scaling information from chloroplast to the globenature.berkeley.edu/biometlab/lectures/baldocchi...
TRANSCRIPT
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Scaling Information on ‘Biosphere Breathing’ from Chloroplast to the Globe
D i B ld hi Y l R & Hid ki K b hiDennis Baldocchi, Youngryel Ryu & Hideki KobayashiUniversity of California, Berkeley
C h iCatharine Van IngenMicrosoft
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The Breathing of an Ecosystem is Defined by the Sum of an Array of Coupled, Non‐Linear, Biophysical Processes that Operate across a Hierarchy/Spectrum of
Time and Space ScalesTime and Space Scales
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Globe: 10 000 km (107 m)
Spatial Scales of Inquiry:Span 13‐14 orders of Magnitude
Continent: 1000 km (106 m)
Globe: 10,000 km (10 m)Span 13‐14 orders of Magnitude
Landscape: 1‐100 km
( )
Canopy: 100‐1000 m
Plant: 1‐10 m
Leaf: 0.01‐0.1 m
Stomata: 10‐5 m
Bacteria/Chloroplast: 10‐6 m
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Critical Time Scales
• Seconds/Hours/Day, 10‐6 to 10‐3 yr– Physiology
• Photosynthesis, Respiration, Transpiration, Stomatal Conductance
S l & A l 100• Seasonal & Annual, 100 yr– Net and Gross Primary Productivity– Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Respiration and Decomposition– Plant Acclimation
i li i d I bili i– Mineralization and Immobilization• Decadal, 101 yr
– Competition, Gap‐Replacement, Stand Dynamics – Changes in Soil Organic Matter
• Century, 102 yr– Succession, Mortality
• Millennia, 103 yr– Species migrationp g– Soil Formation
• Geological Periods, 106 yr– Evolution, Speciation, Extinction, Climate Regimes
• Eons, 109 yrEons, 10 yr– Evolution of Life and the Formation of our Atmosphere
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Big Picture Question Regarding Predicting and Quantifying the ‘Breathing of the Biosphere’:Quantifying the Breathing of the Biosphere :
H W B ‘E h All h Ti ?’• How can We Be ‘Everywhere All the Time?’
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Components of an Integrated Earth System EXIST, but are Multi‐Faceted
century forestinventory
plot
Forest/soil inventories
year
decade
Landsurface remote sensing
oral scale
month
y
Eddycovariance
remote sensingof CO2
Temp
day
weektall
towerobser‐vatories
towers
hour
y
l l 0 1 1 10 100 1000 10 000 l b l
Spatial scale [km]
local 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10 000 globalCountries EUplot/site
From: Markus Reichstein, MPI
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Challenges and Points of Collaboration between the C t ti l d S i tifi C itiComputational and Scientific Communities
•Part 1, Upscaling Gas Fluxes from Leaves to LandscapesLandscapes
Requires Complex, Monte‐Carlo Light‐Rendering, like that used in ‘A Bug’s Life’
A potential Microsoft Cloud Computing ‐UCB Partnership
•Part 2, Upscaling Fluxes from Landscapes to the Globe
Download, Transform and Integrate High‐Resolution Remote Sensing Data to produce Next Generation Carbon‐Water Flux ProductsProducts
MODIS‐Azure‐UCB Partnership Acquire, Process, Distill and Disseminate Vast Quantities of Flux Data for Model G d T thi V lid ti dGround‐Truthing, Validation and Parameterization
FLUXNET‐Microsoft Partnership
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A Challenge for Leaf to Landscape Upscaling:
Transform Weather Conditions from W th St ti t th t f th L i C ith Th ia Weather Station to that of the Leaves in a Canopy with Their Assortment of Angles and Layers Relative to the Sun and Sky
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Challenge for Landscape to Global Upscaling
