samkalin vishwa rajniti ( for mains only)

ledkyhufo'o jktuhfr

d{kk 12 osQ fy, jktuhfr foKku dh ikB~;iqLrd

izFke laLdj.kekpZ 2007 pS=k 1929iqueqZ.kuoacj 2007 dkrd 1929ekpZ 2008 iQkYxqu 1929tuojh 2009 ikS"k 1930

PD 20T RSP

jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] 2007

#- 70.00

vkoj.k ij Mkd fVdVksa osQ fp=k ;wukbVsM us'kUliksLVy ,MfefuLVs'ku (U;w;koZQ) }kjk cuk, x, gSaA;s fo'o osQ fofHkUu ledkyhu eqksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- isij ijeqfnzrA

izdk'ku foHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSjizf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016}kjk U;w pukc vkWiQlsV faVlZ] lh&21] vks[kyk baMfLV;y,fj;k] isQT+k&I] u;h fnYyh&110 020

ISBN 81-7450-710-8

lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk

bysDVkW fudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZx vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksxifr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA

bl iqLrd dh fch bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjkm/kjh ij] iqufoZ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA

bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ(fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU;ugha gksxkA

,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku foHkkx osQ dk;kZy;,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQilJh vjfoan ekxZu;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708108] 100 iQhV jksMgsyh ,DlVsasa'ku] gksLMsosQjscuk'kadjh III bLVstcsaxyqj 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740uothou VLV HkouMkd?kj uothouvgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQilfudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVhdksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDlekyhxkaoxqokgkVh 781021 iQksu % 0361&2674869

izdk'ku lg;ksx

v;{k] izdk'ku foHkkx % is;sfV jktkoqQekj

eq[; mRiknu vfkdkjh % f'ko oqQekjeq[; laiknd % 'osrk mIiy

eq[; O;kikj vfkdkjh % xkSre xkaxqyhlaiknd % efj;e ckjkmRiknu lgk;d % jkts'k fiIiy

vkoj.k ,oa lTtk fp=k'osrk jko bjI+kQku

iii

vkeq[kjk"Vh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+ktkuk pkfg,A ;g flkar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ Hkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkkvkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA u;h jk"Vh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vk/kfjr ikB~;evkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk ;kl gSA bl ;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,dekcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh o`fk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dnegesa jk"Vh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) eas of.kZr cky&oasQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,xsA

bl ;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ kpk;Z vkSj v;kid cPpksa dksdYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj vius vuqHko ij fopkj djus dk voljnsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vkkknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih xbZlwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lk/uksa o ksrksa dhvuns[kh fd, tkus dk eq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh o`fk gSA ltZukvkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh f;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkjekusa vkSj cuk,] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA ;s ms'; LowQy dh nSfud fkanxhvkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ekx djrs gSaA nSfud le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh k:jhgS ftruk okf"kZd oSQys.Mj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdrcu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k Hkh bl ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esacPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh Hkkoh flgksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;ozQe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.kdjrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa v;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le; dk ;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/dlpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;]NksVs lewgksa esa fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj ,slh xfrfof/;ksa dks kFkfedrk nsrh gS ftUgsa djus osQ fy, O;kogkfjdvuqHkoksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fodkl lfefr osQ ifjJe osQfy, o`QrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ lkekftd foKku lykgdkj lewg osQ v;{k ksI+ksQlj gfj oklqnsouvkSj jktuhfr foKku ikB~;iqLrd lfefr osQ eq[; lykgdkj ksI+ ksQlj lqgkl iG'khdj] ksI+ksQlj ;ksxsanz;kno rFkk lykgdkj dkafr cktisbZ osQ fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSaA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy, ge muosQ kpk;ks osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkhlaLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ fr rK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalkkuksa] lkexzh vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esagesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ek;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk

ksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa ksI+ksQlj th-ihns'kikaMs dh v;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjaxdesVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, kU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksavkSj vius dk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ fr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa o lq>koksa dkLokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kkskuksa esa enn yh tk losQA

funs'kdu;h fnYyh jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku20 uoacj 2006 vkSj f'k{k.k ifj"kn~

iv

vnks ckrsa---,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh dksf'k'k gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks jktuhfr dh le> cukus esa enn feysA ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ blh iz;kl dk fgLlk gSA 11oha vkSj 12oha osQ jktuhfr foKku dh nwljh fdrkcksa esa jktuhfr osQfofHkUu igyqvksa] elyu Hkkjrh; lafokku] Hkkjr esa jktuhfr rFkk jktuhfrd&flkar dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSAledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr esa jktuhfr osQ nk;js dks cnkjh Hkjh gksrhgks ,slh ckr ughaA nqfu;k osQ jkg&joS;s dh tkudkjh osQ fy, ge nSfud v[kckj] Vsyhfoku vkSj oDr&csoDr dhckrphr dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA gessa mEehn gS fd bl fdrkc ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ns'k osQ ckgj gks jgh ?kVukvksa vkSj buosQlkFk Hkkjr osQ fj'rksa dks tkuus esa enn feysxhA

^varjkZ"Vh; jktuhfr* ;k ^ varjkZ"Vh; lacak* tSls Vdlkyh uke NksM+dj bl fdrkc dk uke ^ fo'o jktuhfr* j[kkx;k gSA ppkZ dks vkxs pykus ls igys ;g Li"V dj nsuk k:jh gS fd ,slk D;ksa fd;k x;kA bl fo'o esa fofHkUuns'kksa dh ljdkjksa osQ chp osQ lacak ftUgsa ge ^ varjkZ"Vh; laca/* dgrs gSa & fuf'pr gh egoiw.kZ gSaA cgjgky] blosQlkFk&lkFk ljdkjksa] xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa vkSj vke turk osQ chp Hkh k:jh lacak gksrs gSSaA bu fj'rksa dks veweuvfkjk"Vh; lacak dgk tkrk gSA nqfu;k dks le>us osQ fy, egt fofHkUu ljdkjksa osQ chp osQ lacakksa dks le>ukgh vc dkI+kQh u jgkA lhekikj D;k&D;k ?kVuk, ?kV jgha gSa bls le>uk Hkh k:jh gS vkSj vius ns'k dh lhekosQ ckgj tks oqQN ?kV jgk gS mlesa fliZQ ljdkjksa dh Hkwfedk Hkj ugha gSA

fo'o jktuhfr esa nwljs ns'kksa dh van:uh jktuhfr dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mls rqyukRed ukfj;s lsle>k tkrk gSA felky osQ fy,] ,d v;k; ^nwljh nqfu;k* osQ lkE;oknh ns'kksa esa 'khr&;q osQ ckn gqbZ ?kVukvksaij gSA bl v;k; esa bu ns'kksa esa gq, van:uh cnykoksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ckjs esa fy[ks x, v;k;esa Hkkjr osQ iM+kslh ns'kksa esa ekStwn yksdra=k dh gkyr dk ft fd;k x;k gSA ;g rqyukRed jktuhfr dk nk;jk gSA

fo'o esa jktuhfr vkt ftl lwjr esa gS] dekscs'k] bl fdrkc dk ljksdkj mlh ls gSA fdrkc esa 19oha vkSj 20ohalnh oQh fo'o jktuhfr dh ppkZ ugha dh xbZ gSA bu oDrksa dh jktuhfr dk ft bfrgkl dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fd;kx;k gSA geus 20oha lnh dh ckrksa dh ppkZ mlh gn rd dh gS ftl gn rd ekStwnk ?kVukvksa vkSj izo`fk;ksa dks crkusesa og crkSj i`"BHkwfe dke vk ldrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge 'khr ;q ls 'kq: djrs gaS D;ksafd bl f;k vkSjmlosQ var dks le>s fcuk ge ;g vankt ugha yxk ik,xs fd vkt ge dgk gSaA

vki bl fdrkc dk ;ksx oSQls djsaxs\ ge vk'kk djrs gSa fd ;g iqLrd fo'o jktuhfr ls ifjfpr djk,xhAgesa fo'okl gS fd ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr dh tkudkjh kIr djus osQ fy, v;kid vkSj fo|kFkhZ bl iqLrddks vk/kj cuk,xsA izR;sd v;k; esa vkidks fuf'pr lhek esa lwpuk, feysaxhA blosQ lkFk&lkFk gj v;k; esa fo'ojktuhfr dks le>us esa mi;ksxh vo/kj.kkvksa ls vkidh HksaV gksxh tSls 'khr;q_ opZLo dh /kj.kk_ varjkZ"Vh; laxBu_jk"Vh; lqj{kk vkSj ekuoh; lqj{kk_ i;kZoj.kh; lqj{kk_ oS'ohdj.k vkfnA

gj v;k; dh 'kq#vkr esa ^ifjp;* fn;k x;k gSA blls ljljh rkSj ij vkidks vanktk yx tk,xk fd v;k;esa fdu ckrksa dh ppkZ dh x;h gSA gj v;k; esa ekufp=k] lkj.kh] vkjs[k] ckWDl] dkVwZu rFkk vU; :i&jpukvksa(izn'kksZa) dk Hkh bLrseky fd;k gS rkfd vkidks i

vi

esa lq>ko fn, x, gSaA blesa lkefxz;ksa dks lkFk feydj tqVkus] varjkZ"Vh; leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus vkSj vki lc ls blrjg ckrphr djus dks dgk x;k gS ekuksa vki jktuf;d gksaA blosQ vykos oqQN ^Iyl ckWDl* gSaA blesa fdlhtkp&ij[k vFkok ijh{kk osQ fygkt ls ugha cfYd vkidh tkudkjh dks cy gksrkA ,d ea'kk ;gHkh gS fd vki fdlh fo"k; ij vkSj vkxs lkspsaA gj v;k; osQ var esa ,d 'ukoyh gSA blls vkidks v;k; esai dks ij[kus esa enn feysxhA ^iz'ukoyh* vkidks v;k; esa crk;h xbZ ckrksa ls vkSjvkxs Hkh ys tk,xhA

vki ns[ksaxs fd bl fdrkc esa ekufp=kksa dh Hkjekj gSA dkSu&lh txg dgk gS_ dkSu fdlosQ iM+ksl esa jgrk gSrFkk ,d&nwljs dh ekStwnxh osQ ek;uksa esa ns'kksa dh lhek&js[kk] unh rFkk vU; jktuhfrd vkSj HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk, dgkvkSj dSls gSa bu ckrksa osQ cks/ osQ fcuk fo'o&jktuhfr dks le>uk vlaHko ugha rks eqf'dy k:j gSA blh dkj.kgeus cM+h nfj;kfnyh ls ekufp=kksa dk bLrseky fd;k gSA ftu jktuhfrd vkSj HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa osQ ckjs esa vki i

vii

ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefrv;{k] lkekftd foKku lykgdkj lfefrgfj oklqnsou] izksI+ksQlj] bfrgkl foHkkx] dydkk fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrkeq[; lykgdkjlqgkl iG'khdj] izksI+ksQlj] jktuhfr ,oa yksd iz'kklu foHkkx] iq.ks fo'ofo|ky;] iq.ks;ksxsa ;kno] lhfu;j isQyks] fodkl'khy lekt v;;u ihB] fnYyh

lykgdkjdkafr cktisbZ] gsMekLVj] n nwu LowQy] nsgjknwulnL;,ysDl ,e- tkWtZ] Lora=k vuqla/kudrkZ] b#o^h] ftyk dUuwj] osQjyvuqjk/k ,e- fpukW;] izksI+ksQlj] :lh ,oa e; ,f'k;kbZ v;;u osaQ] varjkZ"Vh; v;;u ihB] tokgjyky usg:fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyhe/q HkYyk] izksI+ksQlj] iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ v;;u foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhuouhrk pM~

vkHkkjjk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ mu lHkh yksxksa dk vkHkkj izdV djrh gS ftUgksaus izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :ils bl iqLrd ds fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku fn;kA

ge lk-fo-ek-f'k-fo- dh v;{kk izksI+ksQlj lfork flUgk dk vkSj foHkkx osQ lHkh iz'kklfud lgdfeZ;ksa dk muosQlg;ksx osQ fy, /U;okn O;Dr djrs gSaA

jk"Vh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005 osQ varxZr fy[kh xbZ jktuhfr foKku dh vU; iqLrdksa dh Hkkafr ;giqLrd Hkh fodkl'khy lekt v;;u ihB osQ laLFkkxr lg;ksx osQ fcuk laHko ugha gks ldrh FkhA v;;u ihBosQ dk;Ze ^yksduhfr* us vius lHkh izdkj osQ lalk/u iqLrd fuekZ.k osQ bl uokpkj esa yxk fn,A blosQ fy,fodkl'khy lekt v;;u ihB vkSj lkFk gh blosQ ,d dk;Ze ^yksduhfr* osQ funs'kd izksI+ksQlj ihVj Mhlwtkfo'ks"k rkSj ls /U;okn osQ ik=k gSaA

jk"Vh; ifj"kn~ iqLrd fuekZ.k dh izf;k esa ;ksxnku nsus okys lHkh O;fDr;ksa vkSj laLFkkuksa dk gknd vkHkkjO;Dr djrh gSA ;wukbVsM us'kUl iksLVy ,MfefuLVs'ku (U;w;koZQ) osQ izeq[k jkcVZ xzs dk la;qDr jk"Vla?k osQ MkdfVdVksa dks iz;ksx djus dh vuqefr nsus osQ fy,_ izksI+ksQlj osQ-lh- lwjh dk cgqewY; lq>koksa osQ fy,_ osQxy dkVwZUldk ,aMh lxj] ,atsy cksyhxu] ,jsl] osQe dkWMksZo] fLVks dksekjfuRLdh] nsax dk; ekby] gsjh gjhlu] ekbd ysu]ekbYV izkbxs] isV csxys] ihVj fiLesL=kksfop vkSj Vsc osQ dkVwZu miyC/ djkus osQ fy,_ oqQ^h (ykiQx fonoqQh)] ^n gnw* vkSj ^ikfdLrku fVC;wu* dk vius dkVwZu izdkf'kr djus dh vuqefr nsus osQ fy, ge gkndvkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA bjI+kQku [kku us iqLrd osQ fy, vius js[kkfp=k vkSj dkVksZxzkfiQd fMtkbUl us Hkkjr vkSj mlosQiM+kslh ns'k ,oa fo'o osQ ekufp=k miyC/ djk,] budk Hkh /U;oknA lalnh; iqLrdky; vkSj la;qDr jk"V lwpukosaQ] u;h fnYyh us iqLrd osQ fy, lkexzh tqVkus esa egoiw.kZ enn dhA ^ Mkmu Vq vFkZ* vkSj blosQ ifjf'k"B ^ xkscjVkbEl* dk fo'ks"k mYys[k vko';d gSA

iqLrd osQ fy, lanHkZ lkexzh] fp=k vkSj vkdM+s tqVkus esa fodhihfM;k ls lgk;rk yh xbZ gSA fydj osQ^f,fVo dkeUl* osQ vUrxZr miyC/ fp=kksa dk Hkh iqLrd esa vusd LFkkuksa ij iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ge bu fp=kksaosQ iQksVksxzkiQjksa vkSj fydj osQ vkHkkjh gSa fd mUgksaus vius dyk&deZ dks dkWihjkbV dh lhek ls eqDr dj izdkf'krdjus dh vuqefr nhAbl iqLrd osQ Hkk"kk;h laiknu osQ fy, laiUu ,d dk;Z'kkyk esa ofj"B i=kdkj vjfoan eksgu] es/k] vkyksd oqQekj]

lS;n vkI+kQj vglu vkSj lat; dkSf'kd us vius cgqewY; lq>ko fn,A Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj foe flag us yxu osQ lkFkiqLrd dks 'kq#vkrh :i fn;kA iqLrd dks vafre :i nsus osQ fy, ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ n{k Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj mke oqQekjo vjfoan 'kekZ vkSj dkWih ,MhVj ;rsU ;kno dk lg;ksx Hkh mYys[kuh; gSA

fo"k; lwph

vkeq[k iii

nks ckrsa v

v;k; 1'khr;q dk nkSj 1

v;k; 2nks /zqoh;rk dk var 17

v;k; 3ledkyhu fo'o esa vejhdh opZLo 31

v;k; 4lkk ds oSdfYid osaQ 51v;k; 5ledkyhu nf{k.k ,f'k;k 65

v;k; 6varjkZ"Vh; laxBu 81

v;k; 7ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk 99

v;k; 8i;kZoj.k vkSj kfrd lalk/u 117

v;k; 9oS'ohdj.k 135

ius osQ fy, oqQN vkSj lkexzh---ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr osQ ckjs esa vxj ;knk tkuuk pkgsa rks blosQ fy, vki D;k djsaxs\ bl fo"k; osQckjs tkudkjh osQ lzksrks a dh Hkjekj gSaA ;gk ge blosQ ckjs esa vkidks oqQN lq>ko ns jgs gSa aA ge ;gk vaxzsthHkk"kk esa miyC/ ikB~;lkefxz;ks a dh ppkZ djsaxs A ysfdu] bldk eryc ;g ugha fd tkudkjh osQ fy, blhHkk"kk esa vPNh ikB~;lkexzh miyC/ gSA gk] Hkkjrh; Nk=kks a osQ fy, vaxz sth esa miyC/ ikB~;lkefxz;ks a dksgkfly djuk vklku gSA

bl fdrkc esa tks fo"k; mBk, x, gSa vFkok ftu ns'kksa] O;fDr;ksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dk gokyk fn;k x;k gS mlosQckjs esa cgqr&lh tkudkjh vki baVjusV ij miyC/ fodhihfM;k ls gkfly dj ldrs gSaA vki oqQNsd fo'odks'k tSls,UlkbDyksihfM;k fczVsfudk dk Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA fo'o jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkrh tkudkjh nsus okyh dbZ iqLrosaQgSa tks vkidks fdlh vPNs vkSj cM+s iqLrdky; esa fey tk,axhA

