdul Kohar,M.Sc, Dr.Ir.Soni Solistia Wirawan,M.Ec, and Prof.Tetsuya Araki,Ph.D as my academic advisor in Bogor Agricultural university.

CONCLUSION– When the productivity has reached stability, the GHG value is 1658.50 kg-CO2eq./ton-

BDF_CPO and 740.52 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF_CJCO.

– The calculation on stable productivity is lower than unstable productivity. Where as there is 4/5 part or 20 years of 25 years of its life cycle (oil palm and Jatropha curcas) lies on this condition. Therefore, appropriate calculation method is needed. In some journals, the calculation is only performed in the first five years

– Agro-chemical utilization such as fertilizer, insecticides, pesticides, and fungicides, produce significant contribution to environmental impact in biodiesel production. It is 50.46% for oil palm and 33.51% for Jatropha curcas.

– The use of organic fertilizer is very influential in the reduction of GHG value impact in fertilization sub-process. It could reduce up to 96.2 % for oil palm and 76.8% for Jatropha curcas or for all life cycle could reduce up to 37.4 % for oil palm and 61.4% for Jatropha curcas

– Using jatropha based biodiesel for electricity generation is still better than using other fossil fuel.

– The energy input in oil palm is higher than Jatropha curcas as show by higher the NEB which is 146,948.08 and 39,334.79 for oil palm and Jatropha curcas, respectively and by lower the RI value which is 0.162 and 0.270 for oil palm and Jatropha curcas, respectively

– Compared to diesel fuel, CO2eq. Emission on its life cycle is reduced up to 49.27% and 73.06% for BDF_CPO and BDF_CJCO, respectively

Thank you for your attention...Contact person :

Dr.Kiman SiregarAgricultural Engineering Department of Syiah Kuala University

Banda Aceh-IndonesiaE-mail : [email protected]

Mobile phone :+628128395848

[email protected]; cell : 0812-8395848