Converting Virtual ‘Cubism’ back to Virtual ‘Reality’
Realistic Spatialization of Flux DatapRequires the Merging Numerous Data Layers with varying Time Stamps (hourly, daily, weekly), Spatial Resolution (1 km to 0.5 degree) and Data Sources
(Satellites, Flux Networks, Climate Stations)
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To Develop a Scientifically Defensible Virtual World‘You Must get your boots dirty’, too
Collecting Real Data Gives you Insights on What is Important & Data to Parameterize and Validate Models
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Eddy Covariance Fluxesy
F w c ' '
Mean
Fluctuation
Net Flux is the sum of the mass flux moving across a plane (w C) in the up and down‐p ( ) pdrafts of Air and Wind Sampled 10 times per second
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FLUXNET: From Sea to Shining Sea500+ Sites circa 2009500+ Sites, circa 2009,960 Site-years, 30 GB
www.fluxdata.org
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www.fluxdata.orgl d d f d l dConnecting People and Data to Produce Information and Knowledge
DistributedDistributed Data Sets
Catalog Database Reports &
Visualization
DatabaseModels
ArchiveD t bDatabases Data Cubes
Environmental Data ServerEnvironmental Data Server
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Part 1, Upscaling Gas Fluxes from Leaves to Landscapes
Leaf Photosynthesis Models Depend on the Light, Temperature, H idit d CO2 E i t t th Vi i it f th OHumidity and CO2 Environment at the Vicinity of the Organ
Aalto and Juurala. 2002 PCE
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Reality 3-D Representation
Hierarchy of Canopy Radiative Transfer Modelsy p
2-D Representation 1-D Representation
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Doing the Impossible is Possible Today:We Can Delineate 3‐D Canopy Structure via Laser Altimeter py
Data
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CANOAK‐3D ‐ 3D Radiative transfer + energy exchange model ‐ Hourly time step
Radiative Transfer Monte Carlo Ray Tracing
Turbulent transfer 1D turbulence scheme(Lagrangian approach)
‐ Input: air temp, humidity, solar radiation wind speed etc..
Reflectance (albedo), Absorption, Transmission in Visible (0.4‐0.7m), Near Infrared (0.7‐4.0 m)and Thermal Infrared (8 14 0 m)and Thermal Infrared (8‐14.0 m)
Rabs=T4+H+lE (leaves)
Rabs=T4+H+lE (branches)
Rabs=T4+H+lE (leaves)
Rabs=T4+H+lE+G soil(soil)
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Computational ChallengesComputational Challenges
Photons per Hour: 107
Trees per Hectare: 144
Trees per Landscape (1 km2): 14 000Trees per Landscape (1 km2): 14,000
Volume per Tree: 200 m3
Voxel Size: 1 m3
Voxels per Landscape: 2.88 106
Voxels per Year per Landscape: 2 88 1010Voxels per Year per Landscape: 2.88 1010
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3D Radiation Fields and their Spectral Signatures Can Be Produced in Exquisite Detail
Downward PAR U d PARDownward PAR Upward PAR
(W 2) (W 2) (W 2)(W m‐2) (W m‐2) (W m‐2)
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We Can Reproduce Energy Fluxes at a Flux Tower with High Fidelityat a Flux Tower with High Fidelity
March, D68‐74 May, D115‐121 July, D 204‐210
Net radiation
Sensible heat
Latent heatLatent heat
Soil heat flux
Woody storageWoody storage
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Yearly Run for CANOAK=3D
EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration
Canopy photosynthesis
Oct. 2003 Sep. 2004
With 64 CPUs of the NCAR/CISL system, it takes 36 hours for a yearly run.