'kks/kFkhZ] ewy 'u vkSj le;kUrj tSlh oqQN if=kdk, varjkZ"Vh; jktuhfr ij iBuh; lkexzh miyC/ djkrh gSaAvki ^izaQVykbu*] ^bafM;k VqMs*] ^vkmVyqd* vkSj ^ohd* tSlh if=kdkvksa dk Hkh bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA buesa lsvf/dka'k osQ fganh laLdj.k Hkh dkf'kr gksrs gSaA vki pkgsa rks ^ bdkWukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh*] ^ oYMZ iQksdl*rFkk ^lsfeukj* tSls oqQN vdknfed tuZYl dks Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA cgjgky] nSfud v[kckjksa dks iko vewY; gSaA ge gj lq>ko dk lEeku djrs gSaA

o`Qi;k gesa bl irs ij fy[ksaleUo;d (jktuhfr foKku)DESSH, NCERT

Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh&110 016vki gesa bl irs ij bZ&esy Hkh dj ldrs gSa [email protected]

ifjp;;g v;k; iwjh iqLrd osQ fy, ,d iwoZihfBdkLrqr djrk gSA 'khr;q dh lekfIr dksledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkr dhrjg ns[kk tkrk gSA ;gh ledkyhu fo'ojktuhfr bl iqLrd dh fo"k;&oLrq gS blfy,;g mfpr gh gS fd ge dgkuh dh 'kq#vkr'khr;q dh ppkZ ls djsaA bl v;k; ls ;glkiQ gksxk fd fdl rjg nks egk'kfDr;ksala;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k dkopZLo 'khr;q osQ osaQ esa FkkA ;g v;k;gesa fo'o osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa 'khr;q dhlejLFkfy;ksa rd Hkh ys tk,xkA bl v;k;esa xqVfujis{k vkanksyu ij bl n`f"V ls fopkjfd;k x;k gS fd fdl rjg blus nksuksa jk"VksaosQ ncncs dks pqukSrh nhA xqVfujis{k ns'kksa }kjk^ubZ varjkZ"Vh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk* LFkkfirdjus osQ ;kl dh ppkZ bl v;k; esa ;gcrkrs gq, dh xbZ gS fd fdl rjg bu ns'kksaus xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dks vius vkfFkZd fodklvkSj jktuhfrd Lora=krk dk lk/u cuk;kAv;k; osQ var esa xqVfujis{k vkanksyu esaHkkjr dh Hkwfedk dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSvkSj ;g 'u iwNk x;k gS fd Hkkjr osQ fgrksadh j{kk esa xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr fdl lhekrd liQy jghA

v;k; 1

'khr;q) dk nkSj

nwljs fo'o;q osQ var osQ ifj.kkeLo:i nks egk'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gqvkAij osQ nks fp=k nwljs fo'o;q esa la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lektoknhlksfo;r x.kjkT; dh fot; dks bafxr djrs gSaA1- vejhdh lSfud 23 iQjojh] 1945 dks vkboks thek] tkiku dh

yM+kbZ esa viuk >aMk iQgjkrs gq,A2- lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; osQ lSfud ebZ] 1945 esa jkbLVSax fcfYMax

(cfyZu] teZuh) ij viuk >aMk iQgjkrs gq,Afp=k 1 tks jkslsUFkky (n ,lksfl,V Sl) ls vkSj fp=k 2 ;soxsuh [kYnsbZ(rk'k) ls lkHkkj

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr2

D;wck dk felkby ladV1961 dh vSy esa lksfo;r la?k osQ usrkvksadks ;g fpark lrk jgh Fkh fd vejhdklkE;okfn;ksa }kjk 'kkflr D;wck ij vke.kdj nsxk vkSj bl ns'k osQ jk"Vifr fiQnsydkL=kks dk r[+rkiyV gks tk,xkA D;wckvejhdk osQ rV ls yxk gqvk ,d NksVk&lk}hih; ns'k gSA D;wck dk tqM+ko lksfo;r la?kls Fkk vkSj lksfo;r la?k mls owQVuf;d rFkkfokh; lgk;rk nsrk FkkA lksfo;r la?k osQusrk uhfdrk [kzq'pso us D;wck dks :l osQ^lSfud vM~Ms* osQ :i esa cnyus dk iSQlykfd;kA 1962 esa [kzq 'pso us D;wck esa ijek.kqfelkbysa rSukr dj nhaA bu gfFk;kjksa dhrSukrh ls igyh ckj vejhdk utnhdh fu'kkusdh lhek esa vk x;kA gfFk;kjksa dh bl rSukrhosQ ckn lksfo;r la?k igys dh rqyuk esa vcvejhdk osQ eq[; Hkw&Hkkx osQ yxHkx nksxqusfBdkuksa ;k 'kgjksa ij geyk cksy ldrk FkkA

D;wck esa lksfo;r la?k }kjk ijek.kq gfFk;kjrSukr djus dh Hkud vejhfd;ksa dks rhugrs ckn yxhA vejhdh jk"Vifr tkWu ,iQoSQusMh vkSj muosQ lykgdkj ,slk oqQN Hkhdjus ls fgpfdpk jgs Fks ftlls nksuksa ns'kksaosQ chp ijek.kq ;q 'kq: gks tk,A ysfduos bl ckr dks ysdj n`

'khr;q dk nkSj 3

dksbZ vke ;q ugha gksrkA varr% nksuksa i{kksaus ;q Vkyus dk iSQlyk fd;k vkSj nqfu;kus pSu dh lkl yhA lksfo;r la?k osQ kgktksaus ;k rks viuh xfr /heh dj yh ;k okilhdk #[k dj fy;kA

^D;wck felkby ladV* 'khr;q dkpje fcanq FkkA 'khr;q lksfo;r la?k vkSjvejhdk rFkk buosQ lkFkh ns'kksa osQ chpfr}af}rk] ruko vkSj la?k"kZ dh ,d ka`[kykosQ :i esa tkjh jgkA lkSHkkX; ls bu rukoksavkSj la?k"kksZa us ;q dk :i ugha fy;k ;kuhbu nks ns'kksa osQ chp dksbZ iw.kZO;kih jDrjaftr;q ugha fNM+kA fofHkUu bykdksa esa ;q gq,_nksukas egk'kfDr;k vkSj muosQ lkFkh ns'k bu;qksa esa layXu jgs_ os {ks=k&fo'ks"k osQ viuslkFkh ns'k osQ ennxkj cus ysfdu nqfu;krhljs fo'o;q ls cp xbZA

'khr;q fliQZ tksj&vktekb'k] lSfudxBca/u vFkok 'kfDr&larqyu dk ekeykHkj ugha Fkk cfYd blosQ lkFk&lkFk fopkj/kjkosQ Lrj ij Hkh ,d okLrfod la?k"kZ tkjhFkkA fopkj/kjk dh yM+kbZ bl ckr dks ysdjFkh fd iwjs fo'o esa jktuhfrd] vkfFkZdvkSj lkekftd thou dks lw=kc djus dklcls csgrj flkar dkSu&lk gSA if'pehxBca/u dk vxqvk vejhdk Fkk vkSj ;gxqV mnkjoknh yksdra=k rFkk iwthokn dkgkeh FkkA iwohZ xBca/u dk vxqok lksfo;rla?k Fkk vkSj bl xqV dh frcrk lektoknrFkk lkE;okn osQ fy, FkhA vki bufopkj/kjkvksa osQ ckjs esa d{kk X;kjg esa i


;gh gqvk fd oSf'od jktuhfr osQ eap ijnks egk'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gks x;kA teZuh vkSjtkiku gkj pqosQ Fks vkSj ;wjksi rFkk 'ks"kfo'o fooal dh ekj >sy jgs FksA vcvejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k fo'o dh lclscM+h 'kfDr FksA buosQ ikl bruh {kerk Fkhfd fo'o dh fdlh Hkh ?kVuk dks Hkkfordj losaQA vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k dkegk'kfDr cuus dh gksM+ esa ,d&nwljs osQeqdkcys [kM+k gksuk 'khr;q dk dkj.k cukA'khr;q 'kq: gksus osQ ihNs ;g le> Hkhdke dj jgh Fkh fd ijek.kq ce ls gksusokys fooal dh ekj >syuk fdlh Hkh jk"VosQ cwrs dh ckr ughaA ;g ,d lh/k&lknkysfdu vljnkj roZQ FkkA tc nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksaosQ ikl bruh {kerk osQ ijek.kq gfFk;kj gksafd os ,d&nwljs dks vlguh; {kfr igqpklosaQ rks ,sls esa nksuksa osQ chp jDrjaftr ;qgksus dh laHkkouk de jg tkrh gSA mdlkososQ ckotwn dksbZ Hkh i{k ;q dk tksf[ke

eksy ysuk ugha pkgsxk D;ksafd ;q lsjktuhfrd iQk;nk pkgs fdlh dks Hkh gks]ysfdu blls gksus okys fooal dks vkSfpR;iw.kZugha Bgjk;k tk ldrkA

ijek.kq ;q dh lwjr esa nksuksa i{kksa dksbruk uqdlku mBkuk iM+sxk fd muesa lsfotsrk dkSu gS & ;g r; djuk Hkh vlaHkogksxkA vxj dksbZ vius 'k=kq ij vke.kdjosQ mlosQ ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dks ukdkedjus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS rc Hkh nwljs osQikl mls cckZn djus yk;d gfFk;kj cptk,axsA bls ^vijks/* (jksd vkSj laarqyu)dk roZQ dgk x;kA nksuksa gh i{kkssa osQ ikl,d&nwljs osQ eqdkcys vkSj ijLij uqdlkuigqpkus dh bruh {kerk gksrh gS fd dksbZ Hkhi{k ;q dk [krjk ugha mBkuk pkgrkA blrjg] egk'kfDr;ksa osQ chp xgu fr}fU}rkgksus osQ ckotwn 'khr;q jDrjaftr ;q dk:i ugha ys ldkA bldh rklhj BaMh jghAikjLifjd ^vijks/* dh fLFkfr us ;q rksugha gksus fn;k] ysfdu ;g fLFkfr ikjLifjdfr}fU}rk dks u jksd ldhA

'khr;q dh eq[k lSU; fo'ks"krkvksa ij;ku nsaA blesa nks egk'kfDr;k vkSj muosQvius&vius xqV FksA bu ijLij fr}a}h xqVksaesa 'kkfey ns'kksa ls vis{kk Fkh fd os roZQlaxrvkSj ftEesnkjh Hkjk O;ogkj djsaxsA bu ns'kksadks ,d fo'ks"k vFkZ esa roZQlaxr vkSj ftEesnkjhHkjk cjrko djuk FkkA ijLij fojks/h xqVksa esa'kkfey ns'kksa dks le>uk Fkk fd vkilh ;qesa tksf[ke gS D;ksafd laHko gS fd bldhotg ls nks egk'kfDr;ksa osQ chp ;q Butk,A tc nks egk'kfDr;ksa vkSj mudh vxqvkbZokys xqVksa osQ chp ^ikjLifjd vijks/* dklaca/ gks rks ;q yM+uk nksuksa osQ fy,fooald lkfcr gksxkA bl lanHkZ esa ftEesnkjh

;s rLohjsa ml fooal dks fn[kkrh gSa tksvejhdk }kjk fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ijfxjk;s x;s ijek.kq ceksa osQ dkj.k gqvkA bu ceksadks ^fyfVy CokW;* vkSj ^iSQVeSu* osQ xqIrukefn, x,A egk'kfDr;ksa osQ ikl vkt ijek.kqgfFk;kjksa dk tks k[khjk gS mldh rqyuk esa ;sce cgqr NksVs FksA ;s ce e'k% 15 vkSj 21fdyksVu {kerk osQ FksA bruh de {kerk osQijek.kq ceksa us Hkh vdYiuh; fooal fd;kA1950 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa gh la;qDr jk"Vvejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k ,sls ijek.kq&ceksa dkijh{k.k dj jgs Fks ftudh {kerk 10 ls 15gtkj fdyksVu FkhA nwljs 'kCnksa essa ;s cefgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ij fxjk;s x;s ijek.kqceksa dh rqyuk esa gtkjksa xquk T;knk fooaldFksA 'khr;q osQ nkSjku nksuksa gh egk'kfDr;ksa osQikl bl rjg osQ gkkjksa gfFk;kj FksA tjk dYiukdhft, fd ;s gfFk;kj nqfu;k Hkj esa D;k rckghepk ldrs FksA

'khr;q dk nkSj 5

1- R;sd frLi/hZ xqVls de ls de rhuns'kksa dh igpku djsaA

2- v;k; pkj esa fn,x, ;wjksih; la?k osQekufp=k dks ns[ksa vkSjmu pkj ns'kksa dksigpkus tks igys^okjlk laf/* osQlnL; Fks vkSj vc;wjksih; la?k osQlnL; gSaA

3- bl ekufp=k dhrqyuk ;wjksih; la?k osQekufp=k vFkok fo'oosQ ekufp=k ls djsaAbl rqyuk osQ cknD;k vki rhu ,slsu;s ns'kksa dh igpkudj ldrs gSa tks'khr;q osQ cknvfLrRo esa vk,\

'khr;q osQ nkSjku ;wjksi nks fr}a}h xBca/uksa esa cV x;k FkkA ekufp=k esa bl rF; dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA

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lkssfo;rla?k

dk eryc Fkk la;e ls dke ysuk vkSj rhljsfo'o;q osQ tksf[ke ls cpukA 'khr;q uslewph euq"; tkfr ij eaMjkrs [krjs dkstSls&rSls laHkky fy;kA

nks&/zqoh; fo'o dk vkjaHknksuksa egk'kfDr;k fo'o osQ fofHkUu fgLlksaij vius Hkko dk nk;jk c


fuEufyf[kr rkfydkesa rhu&rhu ns'kksa osQuke muosQ xqVksa dks;ku esa j[kdjfy[ksa

iwathoknh xqV

lkE;oknh xqV

xqVfujis{k vkanksyu

igyh nqfu;knwljh nqfu;krhljh nqfu;k

fd mkjh vejhdk vFkok ;wjksi osQ bu ns'kksaesa ls fdlh ,d ij Hkh geyk gksrk gS rksmls ^laxBu* esa 'kkfey lHkh ns'k viusij geyk ekusaxsA ^ ukVks* esa 'kkfey gj ns'k,d&nwljs dh enn djsxkA blh dkj osQiwohZ xBca/u dks ^okjlk laf/* osQ uke lstkuk tkrk gSA bldh vxqvkbZ lksfo;r la?kus dhA bldh LFkkiuk lu~ 1955 esa gqbZ FkhvkSj bldk eq[; dke Fkk ^ ukVks* esa 'kkfeyns'kksa dk ;wjksi esa eqdkcyk djukA

'khr;q osQ nkSjku varjkZ"Vh; xBca/uksadk fu/kZj.k egk'kfDr;ksa dh k:jrksa vkSjNksVs ns'kksa osQ ykHk&gkfu osQ xf.kr ls gksrkFkkA tSlkfd ij crk;k x;k gS] egk'kfDr;ksaosQ chp rukruh dk eq[; v[kkM+k ;wjksicukA oqQNsd ekeyksa esa ;g Hkh gqvk fdegk'kfDr;ksa us vius&vius xqV esa 'kkfeydjus osQ fy, oqQN ns'kksa ij viuh rkdr dkbLrseky fd;kA iwohZ ;wjksi esa lksfo;r la?kdh n[kyankth bldk mnkgj.k gSA lksfo;rla?k us iwohZ ;wjksi esa vius Hkko dk bLrseky

fd;kA bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa esa lksfo;r la?k dhlsuk dh O;kid mifLFkfr us ;g lqfuf'prdjus osQ fy, viuk Hkko tek;k fd ;wjksidk iwjk iwohZ fgLlk lksfo;r la?k osQ ncncsesa jgsA iwohZ vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k rFkkif'pe ,f'k;k esa vejhdk us xBca/u dkrjhdk viuk;kA bu xBca/uksa dks nf{k.k&iwoZ,f'k;kbZ laf/ laxBu (SEATO) vkSj osaQh;laf/ laxBu (CENTO) dgk tkrk gSAblosQ kokc esa lksfo;r la?k rFkk lkE;oknhphu us bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa elyu mkjhfo;ruke] mkjh dksfj;k vkSj bjkd osQ lkFkvius lEcU/ etcwr fd,A

'khr;q osQ dkj.k fo'o osQ lkeus nksxqVksa osQ chp cV tkus dk [krjk iSnk gks x;kFkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu]elyu fczVsu vkSj Qkal osQ paxqy ls eqDrgq, uo Lora=k ns'kksa dks fpark gqbZ fd dghaos viuh bl vkkknh dks ikus osQ lkFk [kksu cSBsaA xBca/u esa Hksn iSnk gq, vkSj cM+htYnh muesa njkj iM+hA lkE;oknh phu dh

'khr;q dk nkSj 7

fo'o osQ ekufp=kij 'khr;q osQeq[k ?kVukLFkyksadks fpfr djsaA

mkjh vkSj nf{k.khdksfj;k vHkh rd D;ksafoHkkftr gSa tcfd'khr;q osQ nkSj osQckdh foHkktu feV x,gSa\ D;k dksfj;k osQ yksxpkgrs gSa fd foHkktucuk jgs\

