science process skill for teachers

8/6/2019 Science Process Skill for Teachers

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science process skills

(kemahiran prosessains)

By: PN CHE TEK KAMARIAH BT KHAIRUDDIN


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SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

What people do when they do science, ways ofthinking in science - process skills

Eg: OBSERVING

MEASURING

INFERRING

EXPERIMENTING


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0BSERVING

Involves identifying and describing an objectsproperties..

It sounds.

It looks (colour,size, shape It sounds like.(use all yoursenses)

It feels (texture.temperature

Observing

Hearing

Touching

Tasting

Smellin

g

Seeing


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OBSERVATIONS QUANTITATIVEQUALITATATIVE

Qualitatative

observations made about the object s characteristics orqualities.

Eg:

It is green in colour (sight)

It has a sweet odour(smell)

Its leaves are waxy and smooth (touch)

It makes a rustling sound when rubbed (hearing)


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Quantitative

- Observation that provides informationabout quantity

- Made with instrument such as ruler, meterrule, balance, cylinder.

- Gives very spesific and precise information


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CLASSIFYING SINGLE STAGEMULTI STAGE

Single stage-Binary classification

- separating a set of objects into 2 / moresubsets

on the basis of at least one observable

property.

Eg: A seed is divided into 2 Monocot

Dicot


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Multi stage classification

Sets are sorted into subsets and then each subsetis sorted again.Mammals

Birds

Vertebrates Reptiles

Amphibians

Eg: Animals Fish

Invertebrates


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INFERENCE

An explanation or interpretation of anobservation

In making inference, information alreadyknown from past experience and newinformation directly from observationthrough our senses are used.


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Information previously New information

known from past directlyperceived

experience through oursenses

inferring
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identifying variables

Manipulated variable/ Independent variable

Variable that is intentionally changed in theexperiment.

Responding variable / Dependent variable

What do we want to see / to measure

in the experiment.

Constant / Fixed variable

What is kept constant in the experiment
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IDENTIFYING VARIABLES

1. Based on a statement

Usually from the window sentence.

E.g.Figure 1 shows an experiment tostudy the effect of impurities on the boiling

point of distilled water

2. From a tableSubstances Boiling Point/ C

Distilled water 100Distilled water +

common salt103


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From a graph

Refer to the axis of the graph.

Label of the horizontal axis = manipulatedvariable.

Label of the vertical axis = responding

variable

Horizontal (MV)

Vertical(RV )


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CONSTANT VARIABLE

Found in the statement / diagram.

Not from the list of apparatus / materials.

Common mistakes Suggested answers

1.Hydrochloric acid Parameter;-Type of acid-Volume of acid-Concentration of acid

2.Magnesium -Mass / weight of metal-Size of metal-Surface area of metal


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Making hypothesis

The relationship between manipulated variable

and responding variable.

Is a prediction about the effect of a manipulatedvariable on the responding variable.

A hypothesis attempts to predict an outcomeE.g.

- As more salt is dissolved in water,the waterwill become cloudy

- If the length of the vibrating string isincreased,the sound will become louder


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A statement that is, clearly understood not a vaguestatement.

E.g. If the temperature is high the colour will change.

The higher the temperature reading, the darkerthe colour of the distillate.

o

A hypothesis can be written several ways:1. If the amount of salt added to ice is increased,

( MV ) how it is changed

then the temperture of the mixture will decrease

(RV) describe the effect

2. The greater the amount of salt added to ice, the lower thetemperature of the mixture.


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3. As the amount of salt added to iceincreases, the temperature of the mixturedecreases.


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Defining operationally

A statement that describes how a particular

variable is to be measured or how a term is tobe defined.

Describe what is observed and how it ismeasured.
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An experiment was carried out to study the effectof the types of surface on the distance of themovement of the ball . The result is shown in Table

1.

a) Based on table 1, write one inference.The distance of ball movement on surface P

is further because P has less friction compared toQ and R

Type ofsurface

Distance of ballmovement

P 50

Q 35R 20
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8.2 The figure below shows a worker pulling a load of 50 kg on twodifferent surfaces. (PMR 2006)

Situation A Situation B(i) Based on your observations in the figure state the difference in friction facedby the worker during the process of pulling the load in Situation A and SituationB.

The friction in situation B is greater than friction in situation A.__________________________________________________________________

(ii) What inference can be made based on Situation A and Situation B inDiagram 1.1?

The friction in B is higher because the surface is rough


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Click to edit Master text stylesSecond level

Third level

Fourth level Fifth level


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Based on the diagram record the readings of spring balance inthe table below

State the variables involved in this experiment

Nyatakan pembolehubah yang terlibat dalam eksperimen ini

MV Mass of object

RV - Reading of spring balance

CV - Type of surface

Mass of object Reading of springbalance

50 2.5

100 5.0

150 7.5


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State the operational definition for friction

Friction is the reading of spring balance

science process skill for teachers

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