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Part 2, Upscaling from Landscapes to the Globe
‘Space: The final frontier … To boldly go where h b f ’no man has gone before’
Captain James Kirk, Starship Enterprise
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• Motivation• Motivation– Current Global‐Scale Remote Sensing Products tend to rely onrely on
• Highly‐Tuned Light Use Efficiency Approach– GPP=PAR*fPAR*LUE (since Monteith 1960’s)
• Empirical Data Driven Approach (machine learning technique)• Empirical, Data‐Driven Approach (machine learning technique)
• Some Forcings come from Satellite Remote Sensing Snap Shots, at fine Spatial scale ( < 1 km)
O h F i f l i d ( l• Other Forcings come from coarse reanalysis data (several tens of km resolution)
– Hypothesis, We can do Better by:• Applying the Principles taught in Biometeorology 129 and Ecosystem Ecology 111 which Reflect Intellectual Advances in these Fields over the past Decade
• Merging Vast Environmental Databases
• Utilizing Microsoft Cloud Computational Resources
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Lessons Learned from the CanOak Model
25+ years of Developing and Testing a Hierarchy of Scaling25+ years of Developing and Testing a Hierarchy of Scaling Models with Flux Measurements at Contrasting Oak Woodland
Sites in Tennessee and California
We Must:
C l C b d l• Couple Carbon and Water Fluxes
• Assess Non‐Linear Biophysical Functions with Leaf‐Level Microclimate ConditionsMicroclimate Conditions
• Consider Sun and Shade fractions separately
• Consider effects of Clumped Vegetation on Light Transfer
• Consider Seasonal Variations in Physiological Capacity of Leaves and Structure of the Canopy
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Necessary Attributes of Global Biophysical ET Model:Applying Lessons from the Berkeley Biomet Class and CANOAK
• Treat Canopy as Dual Source (Sun/Shade), Two‐Layer (Vegetation/Soil) system
Treat Non Linear Processes with Statistical Rigor (Norman 1980s)– Treat Non‐Linear Processes with Statistical Rigor (Norman, 1980s)
• Requires Information on Direct and Diffuse Portions of Sunlight
– Monte Carlo Atmospheric Radiative Transfer model (Kobayashi + Iwabuchi,, 2008)
• Light transfer through canopies MUST consider Leaf Clumpingg g p p g
– Apply New Global Clumping Maps of Chen et al./Pisek et al.
• Couple Carbon‐Water Fluxes for Constrained Stomatal Conductance Simulations
– Photosynthesis and Transpiration on Sun/Shade Leaf Fractions (dePury and Farquhar, )1996)
– Compute Leaf Energy Balance to compute Leaf Saturation Vapor Pressure and Respiration Correctly
– Photosynthesis of C3 and C4 vegetation Must be considered Separatelyy 3 4 g p y
• Use Emerging Ecosystem Scaling Rules to parameterize models, based on remote sensing spatio‐temporal inputs
– Vcmax=f(N)=f(albedo) (Ollinger et al; Hollinger et al;Schulze et al.; Wright et al.)
S li i V i id d (W l )– Seasonality in Vcmax is considered (Wang et al.)
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BESS, Breathing‐Earth Science Simulator
Atmosphericradiativetransfer
Beam PARNIR
Diffuse PARNIR Rnet
Canopy photosynthesis,Evaporation, Radiative transfer
Albdeo‐>Nitrogen ‐> Vcmax, Jmax
LAI, Clumping‐> canopy radiative transfer
Surface conductanceshade sunlit
dePury & Farquhar two leaf Photosynthesis model
Penman‐Monteithevaporation model
di i d
Soil evaporation
Radiation at understory
Soil evaporation
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Challenge for a Computationally‐Challenged Biometeorology Lab:Extracting Data Drivers from Global Remote Sensing to Run the Model
A
g g
MOD04
MOD05
aerosol
Precipitable water
Atmospheric r NMOD05
MOD06
MOD07
Precipitable water
cloud
Temperature, ozone
radiative trans
et radiation
Youngryel was lonely with 1 PC
MCD43 albedo
MOD11 Skin temperaturesfer
MOD15 LAI
POLDER Foliage clumping
Canopy radiativetransfer
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Size and Number of Candidate Data Sets is EnormousSize and Number of Candidate Data Sets is Enormous
US: 15 tilesFluxTower: 32 tilesGlobal: 193 tiles
1. Global 1‐year source data: 2.4 TB (10 yr: 24 TB)2. How to know which source files are missed2. How to know which source files are missed
among >0.1 million files
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Barriers to Global Remote Sensing by the Berkeley Bi t l L bBiometeorology Lab
• Data processingData processing– Global 1‐year calculation: 9000 CPU hours
That is 375 days– That is, 375 days.
– 1‐year calculation takes 1 year!
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Help from ModisAzure -Azure Service for pRemote Sensing Geoscience
Source Imagery Download Sites Scientists
Scientific
Source Metadata
A MODIS
Request Queue
Data Collection Stage
. .