1950 osQ n'kd osQ mkjkZ esa lksfo;r la?kls vucu gks xbZA lu~ 1969 esa bu nksuksa osQchp ,d Hkw&Hkkx ij vkf/iR; dks ysdjNksVk&lk ;q Hkh gqvkA bl nkSj dh ,degoiw.kZ ?kVuk ^xqVfujis{k vkanksyu* dkfodkl gSA bl vkanksyu us uo&Lora=k jk"Vksadks nks&/zqoh; fo'o dh xqVckth ls vyxjgus dk ekSdk fn;kA

vki ;g loky iwN ldrs gSa fdvkf[+kj egk'kfDr;ksa dks viuk xqV cukus dhk:jr D;ksa iM+hA vkf[+kj vius ijek.kqgfFk;kjksa vkSj viuh LFkk;h lsuk osQ cwrsegk'kfDr;k bruh rkdroj Fkha fd ,f'k;krFkk vQhdk vkSj ;gk rd fd ;wjksi osQvf/dka'k NksVs ns'kksa dh lk>h 'kfDr dk Hkhmuls dksbZ eqdkcyk ugha FkkA ysfdu] gesa;g le>us dh k:jr gS fd NksVs ns'k fuEudkj.kksa ls egk'kfDr;ksa osQ cM+s dke osQ Fks

(d) egoiw.kZ lalk/uksa (tSls rsy vkSj[kfut)]

([k) Hkw&{ks=k (rkfd ;gk ls egk'kfDr;kvius gfFk;kjksa vkSj lsuk dk lapkyudj losaQ)]

(x) lSfud fBdkus (tgk ls egk'kfDr;k,d&nwljs dh tklwlh dj losaQ) vkSj

(?k) vkfFkZd enn (ftlesa xBca/u esa'kkfey cgqr ls NksVs&NksVs ns'klSU;&[kpZ ogu djus esa ennxkj gksldrs Fks)A;s ,sls dkj.k Fks tks NksVs ns'kksa dks

egk'kfDr;ksa osQ fy, k:jh cuk nsrss FksAfopkj/kjk osQ dkj.k Hkh ;s ns'k egoiw.kZFksA xqVksa esa 'kkfey ns'kksa dh fu"Bk ls ;glaosQr feyrk Fkk fd egk'kfDr;k fopkjksa dkikjLifjd ;q Hkh thr jgh gSaA xqV esa'kkfey gks jgss ns'kksa osQ vk/kj ij os lksp

ldrh Fkha fd mnkjoknh yksdra=k vkSj iwathokn]lektokn vkSj lkE;okn ls dgha csgrj gSvFkok lektokn vkSj lkE;okn] mnkjoknhyksdra=k vkSj iwathokn dh vis{kk csgrj gSA

'khr;q osQ nk;js'khr;q osQ nkSjku vusd ladV lkeus vk;sAD;wck osQ ftl felkby ladV ls geus blv;k; dh 'kq#vkr dh] og buesa ls ,dFkkA 'khr;q osQ nkSjku [kwuh yM+kb;k Hkhgqb] ysfdu ;gk ;ku nsus dh ckr ;g HkhgS fd bu ladVksa vkSj yM+kb;ksa dh ifj.kfrrhljs fo'o;q osQ :i esa ugha gqbZA nksuksaegk'kfDr;k dksfj;k (1950&1953)] cfyZu(1958&1962)] dkaxks (1960 osQ n'kddh 'kq#vkr) vkSj dbZ vU; txgksa ijlh/s&lh/s eqBHksM+ dh fLFkfr esa vk pqdhFkhaA ladV xgjkrk x;k D;ksafd nksuksa esa lsdksbZ Hkh i{k ihNs gVus osQ fy, rS;kj ughaFkkA tc ge 'khr;q osQ nk;jksa dh ckrdjrs gSa rks gekjk vk'k; ,sls {ks=kksa ls gksrk gStgk fojks/h [kseksa esa cVs ns'kksa osQ chp ladVosQ volj vk;s] ;q gq, ;k buosQ gksus dhlaHkkouk cuh] ysfdu ckrsa ,d gn ls T;knkugha c


'khr;q dk ?kVuke

1947 % lkE;okn dks jksdus osQ ckjs esa vejhdh jk"VifrVweSu dk flkarA

1947&52 % ek'kZy Iyku if'peh ;wjksi osQ iqufuZekZ.k esavejhdk dh lgk;rkA

1948&49 % lksfo;r la?k }kjk cfyZu dh ?ksjkcanhA vejhdk vkSjmlosQ lkFkh ns'kksa us if'peh cfyZu osQ ukxfjdksa dkstks vkiwfrZ Hksth Fkh mls lksfo;r la?k us viusfoekuksa ls mBk fy;kA

1950&53 % dksfj;kbZ ;q 38oha lekukarj js[kk osQ }kjk dksfj;kdk foHkktuA

1954 % fo;rukfe;ksa osQ gkFkksa nk;u ch;u iwQ esa Qkal dhgkj_ tsusok le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj_ 17oha lekukarjjs[kk }kjk fo;ruke dk foHkktu_ fl,Vks (SEATO)dk xBuA

1954&75 % fo;ruke esa vejhdh gLr{ksiA1955 % cxnkn le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj_ ckn esa bls lsUVks

(CENTO) osQ uke ls tkuk x;kA1956 % gaxjh esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksiA1961 % D;wck esa vejhdk }kjk k;ksftr ^cs vkWiQ fiXl*

vke.k1961 % cfyZu&nhokj [kM+h dh xbZA1962 % D;wck dk felkby ladVA1965 % Mksfefudu fjifCyd esa vejhdh gLr{ksiA1968 % psdksLyksokfd;k esa lksfo;r gLr{ksiA1972 % vejhdh jk"Vifr fuDlu dk phu nkSjkA1978&89 % oaQcksfM;k esa fo;ruke dk gLr{ksiA1979&89 % vI+kQxkfuLrku esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksi1985 % xksckZPkso lksfo;r la?k osQ jk"Vifr cus_ lq/kj dh

f;k vkjaHk dhA1989 % cfyZu&nhokj fxjh_ iwohZ ;wjksi dh ljdkjksa osQ fo#

yksxksa dk n'kZuA1990 % teZuh dk ,dhdj.kA1991 % lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu_ 'khr;q dh lekfIrA

vkanksyu osQ eq[k usrkvksa esa ,d tokgjykyusg: FksA usg: us mkjh vkSj nf{k.kh dksfj;kosQ chp e;LFkrk esa egoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkbZA dkaxks ladV esaa la;qDr jk"V la?k osQegklfpo us eq[k e;LFk dh HkwfedkfuHkkbZA varr% ;g ckr mHkjdj lkeus vkrhgS fd egk'kfDr;ksa us le> fy;k Fkk fd;q dks gj gkyr esa Vkyuk k:jh gSA blhle> osQ dkj.k nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa us la;ecjrk vkSj varjkZ"Vh; ekeyksa esa ftEesokjhHkjk cjrko fd;kA 'khr;q ,d {ks=k ls nwljs{ks=k dh rjiQ ljdrk x;k vkSj blesa la;edk roZQ gh dke dj jgk FkkA

gkykfd 'khr;q osQ nkSjku nksuksa ghxBca/uksa osQ chp fr}afnrk lekIr ugha gqbZFkhA blh dkj.k ,d&nwljs osQ fr 'kadk dhgkyr esa nksuksa xqVksa us Hkjiwj gfFk;kj tekfd, vkSj yxkrkj ;q osQ fy, rS;kjh djrsjgsA gfFk;kjksa osQ cM+s k[khjs dks ;q ls cpsjgus osQ fy, k:jh ekuk x;kA

nksuksa ns'k yxkrkj bl ckr dks le> jgsFks fd la;e osQ ckotwn ;q gks ldrk gSAnksuksa i{kksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh nwljs osQ gfFk;kjksa dhla[;k dks ysdj X +kyr vuqeku yxk ldrkFkkA nksuksa xqV ,d&nwljs dh ea'kk dks le>usesa Hkwy dj ldrs FksA blosQ vfrfjDr loky;g Hkh Fkk fd dksbZ ijek.kq nq?kZVuk gks xbZ rksD;k gksxk\ vxj X+kyrh ls dksbZ ijek.kqgfFk;kj py tk, ;k dksbZ lSfud 'kjkjru;q 'kq: djus osQ bjkns ls dksbZ gfFk;kjpyk ns rks D;k gksxk\ vxj ijek.kq gfFk;kjosQ dkj.k dksbZ nq?kZVuk gks tk, rks D;kgksxk\ ,slh nq?kZVuk dk f'kdkj gq, ns'k osQusrkvksa dks oSQls irk pysxk fd ;g 'k=kqdk "kM+;a=k ugha vFkok nwljh rjiQ ls dksbZfelkby ugha nkxh xbZ gS] cfYd ;g egt,d nq?kZVuk gS\

'khr;q dk nkSj 9

;s nksuksa dkVZwu e'kgwjHkkjrh; dkVZwfuLV oqQ h^us cuk, gSaA buesa'khr;q dks ysdj HkkjrosQ ukfj, dks fpf=krfd;k x;k gSA igykdkVZwu ml le; dk gStc lektoknh lksfo;rx.kjkT; dks va/sjs esaj[kdj vejhdk us phuosQ lkFk xqipqi nksLrhxkaBhA bl dkVwZu esafn[kk, x, fdjnkjksa osQckjs esa vkSj tkudkjhtqVkb,A nwljs dkVwZu esafo;ruke esa vejhdhnqLlkgl dks fpf=krfd;k x;k gSAfo;ruke&;q osQ ckjsesa vkSj tkudkjh tqVk,A

,d ukj b/j Hkh vejhdh jk"Vifr tkWulu fo;ruke osQ elys ij cM+s d"V esa tku iM+rs gSaA

jktuhfrd clar phu osQ gkFkksa esa vejhdk dk gkFk

oqQ^h]

ykWfiQ

ax fon oqQ

^hoqQ^

h] ykWfiQ

ax fon oqQ

^h


tkslsiQ czkWk VhVks(1892&1980);qxksLykfo;k osQ'kkld (1940&80)_nwljs fo'o ;q esateZuh osQ f[kykiQyM+s_ lkE;oknh_lksfo;r la?k ls nwjhcuk, j[khA;qxksLykfo;k esa ,drkdk;e dhA

tokgjyky usg:(1889&1964)Hkkjr osQ igys/kuea=kh (1947&64)_,f'k;kbZ ,drk]vukSifuos'khdj.k vkSjfujL=khdj.k osQ ;klfd, vkSj fo'o&'kkafrosQ fy, 'kkafriw.kZlgvfLrRo dhodkyr dhA

bl dkj.k] le; jgrs vejhdk vkSjlksfo;r la?k us oqQNsd ijekf.od vkSj vU;gfFk;kjksa dks lhfer ;k lekIr djus osQ fy,vkil esa lg;ksx djus dk iSQlyk fd;kAnksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa us iSQlyk fd;k fd^vL=k&fu;a=k.k* }kjk gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ ijyxke dlh tk ldrh gS vkSj mlesa LFkk;hlarqyu yk;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls ;kl dh'kq#vkr lu~ 1960 osQ n'kd osQ mkjkZ esagqbZ vkSj ,d n'kd osQ Hkhrj nksuksa i{kksa usrhu vge le>kSrksa ij nLr[+kr fd,A;s laf/;k Fkha ijek.kq ijh{k.k frca/laf/] ijek.kq vlkj laf/ vkSj ijek.kq{ksikL=k ifjlheu laf/ (,aVh cSysfLVdfelkby VhVh)A blosQ ckn egk'kfDr;ksa us^vL=k&ifjlheu* osQ fy, okrkZvksa osQ dbZnkSj fd, vkSj gfFk;kjksa ij vaoqQ'k j[kus osQfy, vussd laf/;k dhaA

nks&/zqoh;rk dks pqukSrh xqVfujis{krkge ns[k pqosQ gSa fd fdl rjg 'khr;q dhokg ls fo'o nks fr}a}h xqVksa esa cV jgkFkkA blh lanHkZ esa xqVfujis{krk us ,f'k;k]vQhdk vkSj ykfruh vejhdk osQ uo&Lora=kns'kksa dks ,d rhljk fodYi fn;kA ;gfodYi Fkk nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa osQ xqVksa lsvyx jgus dkA

xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dh tM+ esa ;qxksLykfo;kosQ tkslsiQ czkWk VhVks] Hkkjr osQ tokgjykyusg: vkSj felz osQ xeky vCnqy ukflj dhnksLrh FkhA bu rhuksa us lu~ 1956 esa ,dliQy cSBd dhA baMksusf'k;k osQ lqd.kks vkSj?kkuk osQ okes ,uwek us budk tksjnkj leFkZufd;kA ;s ikp usrk xqVfujis{k vkanksyu osQ

laLFkkid dgyk,A igyk xqVfujis{k lEesyulu~ 1961 esa csyxzsM esa gqvkA ;g lEesyude ls de rhu ckrksa dh ifj.kfr Fkk

(d) bu ikp ns'kksa osQ chp lg;ksx]([k) 'khr;q dk lkj vkSj blosQ c

'khr;q dk nkSj 11

xqVfujis{k vkanksyuosQ laLFkkid

lqd.kksZ(1901&1970)baMksusf'k;k osQ igysjk"Vifr (1945&65)_Lora=krk laxzke dkusr`Ro_ lektokn vkSjlkezkT;okn&fojks/ osQfy, frc_ ckaMqa x &lEesyu osQ vk;kstdAlSfud foksg esar[+rkiyV gqvkA

i`Fkdrkokn ughaA i`Fkdrkokn dk vFkZ gksrkgS vius dks varjkZ"Vh; ekeyksa ls dkVdjj[kukA 1787 esa vejhdk esa Lora=krk dhyM+kbZ gqbZ FkhA blosQ ckn ls igys fo'o;qdh 'kq#vkr rd vejhdk us vius dksvarjkZ"Vh; ekeyksa ls vyx j[kkA mlusi`Fkdrkokn dh fons'k&uhfr viukbZ FkhAblosQ foijhr xqVfujis{k ns'kksa us] ftlesaHkkjr Hkh 'kkfey gS] 'kkafr vkSj fLFkjrk cuk,j[kus osQ fy, fr}a}h xqVksa osQ chp e;LFkrkesa lf; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA xqVfujis{k ns'kksa dhrkdr dh tM+ mudh vkilh ,drk vkSjegk'kfDr;ksa }kjk vius&vius [kses esa 'kkfeydjus dh iqjtksj dksf'k'kksa osQ ckotwn ,slsfdlh [kses esa 'kkfey u gksus osQ muosQladYi esa gSA

xqVfujis{krk dk vFkZ rVLFkrk dk /eZfuHkkuk Hkh ugha gSA rVLFkrk dk vFkZ gksrk gSeq[;r% ;q esa 'kkfey u gksus dh uhfr dkikyu djukA rVLFkrk dh uhfr dk ikyudjus okys ns'k osQ fy, ;g k:jh ugha fdog ;q dks lekIr djus esa enn djsA ,slsns'k ;q esa layXu ugha gksrs vkSj u gh ;qosQ lgh&X+kyr gksus osQ ckjs esa mudk dksbZi{k gksrk gSA njvly dbZ dkj.kksa ls xqVfujis{kns'k] ftlesa Hkkjr Hkh 'kkfey gS] ;q esa'kkfey gq, gSaA bu ns'kksa us nwljs ns'kksa osQchp ;q dks gksus ls Vkyus osQ fy, dkefd;k gS vkSj gks jgs ;q osQ var osQ fy,;kl fd, gSaA

uo varjkZ"Vh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkkxqVfujis{k ns'k 'khr;q osQ nkSjku egte;LFkrk djus okys ns'k Hkj ugha FksAxqVfujis{k vkanksyu esa 'kkfey vf/dka'k

ns'kksa dks ^vYi fodflr ns'k* dk ntkZfeyk FkkA bu ns'kksa osQ lkeus eq[; pqukSrhvkfFkZd :i ls vkSj T;knk fodkl djusrFkk viuh turk dks X+kjhch ls mckjus dhFkhA uo&Lora=k ns'kksa dh vkkknh osQ fygkkls Hkh vkfFkZd fodkl egoiw.kZ FkkA cX+k SjfVdk fodkl osQ dksbZ ns'k lgh ek;uksa esavkkkn ugha jg ldrkA mls /uh ns'kksa ijfuHkZj jguk iM+rkA blesa og mifuos'kdns'k Hkh gks ldrk Fkk ftlls jktuhfrdvkkknh gkfly dh xbZA

blh le> ls uo varjkZ"Vh; vkfFkZdO;oLFkk dh /kj.kk dk tUe gqvkA 1972 esala;qDr jk"V la?k osQ O;kikj vkSj fodkl lslaacaf/r lEesyu (;wukbVsM us'kal dkWusaQlvkWu VsM ,aM MsoyiesaV& vadVkM) esa^VqokMZ~l v U;w VsM ikWfylh iQkWj MsoyiesaV*'kh"kZd ls ,d fjiksVZ Lrqr dh xbZA blfjiksVZ esa oSf'od O;kikj&.kkyh esa lq/kjdk Lrko fd;k x;k FkkA bl fjiksVZ esa dgkx;k Fkk fd lq/kjksa ls

(d) vYi fodflr ns'kksa dks vius mukfrd lalk/uksa ij fu;a=k.k kIrgksxk ftudk nksgu if'pe osQfodflr ns'k djrs gSa_

([k) vYi fodflr ns'kks a dh igqpif'peh ns'kksa osQ ckkkj rd gksxh_os viuk lkeku csp losaQxs vkSj blrjg X+kjhc ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g O;kikjiQk;nsean gksxk_

(x) if'peh ns'kksa ls eaxk;h tk jghkS|ksfxdh dh ykxr de gksxh vkSj

(?k) vYi fodflr ns'kksa dh varjkZ"Vh;vkfFkZd laLFkkuksa esa Hkwfedk c


xqVfujis{k vkanksyuosQ laLFkkid

ikp ,sls ns'kksa osQuke crk, tks nwljsfo'o;q dhlekfIr osQ cknmifuos'kokn osQpaxqy ls eqDr gq,A

rks bldk eryc ;gfd uo varjkZ"Vh;vkfFkZd O;oLFkk clfopkj gh jgk& dHkhlkdkj ugha gqvk!

okes ,uwek(1909&1972)?kkuk osQ igys /kuea=kh(1952&66)_ vktknhdh yM+kbZ osQ vxqvk_vQhdh ,drk vkSjlektokn osQ i{k/jAuo&mifuos'kokn dkfojks/ fd;kA lSfud"kM~;a=k esa budkr[+rkiyV gqvkA

xqVfujis{krk dh fr /hjs&/hjs cnyhvkSj blesa vkfFkZd eqkas dks vf/d egofn;k tkus yxkA csyxzsM esa gq, igyslEesyu (1961) esa vkfFkZd eqs T;knkegoiw.kZ ugha FksA lu~ 1970 osQ n'kd osQe; rd vkfFkZd eqs eq[k gks mBsA blosQifj.kkeLo:i xqVfujis{k vkanksyu vkfFkZdncko&lewg cu x;kA lu~ 1980 osQ n'kdosQ mkjkZ rd uo varjkZ"Vh; vkfFkZdO;oLFkk dks cuk;s&pyk;s j[kus osQ ;klean iM+ x,A bldk eq[; dkj.k Fkk fodflrns'kksa }kjk fd;k tk jgk rst fojks/A fodflrns'k ,d lqj esa fojks/ dj jgs Fks tcfdxqVfujis{k ns'kksa dks bl fojks/ osQ chpviuh ,drk cuk, j[kus osQ fy, th&rksM+esgur djuh iM+ jgh FkhA

Hkkjr vkSj 'khr;qxqVfujis{k vkanksyu osQ usrk osQ :i esa 'khr;qosQ nkSj esa Hkkjr us nks Lrjksa ij viuh HkwfedkfuHkkbZA ,d Lrj ij Hkkjr us ltx vkSjlpsr :i ls vius dks nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa dh[ksescanh ls vyx j[kkA nwljs] Hkkjr us mifuos'kksaosQ pqaxy ls eqDr gq, uo&Lora=k ns'kksa osQegk'kfDr;ksa osQ [kses esa tkus dk iqjtksjfojks/ fd;kA

Hkkjr dh uhfr u rks udkjkRed Fkh vkSju gh fuf";rk dhA usg: us fo'o dks ;knfnyk;k fd xqVfujis{krk dksbZ ^iyk;u*dh uhfr ugha gSA blosQ foijhr] Hkkjr'khr;qdkyhu fr}afnrk dh tdM+

'khr;q dk nkSj 13

pj.k d{kk dks cjkcj la[;k okys rhu lewgksa esa ckVsA R;sd lewg

nqfu;k osQ bu rhu [kseksa esa ls fdlh ,d dh uqekbanxhdjsxk& iwthoknh nqfu;k] lkE;oknh nqfu;k ;k rhljh nqfu;kA

v;kid ,sls nks laosnu'khy eqksa dks pqusaxs tks 'khr;q osQnkSjku fo'o 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dks [+krjk mRiUu dj pqosQ gksa(dksfj;k vkSj fo;ruke ladV vPNs mnkgj.k gks ldrs gSa)A

R;sd lewg dks lacaf/r eqs ij ^?kVuk&p* cukus dksdgsaA mudks vius lewg osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls ,d Lrqfr djuhgksxhA bl Lrqfr esa ?kVuk dk dkye] mlosQ dkj.k vkSjleL;k osQ lek/ku osQ fy, mudk dk;Ze 'kkfey gksxkA

R;sd lewg dks d{kk osQ lkeus ^?kVuk&p* Lrqr djusdks dgsaA

v;kidksa osQ fy,

Nk=kks a dks ;ku fnyk, fd fdl dkj bu ladVksa us lacaf/r ns'kks a

vkSj 'ks"k fo'o dks Hkkfor fd;kA bu ns'kks a dh orZeku fLFkfr lsHkh tksM+dj ppkZ djsaA

bu {ks=kksa esa 'kkafr LFkkfir djus esa la;qDr jk"V vkSj rhljh nqfu;k osQusrkvksa dh Hkwfedk dks js[kkafdr djsa (dksfj;k vkSj fo;ruke ladV esaHkkjr dh Hkwfedk dks lanHkZ osQ fy, fy;k tk ldrk gS)A

^'khr;q osQ ckn okys nkSj esa ge bl dkj osQ ladVksa dks oSQls Vkyldrs gSa* bl fo"k; ij okn&fookn 'kq: djsaA

viuk #[k dj ldrk FkkA nksuksa xqVksa esals dksbZ Hkh Hkkjr dks ysdj u rks csfI+kQgks ldrk Fkk vkSj u gh /kSal tekldrk FkkAHkkjr dh xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr dh dbZ

dkj.kksa ls vkykspuk dh xbZA ge ;gk ,slhnks vkykspukvksa dh ppkZ djsaxs

vkykspdksa dk ,d roZQ ;g gS fdHkkjr dh xqVfujis{krk ^flkarfoghu*gSA dgk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr vius jk"Vh;fgrksa dks lk/us osQ uke ij vDljegoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vh; ekeyksa ij dksbZlqfuf'pr i{k ysus ls cprk jgkAvkykspdksas dk nwljk roZQ gS fd HkkjrosQ O;ogkj esa fLFkjrk ugha jgh vkSj dbZckj Hkkjr dh fLFkfr fojks/kHkklh jghAegk'kfDr;ksa osQ [kseksa esa 'kkfey gksus ijnwljs ns'kksa dh vkykspuk djus okysHkkjr us Lo;a lu~ 1971 osQ vxLr esalksfo;r la?k osQ lkFk vkilh fe=krk dhlaf/ ij gLrk{kj fd,A fons'kh i;Zos{kdksaus bls Hkkjr dk lksfo;r [kses esa 'kkfeygksuk ekukA Hkkjr dh ljdkj dk n`f"Vdks.k;g Fkk fd ckaXykns'k&ladV osQ le;mls jktuf;d vkSj lSfud lgk;rk dhk:jr Fkh vkSj ;g laf/ mls la;qDrjkT; vejhdk lfgr vU; ns'kksa ls vPNslaca/ cukus ls ugha jksdrhAxqVfujis{krk dh uhfr 'khr;q osQ lanHkZ

esa iuih FkhA nwljs v;k; esa ge i


lhfer ijek.kq ijh{k.k

lhfer ijek.kq ijh{k.k laf/ (,yVhchVh)ok;qeaMy] ckgjh varfj{k rFkk ikuh osQ vanj ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa osQ ijh{k.k ij frca/ yxkus okyh bl laf/ ij vejhdk]fczVsu rFkk lksfo;r la?k us ekLdks esa 5 vxLr 1963 dks gLrk{kj fd,A ;g laf/ 10 vDrwcj 1963 ls Hkkoh gks xbZAijek.kq vlkj laf/ (,uihVh);g laf/ osQoy ijek.kq 'kfDr&laiUu ns'kksa dks ,Veh gfFk;kj j[kus dh vuqefr nsrh gS vkSj ckdh ns'kksa dks ,sls gfFk;kj gkflydjus ls jksdrh gSA ijek.kq vlkj laf/ osQ ms';ksa dks ;ku esa j[krs gq, mu ns'kksa dks ijek.kq&'kfDr ls laiUu ns'k ekukx;k ftUgksaus 1 tuojh 1967 ls igys fdlh ijek.kq gfFk;kj vFkok vU; foLiQksVd ijek.kq lkefxz;ksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj foLiQksVfd;k gksA bl ifjHkk"kk osQ varxZr ikp ns'kksa & vejhdk] lksfo;r la?k (ckn esa :l)] fczVsu] Qkal vkSj phu dks ijek.kq&'kfDrls laiUu ekuk x;kA bl laf/ ij ,d tqykbZ 1968 dks okWf'kaXVu] yanu vkSj ekLdks esa gLrk{kj gq, vkSj ;g laf/ 5 ekpZ1970 ls Hkkoh gqbZA bl laf/ dks 1995 esa vfu;rdky osQ fy, c

'khr;q dk nkSj 15'ukoyh

1- 'khr;q osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku X+kyr gS\(d) ;g la;qDr jkT; vejhdk] lksfo;r la?k vkSj muosQ lkFkh ns'kksa osQ chp dh ,d

frLi/kZ Fkh\([k) ;g egk'kfDr;ksa osQ chp fopkj/kjkvksa dks ysdj ,d ;q FkkA(x) 'khr;q us gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ 'kq: dhA(?k) vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k lh/s ;q esa 'kkfey FksA

2- fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk dFku xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu osQ ms';ksa ij dk'k ugha Mkyrk\(d) mifuos'kokn ls eqDr gq, ns'kksa dks Lora=k uhfr viukus esa leFkZ cukukA([k) fdlh Hkh lSU; laxBu esa 'kkfey gksus ls badkj djukA(x) oSf'od ekeyksa esa rVLFkrk dh uhfr viukukA(?k) oSf'od vkfFkZd vlekurk dh lekfIr ij ;ku osaQfr djukA

3- uhps egk'kfDr;ksa }kjk cuk, lSU; laxBuksa dh fo'ks"krk crkus okys oqQN dFku fn, x, gSaA R;sddFku osQ lkeus lgh ;k X+kyr dk fp yxk,A(d) xBca/u osQ lnL; ns'kksa dks vius Hkw&{ks=k esa egk'kfDr;ksa osQ lSU; vM~Ms osQ fy, LFkku nsuk

k:jh FkkA([k) lnL; ns'kksa dks fopkj/kjk vkSj j.kuhfr nksuks Lrjksa ij egk'kfDr dk leFkZu djuk FkkA(x) tc dksbZ jk"V fdlh ,d lnL;&ns'k ij vke.k djrk Fkk rks bls lHkh lnL; ns'kksa ij

vke.k le>k tkrk FkkA(?k) egk'kfDr;k lHkh lnL; ns'kksa dks vius ijek.kq gfFk;kj fodflr djus esa enn

djrh FkhaA

4- uhps oqQN ns'kksa dh ,d lwph nh xbZ gSA R;sd osQ lkeus fy[kas fd og 'khr;q osQ nkSjku fdl xqVls tqM+k Fkk\(d) iksySaM([k) Qkal(x) tkiku(?k) ukbthfj;k(M) mkjh dksfj;k(p) Jhyadk

rkdr cu ldrs gSaA xqVfujis{krk dk vk'k;gS fd xjhc vkSj fo'o osQ cgqr NksVsns'kksa dks Hkh fdlh egk'kfDr dk fiNyXxwcuus dh k:jr ugha gSA ;s ns'k viuhLora=k fons'k uhfr viuk ldrs gSaA ;gvkanksyu ekStwnk vlekurkvksa ls fuiVus

osQ fy, ,d oSdfYid fo'o&O;oLFkkcukus vkSj varjkZ"Vh; O;oLFkk dks yksdra=k/ehZcukus osQ ladYi ij Hkh fVdk gSA viusvki esa ;s fopkj cqfu;knh ego osQ gSavkSj 'khr;q dh lekfIr osQ ckn Hkhklafxd gSaA

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr16'

ukoy

h5- 'khr;q ls gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ vkSj gfFk;kjksa ij fu;a=k.k ;s nksuksa gh f;k, iSnk gqbA bu nksuksa

f;kvksa osQ D;k dkj.k Fks\

6- egk'kfDr;k NksVs ns'kksa osQ lkFk lSU; xBca/u D;ksa j[krh Fkha\ rhu dkj.k crkb,\

7- dHkh&dHkh dgk tkrk gS fd 'khr;q lh/s rkSj ij 'kfDr osQ fy, la?k"kZ Fkk vkSj bldk fopkj/kjkls dksbZ laca/ ugha FkkA D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\ vius mkj osQ leFkZu esa ,dmnkgj.k nsaA

8- 'khr;q osQ nkSjku Hkkjr dh vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ fr fons'k uhfr D;k Fkh\ D;k vki ekursgSa fd bl uhfr us Hkkjr osQ fgrksa dks vkxs c

ifjp;'khr;q osQ lcls ljX+keZ nkSj esa cfyZu&nhokj[kM+h dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g nhokj 'khr;q dklcls cM+k rhd FkhA 1989 esa iwohZ teZuhdh vke turk us bl nhokj dks fxjk fn;kAbl ukVdh; ?kVuk osQ ckn vkSj Hkh ukVdh;rFkk ,sfrgkfld ?kVuke lkeus vk;kA bldhifj.kfr nwljh nqfu;k osQ iru vkSj 'khr;qdh lekfIr esa gqbZA nwljs fo'o;q osQ cknfoHkkftr gks pqosQ teZuh dk vc ,dhdj.kgks x;kA lksfo;r la?k osQ [kses esa 'kkfey iwohZ;wjksi osQ vkB ns'kksa us ,d&,d djosQ turkosQ n'kZuksa dks ns[kdj vius lkE;oknh 'kkludks cny MkykA 'khr;q osQ var osQ le;lksfo;r la?k dks ;g lc pqipki ns[krs jgukiM+kA ,slk fdlh lSU; etcwjh ls ugha] cfYdvke turk dh lkewfgd dkjZokbZ osQ nckoosQ dkj.k gqvkA var esa Lo;a lksfo;r la?k dkfo?kVu gks x;kA bl v;k; esa ge nwljhnqfu;k osQ fo?kVu osQ vk'k;] dkj.k vkSjifj.kkekssa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxsA ge ;g HkhppkZ djsaxs fd lksfo;r 'kklu osQ iru osQckn nqfu;k osQ bl fgLls esa D;k gqvk vkSjvc bu ns'kksa ls Hkkjr osQ fj'rs oSQls gSaA

v;k; 2

nks /kzqoh;rk dk varnks /kzqoh;rk dk varnks /kzqoh;rk dk varnks /kzqoh;rk dk varnks /kzqoh;rk dk var

cfyZu dh nhokj iwthoknh nqfu;kvkSj lkE;oknh nqfu;k osQ chpfoHkktu dk rhd FkhA 1961esa cuh ;g nhokj if'peh cfyZu dks iwohZ cfyZu ls vyxkrh FkhA 150 fdyksehVjls Hkh T;knk yach ;g nhokj 28 o"kksaZ rd [kM+h jgh vkSj vkf[kjdkj turk us bls9 uoacj] 1989 dks rksM+ fn;kA ;g nksuksa teZuh osQ ,dhdj.k vkSj lkE;oknh [ksesdh lekfIr dh 'kq#vkr FkhA ;gk fn, x, fp=k blh dFkke dks lkeus j[krs gSaA1- yksx nhokj esa NksVk lk Nsn dj jgsa gSaA2- eqDr vkokxeu dks laHko cukus osQ fy, nhokj osQ ,d fgLls dks fxjk fn;k

x;k gSA3- 1989 ls igys cfyZu dh nhokj

fp=k izsQMfjd jse vkSj ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ ;wVkg ls lkHkkj


miHkksDrk&m|ksx Hkh cgqr mUur Fkk vkSj fiuls ysdj dkj rd lHkh phtksa dk mRiknuogk gksrk FkkA gkykfd lksfo;r la?k osQmiHkksDrk m|ksx esa cuus okyh oLrq, xq.kokkosQ fygkt ls if'peh ns'kksa osQ Lrj dh ughaFkha ysfdu lksfo;r la?k dh ljdkj us viuslHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy, ,d U;wure thouLrj lqfuf'pr dj fn;k FkkA ljdkj cqfu;knhk:jr dh phtsa elyu LokLF;&lqfo/k]f'k{kk] cPpksa dh ns[kHkky rFkk yksd&dY;k.kdh vU; phtsa fj;k;rh nj ij eqgS;k djkrhFkhA csjksstxkjh ugha FkhA fefYd;r dk eq[k:i jkT; dk LokfeRo Fkk rFkk Hkwfe vkSjvU; mRiknd lainkvksa ij LokfeRo gksus osQvykok fu;a=k.k Hkh jkT; dk gh FkkA

cgjgky] lksfo;r .kkyh ij ukSdj'kkghdk f'kdatk dlrk pyk x;kA ;g .kkyhlkkoknh gksrh xbZ vkSj ukxfjdksa dk thoudfBu gksrk pyk x;kA yksdra=k vkSj vfHkO;fDrdh vkkknh ugha gksus osQ dkj.k yksx viuhvlgefr vDlj pqVoqQyksa vkSj dkVwZuksa esaO;Dr djrs FksA lksfo;r la?k dh vf/dka'klaLFkkvksa esa lq/kj dh k:jr FkhA lksfo;rla?k esa ,d ny ;kuh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk'kklu Fkk vkSj bl ny dk lHkh laLFkkvksa ijxgjk vaoqQ'k FkkA ;g ny turk osQ frtokcnsg ugha FkkA turk us viuh laLfrvkSj ckdh ekeyksa dh lkt&laHkky viusvki djus osQ fy, 15 x.kjkT;ksa dks vkilesa feykdj lksfo;r la?k cuk;k FkkA ysfduikVhZ us turk dh bl bPNk dks igpkuus lsbadkj dj fn;kA gkykfd lksfo;r la?k osQuD'ks esa :l] la?k osQ iUg x.kjkT;ksa esa ls,d Fkk ysfdu okLro esa :l dk gj ekeysesa HkqRo FkkA vU; {ks=kksa dh turk vDljmisf{kr vkSj nfer eglwl djrh FkhA

lksfo;r .kkyh D;k Fkh\lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; (;w-,l-,l-vkj-):l esa gqbZ 1917 dh lektoknh kafr osQckn vfLrRo esa vk;kA ;g kafr iwthoknhO;oLFkk osQ fojks/ esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj lektoknosQ vkn'kks vkSj lerkewyd lekt dh k:jrls sfjr FkhA ;g ekuo bfrgkl esa futhlaifk dh laLFkk dks lekIr djus vkSj lektdks lekurk osQ flkar ij lpsr :i lsjpus dh lcls cM+h dksf'k'k FkhA ,slk djusesa lksfo;r .kkyh osQ fuekZrkvksa us jkT; vkSj^ikVhZ dh laLFkk* dks kFkfed ego fn;kAlksfo;r jktuhfrd .kkyh dh /qjh dE;qfuLVikVhZ FkhA blesaa fdlh vU; jktuhfrd ny;k foi{k osQ fy, txg ugha FkhA vFkZO;oLFkk;kstukc vkSj jkT; osQ fu;a=k.k esa FkhA