.DownloadQueue
Results Download
AzureMODISService Web Role Portal
S i lt
Analysis Reduction Stage
Reprojection Queue
Derivation Reduction Stage Reprojection Stage
Science results
Reduction #1 Queue Reduction #2 Queue
AZURE Cloud with 200 CPUs cuts 1 Year of Processing to <2 days
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Tasked Performed with MODIS‐AZURE
• Automation– Downloads thousands of files of MODIS data from NASA ftp
• ReprojectionC t ti l t ti t th– Converts one geo‐spatial representation to another.
– Example: latitude‐longitude swaths converted to sinusoidal cells to merge MODIS Land and Atmosphere Products
• Spatial resampling i l l i h
Reprojected– Converts one spatial resolution to another. – Example is converting from 1 km to 5 km pixels.
• Temporal resampling – Converts one temporal resolution to another.
ReprojectedData (Sinusoidal format -equal land area– Converts daily observation to 8 day averages.
• Gap filling – Assigns values to pixels without data either due to inherent
data issues such as clouds or missing pixels.
area pixel)
• Masking– Eliminates uninteresting or unneeded pixels.– Examples are eliminating pixels over the ocean when
computing a land product or outside a spatial feature such as
h12v04h13v04h11v04h10v04h09v04h08v04
h12v05h11v05h10v05h09v05h08v05
a watershed.
h11v06h10v06h09v06h08v06
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Photosynthetic Capacity Leaf Area Index
Solar RadiationHumidity Deficits
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Global Evaporation at 1 to 5 km scale
<ET> = 503 mm/y == 7.2 1013 m3/y
An Independent, Bottom‐Up Alternative to Residualsbased on the Global Water Balance, ET = Precipitation ‐ Runoff
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Gross Photosynthesis, GPP, Across the US
Lessons for Biofuel Production
Indicates Less GPP in the Corn Belt, than the Adjacent Temperate Forests
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California Evaporation at Peak of Summer Evaporative Demand
Shows ET ‘Hot‐Spot’ in the Rice Growing Region of the Sacramento Valley
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Water Management Issues: How Much Water is Lost from the Delta?
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Regional Questions, How Water is Used by Deciduous vs Evergreen Oak Woodlands?
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ConclusionConclusion
• Advances in Theory, Data Availability, DataAdvances in Theory, Data Availability, Data Sharing and Computational Systems Enable us to Produce the Next‐Generation of Globally‐Integrated Products on the ‘Breathing of the Earth’
• Data‐Mining these Products has Much Potential for Regional and Locale Decision
ki E i l d A i l lmaking on Environmental and Agricultural Management
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Extra unusedExtra unused
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California Evaporation at 1 km Scale, annual Integral
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• Data standardizationData standardization
MODIS Land products: standardized tiles (sinusoidal projection)
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Barriers for global RS studyBarriers for global RS study
• 2 Data standardization2. Data standardization
MODIS Atmospheric products: swath=> Should be gridded to overlay with the land products
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Current statusCurrent status
• The Cloud includesThe Cloud includes– 10‐year MODIS Terra and Aqua data over the US (1 km resolution)(1 km resolution)
– 3‐year MODIS Terra for the global land (5 km resolution)resolution)
• Quota:200 CPUs– 200 CPUs
– 100TB storage
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Help from MODIS‐AZURE
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Necessary Attributes of the Next‐Generation Global Bi h i l M d l BESSBiophysical Model, BESS
• Direct and Diffuse Sunlight– Monte Carlo Atmospheric Radiative Transfer model (Kobayashi, xxxx)– Light transfer through canopies consider leaf clumping
• Coupled Carbon‐Water for Better Stomatal Conductance SimlulationsSimlulations– Photosynthesis and Transpiration on Sun/Shade Leaf Fractions (dePury
and Farquhar, 1996)– Photosynthesis of C3 and C4 vegetation consideredPhotosynthesis of C3 and C4 vegetation considered
• Ecosystem Scaling Relations to parameterize models, based on remote sensing spatio‐temporal inputs– Vcmax=f(N)=f(albedo) (Ollinger et al; Hollinger et al;Schulze et al.;
Wright et al.– Seasonality in Vcmax is considered
• Model Predictions should Match Fluxes Measured at Ecosystem Scale hourly and seasonallyScale hourly and seasonally.