nwljs fo'o;q osQ ckn iwohZ ;wjksi osQns'k lksfo;r la?k osQ vaoqQ'k esa vk x;sAlksfo;r lsuk us bUgsa iQklhoknh rkOkQrksa osQpaxqy ls eqDr djk;k FkkA bu lHkh ns'kksa dhjktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk dks lksfo;rla?k dh lektoknh .kkyh dh rtZ ij

nks /zqoh;rk dk var 19

tkstsiQ LVkfyu(1879&1953)ysfuu osQ mkjkf/dkjh_lksfo;r la?k osQ etcwrcuus osQ nkSj esa(1924&1953) usr`Rofd;k_ vkS|ksxhdj.kdks rsth ls c


us iwthokn rFkk yksdra=k dks viuk vk/kjcuk;kA

lkE;oknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; osQ fo?kVudh ?kks"k.kk vkSj Lora=k jkT;ksa osQ jk"VoqQy(dkWeuosYFk vkWo bafMisaMsaV LVsV~l) dk xBuckdh x.kjkT;ksa] [kkldj e; ,f'k;kbZx.kjkT;ksa osQ fy, cgqr vk'p;Zpfdr djusokyk FkkA ;s x.kjkT; vHkh ^ Lora=k jkT;ksa osQjk"VoqQy* ls ckgj FksA bl eqs dks rqjar gydj fy;k x;kA bUgsa ^ jk"VoqQy* dk laLFkkidlnL; cuk;k x;kA :l dks lksfo;r la?k dkmkjkf/dkjh jkT; Lohdkj fd;k x;kA :ldks lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa lksfo;r la?k dh lhVfeyhA lksfo;r la?k us tks varjkZ"Vh; djkjvkSj laf/;k dh Fkha mu lc dks fuHkkus dkftEek vc :l dk FkkA lksfo;r la?k osQfo?kVu osQ ckn osQ le; esa iwoZorhZ x.kjkT;ksaosQ chp ,dek=k ijek.kq 'kfDr laiUu ns'kdk nkkZ :l dks feykA mlus vejhdk osQlkFk ijek.kq fujL=khdj.k dh fn'kk esa oqQNdne Hkh mBk,A lksfo;r la?k vc ugha jgk_og nI+kQu gks pqdk FkkA

lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu D;kas gqvk\fo'o dh nwljh lcls cM+h egk'kfDrvpkud oSQls fc[kj xbZ\ fli+ ZQ lksfo;rla?k vkSj lkE;okn osQ var dks le>us osQfy, gh ;g loky iwNuk k:jh ughaA ;gloky fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ

iru dks le>us osQ fy, k:jh gS D;ksafdlksfo;r la?k osQ :i esa u rks dksbZjkt&O;oLFkk igyh ckj VwVh gS vkSj u ghvkf[kjh ckjA lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQoqQN fo'ks"k dkj.k k:j gks ldrs gSaysfdu bl ekeys ls ge ,d loZ&lkekU;lcd lh[k ldrs gSaA

blesa dksbZ lansg ugha gS fd lksfo;rla?k dh jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd laLFkk, van#uhdetksjh osQ dkj.k yksxksa dh vkdka{kkvksadks iwjk ugha dj ldhaA ;gh lksfo;r la?kosQ iru dk dkj.k jgkA dbZ lkyks ard vFkZO;oLFkk xfr# jghA bllsmiHkksDrk&oLrqvksa dh cM+h deh gks xbZ vkSjlksfo;r la?k dh vkcknh dk ,d cM+kfgLlk viuh jktO;oLFkk dks 'kd dh ukjls ns[kus yxk_ ml ij [kqysvke loky [kM+sdjus 'kq: fd,A

;g O;oLFkk bruh dekksj oSQls gqbZvkSj vFkZO;oLFkk esa xfrjks/ D;ksa vk;k\bldk mkj dkiQh gn rd lkiQ gSA blflyflys esa ,d ckr ,dne Li"V gS fdlksfo;r la?k us vius lalk/uksa dk vf/dka'kijek.kq gfFk;kj vkSj lSU; lktks&lkeku ijyxk;kA mlus vius lalk/u iwohZ ;wjksi osQvius fiNyXxw ns'kksa osQ fodkl ij Hkh [kpZfd, rkfd os lksfo;r fu;a=k.k esa cus jgsaAblls lksfo;r la?k ij xgjk vkfFkZd nckccuk vkSj lksfo;r O;oLFkk bldk lkeuk ugha

dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk ,d vf/dkjh ekLdks ls jokuk gqvk vkSj lkewfgd [ksrh osQ ,d ^ iQkeZ* ij vkyw dhiSnkokj dks ntZ djus osQ fy, igqpkA^fdlku lkFkh] bl lky dh iSnkokj dSlh jgh\* vf/dkjh us iwNkA^bZ'oj dh ik ls vkyw osQ igkM+ yx x;s gSa* fdlku us crk;kA^ysfdu bZ'oj rks gksrk ugha!* vf/dkjh us mudh ckr dkVhA^rks fiQj] vkyw osQ igkM+ Hkh ugha gksrs!* fdlku us tokc fn;kA

fufdrk q'pso(1894&1971)lksfo;r la?k osQjk"Vifr (1953&1964)_LVkfyu dh usr`Ro&'kSyhosQ vkykspd_ 1956 esaoqQN lq/kj ykxw fd,_if'pe osQ lkFk^'kkafriw.kZ lgvfLrRo*dk lq>ko j[kk_ gaxjhosQ tu&foksg osQ neuvkSj D;wck osQ felkbyladV esa 'kkfeyA

lksfo;r la?kosQ usrk

eSa gSjku gw! vkf[kjnqfu;kHkj osQ brus lkjslathnk yksxksa us ,slhsO;oLFkk dks D;ksaljkgk\


dj ldhA blh osQ lkFk ,d vkSj ckr gqbZAif'peh eqYdksa dh rjDdh osQ ckjs esa lksfo;rla?k osQ vke ukxfjdksa dh tkudkjh cuso(1906&1982)lksfo;r la?k osQjk"Vifr(1964&1982)_ ,f'k;kdh lkewfgd lqj{kkO;oLFkk dk lq>kofn;k_ vejhdk osQ lkFklaca/kas esa ruko dhdeh osQ nkSj ls laca_psdksLyksokfd;k osQtu&foksg osQ neu vkSjviQxkfuLrku ijvke.k esa 'kkfeyA




fe[+kkby xksckZpso(tUe 1931)lksfo;r la?k osQvafre jk"Vifr(1985&1991)_isjsLksbdk(iqujZpuk) vkSjXykluksLr ([kqysiu)osQ vkfFkZd vkSjjktuhfrd lq/kj 'kq:fd,_ vejhdk osQlkFk gfFk;kjksa dhgksM+ ij jksd yxkbZ_viQxkfuLrku vkSjiwohZ ;wjksi ls lksfo;rlsuk okil cqykbZ_teZuh osQ ,dhdj.kesa lgk;d_ 'khr;qlekIr fd;k_lksfo;r la?k osQfo?kVu dk vkjksiyxkA

lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk ?kVuk&p

ekpZ 1985 % fe[+kkby xksckZpso lksfo;r la?k dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ egklfpo pqus x,Acksfjl ;sYrflu dks :l dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk eq[k cuk;kA lksfo;rla?k esa lq/kjksa dh k`a[kyk 'kq: dhA

1988 % fyFkqvkfu;k esa vkkknh osQ fy, vkanksyu 'kq:A ,LVksfu;k vkSj yrkfo;kesa Hkh iSQykA

vDVwcj 1989 % lksfo;r la?k dh ?kks"k.kk fd ^ okjlk le>kSrs* osQ lnL; viuk Hkfo"; r;djus osQ fy, Lora=k gSaA uoacj esa cfyZu dh nhokj fxjhA

iQjojh 1990 % xksckZpso us lksfo;r laln M~;wek osQ pquko osQ fy, cgqnyh; jktuhfr dh'kq#vkr dhA lksfo;r lkk ij dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk 72 o"kZ iqjkuk,dkf/dkj lekIrA

twu 1990 % :lh laln us lksfo;r la?k ls viuh Lora=krk ?kksf"kr dhA

ekpZ 1990 % fyFkqvkfu;k Lora=krk dh ?kks"k.kk djus okyk igyk lksfo;r x.kjkT; cukA

twu 1991 % ;sYrflu dk dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ls bLrhiQkA :l osQ jk"Vifr cusA

vxLr 1991 % dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ xjeiafFk;ksa us xksckZpso osQ f[+kykiQ ,d vliQyr[+rkiyV fd;kA

flracj 1991 % ,LVksfu;k] yrkfo;k vkSj fyFkqvkfu;k] rhuksa ckfYVd x.kjkT; la;qDrjk"Vla?k osQ lnL; cusA (ekpZ 2004 esa mkj vVykafVd laf/ laxBu esa'kkfey)

fnlacj 1991 % :l] csyk:l vkSj msu us 1922 dh lksfo;r la?k osQ fuekZ.k ls laclaf/ dks lekIr djus dk iSQlyk fd;k vkSj Lora=k jk"Vksa dk jk"VoqQycuk;kA vkesZfu;k] vtjcStku] ekYnksok] dkkfdLrku] fdjfx>Lrku]rkfkfdLrku] rqO+kZQesfuLrku vkSj mcsfdLrku Hkh jk"VoqQy esa 'kkfeyAtkftZ;k 1993 esa jk"VoqQy dk lnL; cukA la;qDr jk"Vla?k esa lksfo;r la?kdh lhV :l dks feyhA

25 fnlacj] 1991 % xksckZpso us lksfo;r la?k osQ jk"Vifr osQ in ls bLrhiQk fn;kA lksfo;r la?kdk varA


lksfo;r la?k osQ fofHkUu x.kjkT; bl mHkkjesa 'kkfey FksA jk"Vh;rk vkSj laHkqrk osQHkkoksa dk mHkkj lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dkvafre vkSj lokZf/d rkRdkfyd dkj.k flgqvkA bl elys ij Hkh vyx&vyx jk;feyrh gSA

,d fopkj rks ;g gS fd jk"Vh;rk dhHkkouk vkSj rM+i lksfo;r la?k osQ lewpsbfrgkl esa dgha&u&dgha tkjh Fkh vkSj pkgslq/kj gksrs ;k u gksrs] lksfo;r la?k esavan:uh la?k"kZ gksuk gh FkkA [kSj! ;g rksbfrgkl dh vfuok;Zrk osQ ckjs esa vuqekuyxkuk gqvk ysfdu lksfo;r la?k osQ vkdkj]fofo/rk rFkk bldh ck;k Fkk] gfFk;kjksa dh rst gksM+ 'kq:dh Fkh] ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa osQ lap; dks c


eSaus fdlh dks dgrs gq,lquk gS fd] ^lksfo;rla?k dk var lektokndk var ugha gS*A D;k;g laHko gS\

^Lora=k jkT;ksa osQ jk"VoqQy* dk jktuhfrd ekufp=k] 1997rkfyu

,LVksfu;k

yrkfo;kjhxk

fyFkqvkfu;kfofYuvl

okjlk

ckfYVdlkxj

ekLdks

:l

O+kQkkfdLrku

iksySaM

dho

dkyk lkxj

tkWftZ;k

vesZfu;k vkjcStku

oSQfLi;ulkxjvadkjk

rqdhZ

Hkwe;lkxj lhfj;k

nfe'd bjkd bZjkursgjku

rqoZQesfuLrku

vI+kQxkfuLrku Hkkjr

phurk'koaQn

ekufp=k ij Lora=k e; ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dks fpfr djsaA;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ VsDlkl ykbczsjhk] vkfLVu ls lkHkkj

vjky lkxj

mcsfdLrku

rkfkfdLrku

fdjfx>Lrku

vyekVh

csyk:lfeaLd

mozsQu

fpf'kuk

;kjkoku

frcfyfl

ckowQv'xkosr

nq'kku;s

fc'osQd

ekYnksok

mBkuk pkgrs FksA bu ns'kksa us :l osQ lkFkvius etcwr fj'rs dks tkjh j[kk vkSj if'pehns'kksa] vejhdk] phu rFkk vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFklaca/ cuk,A bl rjg varjkZ"Vh; iQyd ijdbZ u, f[kykM+h lkeus vk;sA gjsd osQ fgr]igpku vkSj vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd leL;k,vyx&vyx FkhaA vkxs bUgha eqksa ij ppkZdh tk,xhA

lkE;oknh 'kklu osQ ckn ^'kkWdFksjsih*lkE;okn osQ iru osQ ckn iwoZ lksfo;r la?kosQ x.kjkT; ,d lkkoknh] lektoknh O;oLFkkls yksdrkaf=kd iwthoknh O;oLFkk rd osQ

ns'kksa dh rkdroj lykgdkj cu xb D;ksafdbu ns'kksa dks iwthokn dh vksj dne c


d"Vn lae.k ls gksdj xqtjsA :l] e;,f'k;k osQ x.kjkT; vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi osQ ns'kksaesa iwthokn dh vksj lae.k dk ,d [kklekWMy viuk;k x;kA fo'o cSad vkSjvarjkZ"Vh; eqk dks"k }kjk funsZf'kr bl ekWMydks ^ 'kkWd Fksjsih* (vk?kkr igqpkdj mipkjdjuk) dgk x;kA HkwriwoZ ^ nwljh nqfu;k* osQns'kksa esa 'kkWd Fksjsih dh xfr vkSj xgurkvyx&vyx jgh ysfdu bldh fn'kk vkSjpfj=k cM+h lhek rd ,d tSls FksA

gj ns'k dks iwthoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dhvksj iwjh rjg eqM+uk FkkA bldk eryc Fkklksfo;r la?k osQ nkSj dh gj lajpuk ls iwjhrjg futkr ikukA ^ 'kkWd Fksjsih* dh lokZsifjekU;rk Fkh fd fefYd;r dk lcls Hkkoh:i futh LokfeRo gksxkA blosQ varxZrjkT; dh laink osQ futhdj.k vkSj O;kolkf;dLokfeRo osQ


lkewfgd [ksrh dh .kkyh lekIr gks pqdhFkh vkSj yksxksa dks vc [kk|kUu dh lqj{kkekStwn ugha jghA :l us [kk|kUu dk vk;krdjuk 'kq: fd;kA lu~ 1999 esa okLrfod^ldy ?kjsyw mRikn* 1989 dh rqyuk esadgha uhps FkkA iqjkuk O;kikfjd


e; ,f'k;k esa] rfkfdLrku nl o"kks;kuh 2001 rd x`g;q dh pisV esa jgkAbl iwjs {ks=k esa dbZ lkankf;d la?k"kZ pyjgs gSaA vkjcSkku dk ,d kar uxjuksadjkck[k gSA ;gk osQ oqQN LFkkuh; vesZfu;kbZvyx gksdj vesZfu;k ls feyuk pkgrs gSaAtkftZ;k esa nks kar Lora=krk pkgrs gSa vkSjx`g;q yM+ jgs gSaA ;wsu] fdjfx>LrkurFkk tkftZ;k esa ekStwnk 'kklu dks m[kkM+isQdus osQ fy, vkanksyu py jgs gSaA dbZns'k vkSj kar unh&ty osQ loky ijvkil esa fHkM+s gq, gSaA bu lkjh ckrksa dhokg ls vfLFkjrk dk ekgkSy gS vkSj vkeukxfjd dk thou nwHkj gSA

e; ,f'k;kbZ x.kjkT;ksa esa gkbMksdkcZfud(isVksfy;e) lalk/uksa dk fo'kky HkaMkjgSA blls bu x.kjkT;ksa dks vkfFkZd ykHkgqvk gS ysfdu blh dkj.k ls ;g {ks=kckgjh rkdrksa vkSj rsy daifu;ksa dh vkilhfrLi/kZ dk v[kkM+k Hkh cu pyk gSA ;g{ks=k :l] phu vkSj vI+kQxkfuLrku ls lVkgS rFkk if'pe ,f'k;k ls utnhd gSA 11flracj 2001 dh ?kVuk osQ ckn vejhdkbl {ks=k esa lSfud fBdkuk cukuk pkgrkFkkA mlus fdjk, ij fBdkus gkfly djusosQ fy, e; ,f'k;k osQ lHkh jkT;ksa dksHkqxrku fd;k vkSj vI+kQxkfuLrku rFkk bjkdesa ;q osQ nkSjku bu {ks=kksa ls vius foekuksadks mM+kus dh vuqefr yhA :l bu jkT;ksadks viuk fudVorhZ ^ fons'k* ekurk gS vkSjmldk ekuuk gS fd bu jkT;ksa dks :l osQHkko esa jguk pkfg,A [kfut&rsy tSlslalk/u dh ekStwnxh osQ dkj.k phu osQfgr Hkh bl {ks=k ls tqM+s gSa vkSj phfu;ksa uslhekorhZ {ks=kksa esa vkdj O;kikj djuk 'kq:dj fn;k gSA

iwohZ ;wjksi esa psdksLyksokfd;k 'kkafriwoZdnks Hkkxksa esa cV x;kA psd rFkk Lyksokfd;kuke osQ nks ns'k cusA ysfdu lcls xgu la?k"kZckYdu {ks=k osQ x.kjkT; ;qxksLykfo;k esagqvkA lu~ 1991 esa ckn ;qxksLykfo;k dbZkarks a esa VwV x;k vkSj blesa 'kkfeycksfLu;k&gtsZxksfouk] Lyksosfu;k rFkk ks,f'k;kus vius dks Lora=k ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA ;gk^ukVks* dks gLr{ksi djuk iM+k_ ;qxksLykfo;kij ceckjh gqbZ vkSj tkrh; la?k"kZ us x`g;qdk :i fy;kA

lksfo;r la?k dks fo?kfVr gq, lkr lky chr x;s ysfdu fganh fiQYeksa osQfy, mcsd yksxksa esa ogh yyd ekStwn gSA fgUnqLrku esa dksbZ ubZ fiQYefjyht gqbZ ugha fd pan grksa osQ Hkhrj bldh ikbjsVsM dkfi;k mcsfdLrkudh jkt/kuh rk'kdan esa fcdus osQ fy, miyC/ gks tkrh gSaA rk'kdan osQ,d cM+s ckkkj osQ uknhd fgUnh fiQYeksa dh ,d nqdku eqgEen 'kjhI+kQ irdh gSA eqgEen 'kjhI+kQ viQxkuh gSa vkSj ikfdLrku osQ lhekkar osQ 'kgjis'kkoj ls ohfM;ks eaxkrs gSaA mudk dguk gS & ^ ^;gk fganh fiQYeksa osQ cgqrsjsnhokus gSaA eSa rks dgwxk fd rk'kdan osQ 70 iQhlnh yksx bu fiQYeksa dks[kjhnrs gSaA ge yksx jkstkuk yxHkx 100 ohfM;ks csp ysrs gSaA eSausvHkh&vHkh 1000 vkSj ohfM;ks dk ^vkMZj* fn;k gSA mcsd yksx e;,f'k;kbZ gSa_ os ,f'k;k osQ vax gSaA mudh ,d lk>h laLfr gSA blh dkj.kos yksx Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa dks ilan djrs gSaA**

lk>s bfrgkl osQ ckotwn Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa vkSj muosQ ^ghjks* osQ fy,mcsdh yksxksa dh nhokuxh mcsfdLrkuoklh vusd Hkkjrh;ksa dks vk'p;Ztudtku iM+rh gSA rk'kdan fLFkr Hkkjrh; nwrkokl osQ v'kksd 'kej crkrs gSa&ge tgk Hkh tkrs gSa vkSj LFkkuh; vf/dkfj;ksa ls feyrs gSa & dkchuk ea=khrd & ckrphr esa ges'kk bldk ft djrs gSaA blls irk pyrk gS fdHkkjrh; fiQYe] laLfr] xhr vkSj [+kkl rkSj ij jktdiwj ;gk ?kj&?kj tkustkrs gSaA ;gk vf/dka'k yksx fganh xhr xk ysrs gSaA vFkZ pkgs u ekywe gksaysfdu mudk mPpkj.k lgh gksrk gS vkSj os laxhr Hkh idM+ ysrs gSaA eSausik;k fd esjs lkjs iM+kslh fganh xhr ctkrs gSa vkSj xk ysrs gSaA eSa tcmcsfdLrku vk;k rks ;g esjs fy, lpeqp cgqr vk'p;Z dh ckr FkhA

& chchlh osQ e; ,f'k;k laoknnkrk yqbZl fgnkYxks dh fjiksVZ

mcsfdLrku esa fganqLrkuh fiQYeksa dh /we

Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;rla?k dh vkfFkZd vkSjjktuhfrdfopkj/kjkvksa dhlekurkvksa dh ,dlwph cuk,A


Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k

'khr;q osQ nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQlaca/ cgqr xgjs FksA blls vkykspdksa dks ;gdgus dk volj Hkh feyk fd Hkkjr lksfo;r [ksesdk fgLlk FkkA bl nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?kosQ laca/ cgqvk;keh FksAvkfFkZd lksfo;r la?k us Hkkjr osQ lkoZtfud{ks=k dh daifu;ksa dh ,sls oDr esa enn dh tc,slh enn ikuk eqf'dy FkkA lksfo;r la?k usfHkykbZ] cksdkjks vkSj fo'kk[kkiue osQ bLikrdkj[kkuksa rFkk Hkkjr gsoh bysfDVdYl tSls e'khujhla;a=kksa osQ fy, vkfFkZd vkSj rduhdh lgk;rk nhAHkkjr esa tc fons'kh eqk dh deh Fkh rc lksfo;rla?k us #i;s dks ek;e cukdj Hkkjr osQ lkFkO;kikj fd;kA

jktuhfrd lksfo;r la?k us d'ehj ekeysij la;qDr jk"Vla?k esa Hkkjr osQ #[k dks leFkZufn;kA lksfo;r la?k us Hkkjr osQ la?k"kZ osQ xk


:l vkSj Hkkjr nksuksa dk liuk cg/zqoh;fo'o dk gSA cgq/zqoh; fo'o ls bu nksuksans'kksa dk vk'k; ;g gS fd varjkZ"Vh; iQydij dbZ 'kfDr;k ekStwn gksa_ lqj{kk dh lkewfgdftEesnkjh gks (;kuh fdlh Hkh ns'k ij geykgks rks lHkh ns'k mls vius fy, [krjk ekusavkSj lkFk feydj dkjZokbZ djsa)_ {ks=kh;rkvksadks T;knk txg feys_ varjkZ"Vh; la?k"kks dklek/ku ckrphr osQ }kjk gks_ gj ns'k dhLora=k fons'k uhfr gks vkSj la;qDr jk"V tSlhlaLFkkvksa }kjk iSQlys fd, tk, rFkk bulaLFkkvksa dks etcwr] yksdrkaf=kd vkSj'kfDrlaiUu cuk;k tk;A 2001 osQ Hkkjr&:llkefjd le>kSrs osQ vax osQ :i esa HkkjrvkSj :l osQ chp 80 f}i{kh; nLrkoskksa ijgLrk{kj gq, gSaA

Hkkjr dks :l osQ lkFk vius lac/ksa osQdkj.k d'ehj] tkZ&vkiwfrZ] varjkZ"Vh;vkradokn ls lacaf/r lwpukvksa osQ vknku&nku]if'pe ,f'k;k esa igqp cukus rFkk phu osQ

lkFk vius laacaa/ksa esa larqyu ykus tSls elyksaesa iQk;ns gq, gSaA :l dks bl laca/ ls lclscM+k iQk;nk ;g gS fd Hkkjr :l osQ fy,gfFk;kjksa dk nwljk lcls cM+k [kjhnnkj ns'k gSAHkkjrh; lsuk dks vf/dka'k lSfud lktks&lkeku:l ls kIr gksrs gSaA pwfd Hkkjr rsy osQvk;krd ns'kksa esa ls ,d gS blfy, Hkh Hkkjr:l osQ fy, egoiw.kZ gSA mlus rsy osQladV dh ?kM+h esa ges'kk Hkkjr dh enn dhgSA Hkkjr :l ls vius tkZ&vk;kr dks Hkhcsnkjh vkSjfuos'k djuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA :l Hkkjr dhijekf.od ;kstuk osQ fy, Hkh egoiw.kZ gSA:l us Hkkjr osQ varfj{k m|ksx esa Hkh k:jrosQ oDr k;kstsfud jkWosQV nsdj enn dh gSAHkkjr vkSj :l fofHkUu oSKkfud ifj;kstukvksaesa lk>hnkj gSaA

'ukoyh

1- lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dh fr osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku X+kyr gS\(d) lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk esa lektokn Hkkoh fopkj/kjk FkhA([k) mRiknu osQ lk/uksa ij jkT; dk LokfeRo@fu;a=k.k gksukA(x) turk dks vkfFkZd vkkknh FkhA(?k) vFkZO;oLFkk osQ gj igyw dk fu;kstu vkSj fu;a=k.k jkT; djrk FkkA

2- fuEufyf[kr dks dkyekuqlkj ltk,\(d) vI+kQxku&ladV([k) cfyZu&nhokj dk fxjuk(x) lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu(?k) :lh kafr

3- fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&lk lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk ifj.kke ugha gS\(d) la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ chp fopkj/kjkRed yM+kbZ dk var([k) Lora=k jkT;ksa osQ jk"VoqQy (lhvkbZ,l) dk tUe


ukoy

h(x) fo'o&O;oLFkk osQ 'kfDr&larqyu esa cnyko(?k) e;iwoZ esa ladV

4- fuEufyf[kr esa esy cSBk,a (1) fe[+kkby xksckZpso (d) lksfo;r la?k dk mkjkf/dkjh(2) 'kkWd Fksjsih ([k) lSU; le>kSrk(3) :l (x) lq/kjksa dh 'kq#vkr(4) cksfjl ;sYrflu (?k) vkfFkZd ekWMy(5) okjlkW () :l osQ jk"Vifr

5- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaA(d) lksfo;r jktuhfrd .kkyh ---------------------- dh fopkj/kjk ij vk/kfjr FkhA([k) lksfo;r la?k }kjk cuk;k x;k lSU; xBca/u ---------------------- FkkA(x) ---------------------- ikVhZ dk lksfo;r jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij ncnck FkkA(?k) ---------------------- us 1985 esa lksfo;r la?k esa lq/kjksa dh 'kq#vkr dhA() ---------------------- dk fxjuk 'khr;q osQ var dk rhd FkkA

6- lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dks fdlh iwthoknh ns'k tSls la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls vyxdjus okyh fdUgha rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dk ft djsaA

7- fdu ckrksa osQ dkj.k xksckZpso lksfo;r la?k esa lq/kj osQ fy, ck; gq,\

8- Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa osQ fy, lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQ D;k ifj.kke gq,\

9- 'kkWd Fksjsih D;k Fkh\ D;k lkE;okn ls iwthokn dh rjiQ lae.k dk ;g lcls csgrj rjhdk Fkk\

10- fuEufyf[kr dFku osQ i{k ;k foi{k esa ,d ys[k fy[ksa ^ ^nwljh nqfu;k osQ fo?kVu osQ ckn Hkkjrdks viuh fons'k&uhfr cnyuh pkfg, vkSj :l tSls ijaijkxr fe=k dh txg la;qDr jkT;vejhdk ls nksLrh djus ij T;knk ;ku nsuk pkfg,A**

ifjp;geus ns[kk fd 'khr;q osQ var osQ cknla;qDr jkT; vejhdk fo'o dh lcls cM+hrkdr cudj mHkjk vkSj nqfu;k esa dksbZ mldhVDdj dk fr}a}h u jgkA bl ?kVuk osQ cknosQ nkSj dks vejhdh HkqRo ;k ,d/zqoh;fo'o dk nkSj dgk tkrk gSA bl v;k; esage vejhdh HkqRo dh fr] foLrkj vkSjlhekvksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djsaxsA igys[kkM+h ;q ls ysdj vejhdh vxqvkbZ esabjkd ij geys rd ?kVukvksa dk ,d flyflykgSA ,d/qzoh; fo'o osQ mHkkj dh bl dFkkdh 'kq#vkr ge bl ?kVuke osQ ft lsdjsaxsA blosQ ckn ge FkksM+k Bgjdj ^ opZLo*dh vo/kj.kk osQ lgkjs bl HkqRo dh frdks le>us osQ ;kl djsaxsA vejhdh opZLoosQ jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLfrd igyqvksadh tkp&ij[k osQ ckn ge ;g ns[ksaxs fdvejhdk ls fucVus osQ fy, Hkkjr osQ ikluhfrxr fodYi D;k gSaA v;k; osQ var esage bl ckr ij fopkj djsaxs fd vejhdhopZLo osQ lkeus D;k dksbZ pqukSrh vku [kM+hgS vkSj D;k vejhdh opZLo ls mcjk tkldrk gS\

v;k; 3

ledkyhu fo'o esa vejhdh opZLoledkyhu fo'o esa vejhdh opZLoledkyhu fo'o esa vejhdh opZLoledkyhu fo'o esa vejhdh opZLoledkyhu fo'o esa vejhdh opZLo

2001 osQ flracj esa U;w;koZQ fLFkr oYMZ VsM lsaVj ij geyk gqvkA bls ledkyhubfrgkl dh /kjk dks eksM+ nsus okyh ?kVuk osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ;gk geys vkSjmlosQ ckn dh fLFkfr dks c;ku djrh ,d rLohj nh xbZ gSA


igurs Fks vkSj mlh dkj.k ls ftlls vktvkasbZ igurk gSA

vkasbZ dh viuh ek ls cgl gqbZA gksldrk gS tkcw dks og fo"k; ius dh dksf'k'kdjsaaxsA

u;h fo'o&O;oLFkk dh 'kq#vkrlksfo;r la?k osQ vpkud fo?kVu ls gjdksbZ vk'p;Zpfdr jg x;kA nks egk'kfDr;ksaesa vc ,d dk otwn rd u Fkk tcfdnwljk viuh iwjh rkdr ;k dgsa fd c

ledkyhu fo'o esa vejhdh opZLo 33

xk;c gks x;kA ,d gn rd ;g ckr lghgS ysfdu gesa blosQ lkFk&lkFk nks vkSjckrksa dk ;ku j[kuk gksxkA igyh ckr ;gfd vejhdh opZLo osQ oqQN igyqvksa dkbfrgkl 1991 rd lhfer ugha gS cfYdblls dgha ihNs nwljs fo'o;q dh lekfIrosQ le; 1945 rd tkrk gSA bl igyw osQckjs esa ge blh v;k; esa i


ukVdh; iSQlyk FkkA vejhdh jk"Vifr tkWtZcq'k us bls ^ ubZ fo'o O;oLFkk* dh laKk nhA

34 ns'kksa dh feyhtqyh vkSj 660000lSfudksa dh Hkkjh&Hkjde iQkSt us bjkd osQfo# ekspkZ [kksyk vkSj mls ijkLr djfn;kA bls Fke [kkM+h ;q dgk tkrk gSAla;qDr jk"Vla?k osQ bl lSU; vfHk;ku dks^vkWijs'ku MstV Z LVkeZ* dgk tkrk gS tks,d gn rd vejhdh lSU; vfHk;ku ghFkkA ,d vejhdh tujy ukeZu 'oktZdkWobl lSU;&vfHk;ku osQ eq[k Fks vkSj 34ns'kks a dh bl feyh tqyh lsuk esa 75fr'kr lSfud vejhdk osQ gh FksAgkykfd bjkd osQ jk"Vifr lke gqlSudk ,syku Fkk fd ;g ^lkS taxksa dh,d tax* lkfcr gksxk ysfdu bjkdhlsuk tYnh gh gkj xbZ vkSj mls oqQoSrls gVus ij etcwj gksuk iM+kA

Fke [kkM+h&;q ls ;g ckr kkfgj gksxbZ fd ckdh ns'k lSU;&{kerk osQ ekeys esavejhdk ls cgqr ihNs gSa vkSj bl ekeys esakS|ksfxdh osQ /jkry ij vejhdk cgqrvkxs fudy x;k gSA cM+s foKkiuh vankt esavejhdk us bl ;q esa rFkkdfFkr ^LekVZceksa* dk ;ksx fd;kA blosQ pyrs oqQNi;Zos{kdksa us bls ^ daI;wVj ;q* dh laKk nhAbl ;q dh Vsyhfotu ij O;kid dojstgqbZ vkSj ;g ,d ^ohfM;ks xse okj* esarCnhy gks x;kA nqfu;kHkj esa vyx&vyxtxgksa ij n'kZd viuh cSBd esa cM+s bRehukuls ns[k jgs Fks fd bjkdh lsuk fdl rjg/jk'kk;h gks jgh gSA

;g ckr vfo'oluh; tku iM+rh gSysfdu vejhdk us bl ;q esa equkiQkdek;kA dbZ fjiksVks esa dgk x;k fd vejhdkus ftruh jde bl tax ij [kpZ dh mlls

dgha T;knk jde mls teZuh] tkiku vkSjlnh vjc tSls ns'kksa ls feyh FkhA

fDyaVu dk nkSjFke [kkM+h ;q thrus osQ ckotwn tktZ cq'k1992 esa MsekssfVd ikVhZ osQ mEehnokjfofy;e tsiQlZu (fcy) fDyaVu lsjk"Vifr&in dk pquko gkj x,A fDyaVu usfons'k&uhfr dh txg ?kjsyw uhfr dks viuspquko&pkj dk fu'kkuk cuk;k FkkA fcyfDyaVu 1996 esa nqckjk pquko thrs vkSj blrjg os vkB lkyksa rd jk"Vifr&in ij jgsAfDyaVu osQ nkSj esa ,slk tku iM+rk Fkk fdvejhdk us vius dks ?kjsyw ekeyksa rdlhfer dj fy;k gS vkSj fo'o osQ ekeyksa esamldh Hkjiwj layXurk ugha jghA fons'k uhfrosQ ekeys esa fDyaVu ljdkj us lSU;&'kfDrvkSj lqj{kk tSlh ^ dBksj jktuhfr* dh txgyksdra=k osQ c


fopkjksa ls Hkkfor vkradoknh laxBu^vy&dk;nk* dks bl ceckjh dk ftEesokjBgjk;k x;kA bl ceckjh osQ oqQN fnuksa osQvanj jk"Vifr fDyaVu us ^ vkWijs'ku buiQkbukbVjhp* dk vkns'k fn;kA bl vfHk;ku osQvarxZr vejhdk us lwMku vkSj vI+kQxkfuLrkuosQ vy&dk;nk osQ fBdkuksa ij dbZ ckj wtfelkby ls geys fd,A vejhdk us viuhbl dkjZokbZ osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vla?k dhvuqefr ysus ;k bl flyflys esa varjkZ"Vh;dkuwuksa dh ijokg ugha dhA vejhdk ijvkjksi yxk fd mlus vius bl vfHk;ku esaoqQN ukxfjd fBdkuksa ij Hkh fu'kkuk lk/ktcfd budk vkradokn ls dksbZ ysuk&nsukugha FkkA ihNs eqM+dj vc ns[kus ij yxrkgS fd ;g rks ,d 'kq#vkr Hkj FkhA

9@11 vkSj ^ vkradokn osQ fo#fo'oO;kih ;q*11 flracj 2001 osQ fnu fofHkUu vjc ns'kksaosQ 19 vigj.kdkkZvksa us mM+ku Hkjus osQpan feuVksa ckn pkj vejhdh O;kolkf;dfoekuksa ij dCkk dj fy;kA vigj.kdkkZbu foekuksa dks vejhdk dh egoiw.kZ bekjrksadh lh/ esa mM+kdj ys x;sA nks foekuU;w;koZQ fLFkr oYMZ VssM lsaVj osQ mkjh vkSjnf{k.kh Vkoj ls Vdjk,A rhljk foeku oftZfu;k

;g rks cM+h csrqdhckr gS! D;kbldk ;g erycyxk;k tk, fdfyV~Vsvkradokfn;ksa osQNqis gksus dk 'kqcgkgksus ij Jhyadkisfjl ij felkbynkx ldrk gS\

U;w;koZQ VkbEl us vxyh lqcg 9@11 dh fjiksfVx bl rjg dh FkhA

osQ vfyxVu fLFkr ^isaVkxu* ls Vdjk;kA^isaVkxu* esa vejhdh j{kk&foHkkx dkeq[;ky; gSA pkSFks foeku dks vejhdhdkaxzsl dh eq[; bekjr ls Vdjkuk Fkkysfdu og isfUlyosfu;k osQ ,d [ksr esafxj x;kA bl geys dks ^ ukbu ,ysou* dgktkrk gS (vejhdk esa eghus dks rkjh[k lsigys fy[kus dk pyu gSA blh dk laf{kIr:i 9@11 gS u fd 11@9 tSlk fd Hkkjr esafy[kk tk,xk)A


bl geys esa yxHkx rhu gtkj O;fDrekjs x;sA vejhfd;ksa osQ fy, ;g fny ngyknsus okyk vuqHko FkkA mUgksaus bl ?kVuk dhrqyuk 1814 vkSj 1941 dh ?kVukvksa ls dhA1814 esa fczVsu us okf'kaXVu Mhlh esa vkxtuhdh Fkh vkSj 1941 esa tkikfu;ksa us iyZ gkcZjij geyk fd;k FkkA tgk rd tku&eky dhgkfu dk loky gS rks vejhdh tehu ij ;gvc rd dk lcls xaHkhj geyk FkkA vejhdk1776 esa ,d ns'k cuk vkSj rc ls mlus brukcM+k geyk ugha >syk FkkA

9@11 osQ kokc esa vejhdk us iQkSjhdne mBk;s vkSj Hk;adj dkjZokbZ dhA vcfDyaVu dh txg fjifCydu ikVhZ osQ tktZMCY;w- cq'k jk"Vifr FksA ;s iwoZorhZ jk"Vifr,p- MCY;w- cq'k osQ iq=k gSaA fDyaVu osQfoijhr cq'k us vejhdh fgrksa dks ysdj dBksj

joS;k viuk;k vkSj bu fgrksa dks c


yksxksa dks vyx&vyx ns'kksa esa Hkstk x;kvkSj mUgsa [kqfiQ;k tsy[kkukas esa canh cukdjj[kk x;kA D;wck osQ fudV vejhdh ukSlsukdk ,d fBdkuk Xokarkukeks cs esa gSA oqQNcafn;ksa dks ogk j[kk x;kA bl txg j[ks x,cafn;ksa dks u rks varjkZ"Vh; dkuwuksa dh lqj{kkkIr gS vkSj u gh vius ns'k ;k vejhdk osQdkuwuksa dhA la;qDr jk"Vla?k osQ frfuf/;ksard dks bu cafn;ksa ls feyus dh vuqefrugha nh xbZA

bjkd ij vke.k2003 osQ 19 ekpZ dks vejhdk us^vkWijs'ku bjkdh QhMe* osQ owQVuke lsbjkd ij lSU;&geyk fd;kA vejhdhvxqvkbZ okys ^dkWvfy'ku vkWo ohfyaXl(vkdkaf{k;ksa osQ egktksV)* esa 40 lsT;knk ns'k 'kkfey gq,A la;qDr jk"Vla?kus bjkd ij bl geys dh vuqefr ughanh FkhA fn[kkos osQ fy, dgk x;k fdlkewfgd lagkj osQ gfFk;kj (ohial vkWoekl MsLVD'ku) cukus ls jksdus osQ fy,bjkd ij geyk fd;k x;k gSA bjkd esalkewfgd lagkj osQ gfFk;kjksa dh ekStwnxhosQ dksbZ ek.k ugha feysA blls vuqekuyxk;k tk ldrk gS fd geys osQ edlnoqQN vkSj gh Fks] tSls bjkd osQ rsy&HkaMkjij fu;a=k.k vkSj bjkd esa vejhdk dheuilan ljdkj dk;e djukA

[Map of Post-Soviet Countries]

'khr;q osQ ckngq, mu la?k"kks @;qksadh lwph cuk,aftlesa vejhdk usfu.kkZ;d HkwfedkfuHkkbZA

lke gqlSu dh ljdkj rks pan jksk esagh tkrh jgh] ysfdu bjkd dks ^'kkar* djikus esa vejhdk liQy ugha gks ldk gSAbjkd esa vejhdk osQ f[kykiQ ,d iw.kZO;kihfoksg HkM+d mBkA vejhdk osQ 3000 lSfudbl ;q esa [ksr jgs tcfd bjkd osQ lSfuddgha T;knk cM+h la[;k esa ekjs x;sA ,dvuqeku osQ vuqlkj vejhdh geys osQ cknls yxHkx 50000 ukxfjd ekjs x;s gSaA vc;g ckr cM+s O;kid :i esa ekuh tk jgh gSfd ,d egoiw.kZ vFkZ esa bjkd ij vejhdhgeyk lSU; vkSj jktuhfrd /jkry ijvliQy fl gqvk gSA

,jsl] o

sQxYl

dkVZwu

I+kQkSth dh onhZ vkSj nqfu;k dk uD'kk !;g dkVwZu D;k crkrk gS\


blh dkj.k] vxj ge fo'o&jktuhfrdks le>uk pkgsa rks geasa fo'o osQ fofHkUuns'kksa osQ chp 'kfDr osQ cVokjs dks le>ukiM+sxkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 'khr;q osQ le;(1945&1991) nks vyx&vyx xqVksa esa 'kkfeyns'kksa osQ chp rkdr dk cVokjk FkkA 'khr;qosQ le; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k bu nksvyx&vyx 'kfDr&osaQksa osQ vxqvk Fks Alksfo;r la?k osQ iru osQ ckn nqfu;k esa,dek=k egk'kfDr vejhdk cpkA tcvarjkZ"Vh; O;oLFkk fdlh ,d egk'kfDr ;kdgsa fd mr egk'kfDr osQ ncncs esa gks rkscgq/k bls ^ ,d/zqoh;* O;oLFkk Hkh dgk tkrkgSA HkkSfrdh osQ 'kCn ^ /qzo* dk ;g ,d rjgls Hkzked ;ksx gSA varjkZ"Vh; O;oLFkk esarkdr dk ,d gh osaQ gks rks bls ^opZLo*(Hegemony) 'kCn osQ bLrseky ls of.kZrdjuk T;knk mfpr gksxkA

opZLo lSU; 'kfDr osQ vFkZ esa^gsxseuh* 'kCn dh tM+sa kphu ;wuku esa gSaAbl 'kCn ls fdlh ,d jkT; osQ usr`Ro ;kHkqRo dk cks/ gksrk gSA ewyr% bl 'kCndk ;ksx kphu ;wuku osQ vU; uxj&jkT;ksadh rqyuk esa ,Fksal dh cyrk dks bafxrdjus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA bl dkj^gsxseuh* osQ igys vFkZ dk laca/ jkT;ksa osQchp lSU;&{kerk dh cqukoV vkSj rkSy lsgSA ^gsxseuh* ls ofur lSU;&kcY; dk;gh vFkZ vkt fo'o&jktuhfr esa vejhdkdh gSfl;r dks crkus esa bLrseky gksrk gSAD;k vkidks vk;'kk dh ;kn gS ftldh,d Vkx vejhdh geys esa tkrh jgh\ ;ghgS og lSU; opZLo ftlus mldh vkRek dksrks ugha ysfdu mlosQ 'kjhj dks k:j iaxqcuk fn;kA

D;k gksrk gS opZLo dk vFkZ\jktuhfr ,d ,slh dgkuh gS tks 'kfDr osQbnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh gSA fdlh Hkh vke vknehdh rjg gj lewg Hkh rkdr ikuk vkSjdk;e j[kuk pkgrk gSA ge jkstkuk ckrdjrs gSa fd iQyka vkneh rkdroj gksrk tkjgk gS ;k rkdroj cuus ij rqyk gqvk gSAfo'o jktuhfr esa Hkh fofHkUu ns'k ;k ns'kksaosQ lewg rkdr ikus vkSj dk;e j[kus dhyxkrkj dksf'k'k djrs gSaA ;g rkdr lSU;HkqRo] vkfFkZd&'kfDr] jktuhfrd #rcs vkSjlkaLfrd c


vejhdk dh ekStwnk rkdr dh jh


iwjh rjg ls le>us osQ fy, gesa bls ,sfrgkfldifjs{; esa ns[kuk pkfg,A bfrgkl bl ckrdk xokg gS fd lkezkT;oknh 'kfDr;ksa uslSU; cy dk ;ksx egt pkj y{;ksa &thrus] vijks/ djus] naM nsus vkSj dkuwuO;oLFkk cgky j[kus osQ fy, fd;k gSA bjkdosQ mnkgj.k ls dV gS fd vejhdk dhfot;&{kerk fodV gSA blh rjg vi#djus vkSj naM nsus dh Hkh mldh {kerkLor%fl gSA vejhdh lSU; {kerk dhdetksjh fliQZ ,d ckr esa tkfgj gqbZ gSA ogvius vf/r Hkw&Hkkx esa dkuwu O;oLFkkugha cgky dj ik;k gSA

opZLo ls gSAbl le> dh cqfu;knh /kj.kk gS fd oSf'odvFkZO;oLFkk esa viuh ethZ pykus okyk ,d,slk ns'k k:jh gksrk gS tks vius eryc dhphtksa dks cuk, vkSj cjdjkj j[ksA ,sls ns'kosQ fy, k:jh gS fd mlosQ ikl O;oLFkkdk;e djus osQ fy, dk;nksa dks ykxw djusdh {kerk vkSj bPNk gksA lkFk gh k:jh gSfd og oSf'od O;oLFkk dks gj gkyr esacuk, j[ksA ncncs okyk ns'k ,slk viusiQk;ns osQ fy, djrk gS ysfdu vDlj blesamls oqQN vkisf{kd gkfu mBkuh iM+rh gSAnwljs fr;ksxh ns'k oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkkosQ [kqysiu dk iQk;nk mBkrs gSa tcfd bl[kqysiu dks dk;e j[kus osQ fy, mUgsa dksbZ[kpZ Hkh ugha djuk iM+rkA

opZLo osQ bl nwljs vFkZ dks xzg.k djsarks bldh >yd gesa fo'oO;kih ^ lkoZtfudoLrqvksa* dks eqgS;k djkus dh vejhdh Hkwfedkesa feyrh gSA ^ lkoZtfud oLrqvksa* ls vk'k;

vejhdk osQ uhps osQ 12 rkdroj ns'k ,d lkFk feydj ftruk viuh lSU;lqj{kk ij [kpZ djrs gSa mlls dgha T;knk [kpZ vosQys vejhdk djrk gSA ;gksvki ns[k ldrs gSa fd lSU; en esa T;knk [kpZ djus okys vf/dka'k ns'kvejhdk osQ fe=k vkSj lg;ksxh gSaA bl dkj.k] vejhdk dh 'kfDr ls cjkcjhdj ikus dh j.kuhfr dkjxj ugha gksxhAlzksr% baVjus'kuy baLVhV~;wV iQkWj LVsVftd LVMht] yanu

vejhdk ls uhps osQ 12 ns'kksadk lSU; O;;

449-4 (vjc Mkyj esa)Lisu 12-6vkWLVsfy;k 14-3n- dksfj;k 16-4Hkkjr 19-8lmnh vjc 20-9bVyh 33-9

teZuh 37-8

tkiku 45-2

fczVsu 50-1

kal 52-7

:l 61-5

phu 84-2

la;qDr jkT; vejhdkdk lSU; O;;

,jsl] o

sQxYl

dkVZwu

455-9 (vjc Mkyj esa)

MkWyje; nqfu;k


,slh phtksa ls gS ftldk miHkksx dksbZ ,dO;fDr djs rks nwljs dks miyC/ blh oLrqdh ek=kk esa dksbZ deh ugha vk,A LoPNok;q vkSj lM+d lkoZtfud oLrq osQ mnkgj.kgSaA oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esalkoZtfud oLrq dk lcls cf


opZLo lkaLfrd vFkZ esavejhdh opZLo dks 'kq :i ls lSU; vkSjvkfFkZd lanHkZ esa ns[kuk Hkwy gksxhA gesavejhdh opZLo ij fopkj/kjk ;k laLfrosQ lanHkZ esa Hkh fopkj djuk pkfg,A opZLoosQ bl rhljs vFkZ dk fj'rk ^ lgefr x


;s lkjh rLohjsa tdkrkZ (baMksusf'k;k) dh gSaAgj rLohj esa vejhdh opZLo osQ roksa dks


ysfdu lksfo;r la?k dh ,d iwjh ih


Hkko'kkyh vkfFkZd o`f&nj osQ dkj.kHkkjr vc vejhdk lesr dbZ ns'kksa osQ fy,vkd"kZd vkfFkZd lg;ksxh cu x;k gSA

gesa bl ckr dks ;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,fd gky osQ lkyksa esa Hkkjr&vejhdh lac/ksaosQ chp nks ubZ ckrsa mHkjh gSaA bu ckrksa dklaca/ kS|ksfxdh vkSj vejhdk esa clsvfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ls gSA njvly] ;s nksuks ackrsa vkil esa tqM+h gqbZ gSaA fuEufyf[krrF;ksa ij fopkj dhft,

z lkWVos;j osQ {ks=k esa Hkkjr osQ oqQyfu;kZr dk 65 fr'kr vejhdk dkstkrk gSA

z cksbx osQ 35 fr'kr rduhdh deZpkjhHkkjrh; ewy osQ gSaA

z 3 yk[k Hkkjrh; ^flfydu oSyh* esadke djrs gSaA

z mPp kS|ksfxdh osQ {ks=k dh 15 fr'krdaifu;ksa dh 'kq#vkr vejhdk esa clsHkkjrh;ksa us dh gSA

;g vejhdk osQ fo'oO;kih opZLodk nkSj gS vkSj ckdh ns'kksa dh rjg Hkkjrdks Hkh iSQlyk djuk gS fd vejhdk osQlkFk og fdl rjg osQ laca/ j[kuk pkgrkgSA ;g r; dj ikuk dksbZ vklku dkeughaA Hkkjr esa rhu laHkkfor j.kuhfr;ksa ijcgl py jgh gS &z Hkkjr osQ tks fo}ku varjkZ"Vh; jktuhfr

dks lSU; 'kfDr osQ lanHkZ esa ns[krs&le>rsgSa] os Hkkjr vkSj vejhdk dh ckSrs osQ leFkZdvkSj fojksf/;ksa osQrdks dk lkj&la{ksify[ksaA


Hkkjr vkSj vejhdk osQ chp ijek.kq tkZ osQ eqs ij le>kSrk gqvkAyksdlHkk esa bl elys ij cgl gqbZA uhps /kuea=kh vkSj foi{k osQnks usrkvksa osQ Hkk"k.k osQ oqQN va'k fn, tk jgs gSaA ;s rhu vyx&vyxoSpkfjd fLFkfr;ksa dh vksj laosQr djrs gSaA D;k ;s v;k; esa nh xbZrhu j.kuhfr;ksa ls tqM+s gSa\

MkW- eueksgu flag] dkaxzslMkW- eueksgu flag] dkaxzslMkW- eueksgu flag] dkaxzslMkW- eueksgu flag] dkaxzslMkW- eueksgu flag] dkaxzsl^^ekU;oj] eSa bl eguh; lnu ls llEeku fuosnu djrk gw fdog Hkkjr ds fr fo'o dh cnyh gqbZ euksn'kk dks igpkusA esjsdgus dk eryc ;g ugha fd rkdr dh jktuhfr vc chrs fnuksadh ckr gks xbZ gS ;k vc dHkh Hkh gekjh ckg ejksM+us dh dksf'k'ksaugha gksaxhA ge lqfuf'pr djsaxs fd ekStwn [krjksa ls gekjh lqj{kkij vkp u vk,A ysfdu] tks volj lkeus vk, gSa mudk ykHk umBkuk X+kyr gksxkA esjk n`


tks viuh lqj{kk dks varjkZ"Vh; dkuwuksa osQgokys dj nsA rks D;k bu ckrksa ls ;g le>ktk, fd u rks opZLo ls dksbZ NqVdkjk gSvkSj u gh ;q ls\

fiQygky gesa ;g ckr eku ysuh pkfg,fd dksbZ Hkh ns'k vejhdh lSU;'kfDr osQ tksM+dk ekStwn ugha gSA Hkkjr] phu vkSj :l tSlscM+s ns'kksa esa vejhdh opZLo dks pqukSrh ns ikusdh laHkkouk gS ysfdu bu ns'kksa osQ chpvkilh foHksn gSa vkSj bu foHksnksa osQ jgrsvejhdk osQ fo# budk dksbZ xBca/u ughagks ldrkA

oqQN yksxksa dk roZQ gS fd opZLotfurvoljksa osQ ykHk mBkus dh j.kuhfr T;knklaxr gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vkfFkZd o`f&njdks pk djus osQ fy, O;kikj dks c


lkFk feydj vejhdh uhfr;ksa dh vkykspukrFkk frjks/ fd;k tk losQxkA

vkius ;g tqeyk lquk gksxk fd vc ge^fo'oxzke* esa jgrs gSaA bl fo'oxzke esa ,dpkS/jh gS vkSj ge lHkh mlosQ iM+kslhA ;fnpkS/jh dk cjrko vlguh; gks tk; rks Hkhfo'oxzke ls pys tkus dk fodYi gekjs iklekStwn ugha D;ksafd ;gh ,dek=k xko gS ftlsge tkurs gSa vkSj jgus osQ fy, gekjs ikl ;gh,d xko gSA ,sls esa frjks/ gh ,dek=kfodYi cprk gSA

pj.k vejhdk dks ek.k ekudj fo'o osQ cM+s Hkw&jktuhfrd {ks=k

(e; vejhdk] nf{k.k vejhdk] vQhdk] ;wjksi] HkwriwoZ lksfo;rla?k] nf{k.k ,f'k;k] iwohZ ,f'k;k vkSj vkLVssfy;k) Nk=kksa dkslkSaisA vki Nk=kksa dks ,sls {ks=k Hkh lkSai ldrs gSa tks 'khr;q osQckn osQ lkyksa esa ;q osQ {ks=k jgs vkSj tgk vejhdk 'kkfey jgk(tSls & viQxkfuLrku] bjkd] bkjk;y&fiQyhLrhu ;k dkslksoksvFkok bl ikB dks i


'kfDr&larqyu osQ roZQ dks ns[krs gq, opZLo dh fLFkfr varjkZ"Vh; ekeyksa esa ,d vlkekU; ifj?kVuk gSA bldk dkj.k cM+klh/k&lknk gSA fo'o&ljdkj tSlh dksbZ pht ugha gksrh vkSj ,sls esa gj ns'k dks viuh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djuh gksrh gSA dHkh&dHkhvR;ar foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mls ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djuk gksrk gS fd de ls de mldk otwn cpk jgsA bl dkj.k] varjkZ"Vh;jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa fofHkUu ns'k 'kfDr&larqyu dks ysdj cM+s lroZQ gksrs gSa vkSj vke rkSj ij os fdlh ,d ns'k dks brukrkdroj ugha cuus nsrs fd og ckdh ns'kksa osQ fy, Hk;adj [krjk cu tk;A

ij ftl 'kfDr&larqyu dh ckr dgh xbZ gS mls bfrgkl ls Hkh iq"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA pyu osQ eqrkfcd ge 1648dks og lky Lohdkj djrs gSa tc laHkq jkT; fo'o&jktuhfr osQ eq[k fdjnkj cusA blosQ ckn ls lk


ukoy

h3- ^vkWijs'ku bjkdh QhMe* (bjkdh eqfDr vfHk;ku) osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku

X+kyr gS\(d) bjkd ij geyk djus osQ bPNqd vejhdh vxqvkbZ okys xBca/u esa 40 ls T;knk ns'k

'kkfey gq,A([k) bjkd ij geys dk dkj.k crkrs gq, dgk x;k fd ;g geyk bjkd dks lkewfgd lagkj osQ

gfFk;kj cukus ls jksdus osQ fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA(x) bl dkjZokbZ ls igys la;qDr jk"Vla?k dh vuqefr ys yh xbZ FkhA(?k) vejhdh usr`Ro okys xBca/u dks bjkdh lsuk ls rxM+h pqukSrh ugha feyhA

4- bl v;k; esa opZLo osQ rhu vFkZ crk, x, gSaA R;sd dk ,d&,d mnkgj.k crk;saA ;s mnkgj.kbl v;k; esa crk, x, mnkgj.kksa ls vyx gksus pkfg,A

5- mu rhu ckrksa dk ft djsa ftuls lkfcr gksrk gS fd 'khr;q dh lekfIr osQ ckn vejhdh HkqRodk LoHkko cnyk gS vkSj 'khr;q osQ o"kks osQ vejhdh HkqRo dh rqyuk esa ;g vyx gSA

6- fuEufyf[kr esa esy cSBk;sa (1) vkWijs'ku buiQkbukbV jhp(2) vkWijs'ku baM~;wfjax QhMe(3) vkWijs'ku MstVZ LVkeZ(4) vkWijs'ku bjkdh QhMe

(d) rkfycku vkSj vy&dk;nk osQ f[kykiQ tax([k) bjkd ij geys osQ bPNqd ns'kksa dk xBca/u(x) lwMku ij felkby ls geyk(?k) Fke [kkM+h ;qA

7- vejhdh opZLo dh jkg esa dkSu&ls O;o/ku gSaA vkiosQ tkurs buesa ls dkSu&lk O;o/ku vkxkehfnuksa esa lcls egoiw.kZ lkfcr gksxk\

8- Hkkjr&vejhdk le>kSrs ls lacaf/r cgl osQ rhu va'k bl v;k; esa fn, x, gSaA bUgsa i

ifjp;1990 osQ n'kd osQ 'qk: esa fo'o jktuhfresa nks&/qzoh; O;oLFkk osQ VwVus osQ ckn ;gLi"V gks x;k fd jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZdlkk osQ oSdfYid osaQ oqQN gn rd vejhdkosQ HkqRo dks lhfer djsaxsA ;wjksi esa ;wjksih;la?k vkSj ,f'k;k esa nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"VksaosQ laxBu (vkfl;ku) dk mn; nenkj'kfDr osQ :i esas gqvkA ;wjksih; la?k vkSjvkfl;ku] nksuksa us gh vius&vius bykosQ esapyus okyh ,sfrgkfld nq'efu;ks a vkSjdetksfj;ksa dk {ks=kh; Lrj ij lek/ku


;wjksih; la?ktc nwljk fo'o ;q lekIr gqvk rc ;wjksiosQ vusd usrk ^ ;wjksi osQ lokyksa* dks ysdjijs'kku jgsA D;k ;wjksi dks viuh iqjkuhnq'efu;ksaa dks fiQj ls 'kq: djuk pkfg,;k varjkZ"Vh; laca/ksa esa ldkjkRed ;ksxnkudjus okys flkarksa vkSj laLFkkvksa osQ vk/kjij mls vius laca/ksa dks u, fljs ls cukukpkfg,\ nwljs fo'o;q us mu vusd ekU;rkvksavkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks oLr dj fn;k ftlosQvk/kj ij ;wjksih; ns'kksa osQ vkilh laca/ cusFksA 1945 rd ;wjksih; ns'kksa us viuhvFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh cckZnh rks >syh gh] muekU;rkvksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks oLr gksrs Hkhns[k fy;k ftu ij ;wjksi [kM+k gqvk FkkA

1945 osQ ckn ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa esa esy&feykidks 'khr;q ls Hkh enn feyhA vejhdk us;wjksi dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ iquxZBu osQ fy,tcjnLr enn dhA bls ek'kZy ;kstuk osQuke ls tkuk tkrk gSA vesfjdk us ^ ukVks* osQrgr ,d lkewfgd lqj{kk O;oLFkk dks tUefn;kA ek'kZy ;kstuk osQ rgr gh 1948 esa;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiukdh xbZ ftlosQ ek;e ls if'peh ;wjksi osQns'kksa dks vkfFkZd enn nh xbZA ;g ,d ,slk

eap cu x;k ftlosQ ek;e ls if'peh;wjksi osQ ns'kksa us O;kikj vkSj vkfFkZd ekeyksaesa ,d&nwljs dh enn 'kq: dhA 1949 esaxfBr ;wjksih; ifj"kn~ jktuSfrd lg;ksx osQekeys esa ,d vxyk dne lkfcr gqbZA ;wjksiosQ iwathoknh ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vkilh,dhdj.k dh f;k pj.kc

53lkk osQ oSdfYid osQU

rkdr muosQ ns'k dh ljdkj dks gkfly Fkhog vc ;wjksih; la?k dks ns nh tk,A;wjksih; la?k esa oqQN ns'kksa dks 'kkfey djusosQ loky ij Hkh vlgefr gSA

;wjksih; la?k dk vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd]owQVuhfrd rFkk lSfud Hkko cgqr tcjnLrgSA 2005 esa ;g nqfu;k dh lcls cM+hvFkZO;oLFkk Fkh vkSj bldk ldy ?kjsywmRiknu 12000 vjc Mkyj ls T;knk Fkk tksvejhdk ls Hkh FkksM+k T;knk gh FkkA bldheqk ;wjks vejhdh Mkyj osQ HkqRo osQ fy,[krjk cu ldrh gSA fo'o O;kikj esa bldh

;wjksih; la?k osQ lnL;ksa dks bl ekufp=k esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA

fgLlsnkjh vejhdk ls rhu xquh T;knk gS vkSjblh osQ pyrs ;g vejhdk vkSj phu lsO;kikfjd fooknksa esa iwjh /kSal osQ lkFk ckrdjrk gSA bldh vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk HkkoblosQ utnhdh ns'kksas ij gh ugha] cfYd,f'k;k vkSj vhdk osQ nwj&njkt osQ eqYo+ Qksaij Hkh gSA ;g fo'o O;kikj laxBu tSlsvarjkZ"Vh; O;kikj laxBuksas osQ vanj ,degoiw.kZ lewg osQ :i esa dke djrk gSA

;wjksih; la?k osQ nks lnL; ns'k fczVsuvkSj kal lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ LFkk;h lnL; gSaA;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ vkSj ns'k lqj{kk ifj"kn~

vks! vc le> esa vk;k'kkaxsu ohtk dk erycAftl le>kSrs ij 'kkaxsuesa nLr[+kr gq, mlosQvuqlkj vkidks fliZQ,d ns'k dk ohtk ysukgksxk vkSj bl ohtk osQcwrs vki ;wjksih; la?k esa'kkfey vf/dka'k ns'kksaesa tk losaQxsA

;wjksih; la?k dk ekufp=k

iqjkus lnL;

u, lnL;

vk;jyS aM;wukbVsM fdaxMe

MsuekoZQ

LohMufiQuySaM

,LVk sfu;k

yrkfo;kfyFkqvkfu;k

iksyS aM

psd fjifCydLyksokfd;kgaxjh

Lyksosfu;kvkfLV ;k

teZuhuhnjySaMcsfYt;e

yDlecxZk al

LisuiqrZX+kky

bVyh

ekYVk xzhl

lkbl


,d mnkgj.k gSA phu osQ lkFk ekuokfkdkjksaosQ mYya?ku vkSj i;kZoj.k fouk'k osQ ekeyksaij /edh ;k lSfud 'kfDr dk mi;ksx djusdh txg owQVuhfr] vkfFkZd fuos'k vkSjckrphr dh bldh uhfr T;knk Hkkoh lkfcrgqbZ gSA

lSfud rkdr osQ fglkc ls ;wjksih;la?k osQ ikl nqfu;k dh nwljh lcls cM+hlsuk gSA bldk oqQy j{kk ctV vejhdkosQ ckn lcls vf/d gSA ;wjksih; la?k osQnks ns'kksa fczVsu vkSj kal osQ iklijek.kq gfFk;kj gSa vkSj vuqeku gS fdbuosQ k[khjs esa djhc 550 ijek.kq gfFk;kjgSaA varfj{k foKku vkSj lapkj kS|ksfxdh osQekeys esa Hkh ;wjksih; la?k dk nqfu;k esa nwljkLFkku gSA

vf/jk"Vh; laxBu osQ rkSj ij ;wjkssih;la?k vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd ekeyksaesa n[ky nsus esa l{ke gSA ysfdu vusdekeyksa esa blosQ lnL; ns'kksa dh viuhfons'k vkSj j{kk uhfr gS tks dbZ ckj ,d&nwljsosQ f[kykiQ Hkh gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fdbjkd ij vejhdh geys esa fczVsu osQkkuea=kh Vksuh Cys;j rks mlosQ lkFk Fksysfdu teZuh vkSj kal bl geys osQf[kykiQ FksA ;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ u, lnL;ns'k Hkh vejhdh xBca/u esa FksA ;wjksi osQoqQN fgLlksa esa ;wjks dks ykxw djus osQdk;Ze dks ysdj dkiQh ukjktxh gSA ;ghdkj.k gS fd fczVsu dh iwoZ /kuea=khekxZjsV FkSpj us fczVsu dks ;wjksih; ckkkj lsvyx j[kkA MsuekoZQ vkSj LohMu us ekfLVLVlaf/ vkSj lk>h ;wjksih; eqk ;wjks dks ekuusdk frjks/ fd;kA blls fons'kh vkSj j{kkekeyksa esa dke djus dh ;wjksih; la?k dh{kerk lhfer gksrh gSA

;wjksih; ,drk osQ egoiw.kZ iM+ko

vSy 1951 % if'peh ;wjksi osQ Ng ns'kksa kal] if'pe teZuh]bVyh] csfYt;e] uhnjySaM vkSj yDtecxZ us isfjllaf/ ij nLr[kr djosQ ;wjksih; dks;yk vkSj bLikrleqnk; dk xBu fd;kA

ekpZ 1957 % bUgha Ng ns'kksa us jkse dh laf/ osQ ek;e ls ;wjksih;vkfFkZd leqnk; (EEC) vkSj ;wjksih; ,Veh tkZleqnk; (Euratom) dk xBu fd;kA

tuojh 1973 % MsuekoZQ] vk;jySaM vkSj fczVsu us Hkh ;wjksih; leqnk;dh lnL;rk yhA

twu 1979 % ;wjksih; laln osQ fy, igyk R;{k pqukoA

tuojh 1981 % ;wuku (xzhl) us ;wjksih; leqnk; dh lnL;rk yhA

twu 1985 % 'kkaxsu laf/ us ;wjksih; leqnk; osQ ns'kksa osQ chp lhekfu;a=k.k lekIr fd;kA

tuojh 1986 % Lisu vkSj iqrZxky Hkh ;wjksih; leqnk; esa 'kkfey gq,A

vDVwcj 1990 % teZuh dk ,dhdj.kA

iQjojh 1992 % ;wjksih; la?k osQ xBu osQ fy, ekfLVLV laf/ ijnLr[krA

tuojh 1993 % ,dhr cktkj dk xBuA

tuojh 2002 % ubZ eqk ;wjks dks 12 lnL; ns'kksa us viuk;kA

ebZ 2004 % lkbl] psd x.kjkT;] ,LVksfu;k] gaxjh] yrkfo;k]fyFkqvkfu;k] ekYVk] iksySaM] Lyksokfd;k vkSj Lyksosfu;kHkh ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfeyA

tuojh 2007 % cqYxkfj;k vkSj jksekfu;k ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfeyALyksosfu;k us ;wjks dks viuk;kA

osQ vLFkk;h lnL;ksa esa 'kkfey gSaA blosQpyrs ;wjksih; la?k vejhdk lesr lHkh eqYdksadh uhfr;ksa dks Hkkfor djrk gSA bZjku osQijek.kq dk;Ze ls lacaf/r vejhdh uhfr;ksadks gky osQ fnuksa esa Hkkfor djuk bldk

55lkk osQ oSdfYid osQU

nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vksa dk laxBu(vkfl;ku)nqfu;k osQ u +D'ks ij ,d ukj MkyasA vkiosQ[+;ky ls dkSu&ls ns'k ,f'k;k osQ nf{k.kh {ks=kesa vkus pkfg,\ nwljs fo'o ;q ls igysvkSj mlosQ nkSjku] ,f'k;k dk ;g fgLlkckj&ckj ;wjksih; vkSj tkikuh mifuos'kokndk f'kdkj gqvk rFkk Hkkjh jktuSfrd vkSjvkfFkZd dher pqdkbZA ;q lekIr gksus ijbls jk"V&fuekZ.k] vkfFkZd fiNM+siu vkSjxjhch tSlh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kAbls 'khr;q osQ nkSj esa fdlh ,d egk'kfDrosQ lkFk tkus osQ nckoksa dks Hkh >syuk iM+kAVdjkoksa vkSj HkkxeHkkx dh ,slh fLFkfr dksnf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k laHkkyus dh fLFkfr esa

dYiuk dhft,] D;kgksrk vxj iwjs ;wjksih;la?k dh ,d iqQVckyVhe gksrh\

ugha FkkA ckaMaqx lEesyu vkSj xqVfujis{k vkanksyuoxSjg osQ ek;e ls ,f'k;k vkSj rhljhnqfu;k osQ ns'kksa esa ,drk dk;e djus osQ;kl vukSipkfjd Lrj ij lg;ksx vkSjesytksy djkus osQ ekeys esa dkjxj ugha gksjgs FksA blh osQ pyrs nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZns'kksa us nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ laxBu (vkfl;ku)cukdj ,d oSdfYid igy dhA

1967 esa bl {ks=k osQ ikp ns'kksa us cSadkWd?kks"k.kk ij gLrk{kj djosQ ^vkfl;ku* dhLFkkiuk dhA ;s ns'k Fks baMksusf'k;k] eysf'k;k]fiQfyihal] flaxkiqj vkSj FkkbZySaMA ^ vkfl;ku*dk ms'; eq[; :i ls vkfFkZd fodkl dksrst djuk vkSj mlosQ ek;e ls lkekftdvkSj lkaLfrd fodkl gkfly djuk FkkAdkuwu osQ 'kklu vkSj la;qDr jk"V osQ dk;nksa

2003 esa ;wjksih; la?k us ,d lk>k lafo/ku cukus dh dksf'k'k dh FkhA ;g dksf'k'k ukdke;kc jghAblh dks y{; djosQ ;g dkVwZu cuk gSA dkVwZfuLV us ;wjksih; la?k dks VkbVSfud kgkt osQ :i esa D;ksafn[kk;k gS\

,

samkalin vishwa rajniti ( for mains only)

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