KULIAH 3 METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

• Research question / Problem

• Background / Observation

• Formulate hypothesis

• Design experiment

• Test hypothesis / Collect data

• Interpret / Analyze results

• Publish findings

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What are you interested in?What do you have to know about it?

Make observations & gather background information about the problemAn educated guess …It shall be possible to measure / test it.It should help answer the original question

How will you test your hypothesis? What tests will answer your question?

Test your hypothesis by executing your experiments. Collect data from them

What do your results tell you? Do they prove or disprove the hypothesis. It is OK to be wrongWrite papers for conferences & journals. Write thesis

Scientific Research Steps

Step 4: Preparing Research Design

• Research design is the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted.

• The function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant information with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.

• The preparation of research design, appropriate for a particular research problem, involves the consideration of the following :1. Objectives of the research study.2. Method of Data Collection to be adopted3. Source of information—Sample Design4. Tool for Data collection5. Data Analysis-- qualitative and quantitative

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

• Also called Empirical Research or Cause and Effect Method, it is a data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified with observation or experiment.

• Experimental research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables affect other variables in some way.

DESIGN EXPERIMENT

• Includes planning in detail all the steps of the experimental phase. In engineering research it often includes the design of a prototype / system architecture.

• Identify the variables that will be manipulated and measured – the research outcomes must be measurable.

• In other words:– What needs to be controlled in order to get an unbiased answer to the

research question.

• Therefore: it is necessary to not only design a prototype / system but also the thesis validation method !

• The plan should allow others to repeat it. It should be feasible...!

Guidelines to Construct a Research Tool

• The underlying principle behind the guidelines suggested below is to ensure the validity of your instrument by making sure that your questions relate to the objectives of your study.

• Step I: Clearly define and individually list all the specific objectives or research questions for your study.

• Step II: For each objective or research questions, list all the associated questions that you want to answer through your study.

• Step III: Take each research question listed in step II and list the information required to answer it.

• Step IV: Formulate question(s) to obtain this information.

Scientific Experiment • A scientific experiment is an ordered investigation

that attempts to prove or disprove a hypothesis. • Its primary purpose is to test whether someone's

prediction is correct. • In designing experiments, scientists have to answer

some pretty complicated questions, like: • Does my experiment answer the question I'm trying to

solve? • Does it adequately test my hypothesis? • Can I make observations about the results of my

experiment, and will I be able to analyze those results?• Finally, if I run this test, will it allow me to come up with

some kind of conclusion?

Basic rules for the design of a good experiment (1)

• Rule #1: The experiment must show that a hypothesis is either supported or not supported. In science, we don't say that hypotheses are 'proven' or 'disproven' until we're really sure about it. A single experiment is not enough to prove anything with 100% certainty.

• Rule #2: The results of an experiment must be measurable and objective. Scientists use standard units to measure different properties like length, time, volume, mass, and speed. Sometimes we need special equipment to observe things in a measurable way. For example, we can't see ultraviolet light or hear infrasonic sounds. We need special devices to detect and measure those properties for us.

Basic rules for the design of a good experiment (2)

• Rule #3 for scientific investigations: The experiment must be repeatable by other scientists. Peer reviewers want to make sure that other scientists can run the same experiment and get similar results. This is one of the reasons we standardize our measuring tools and equipment. Scientists must be able to read anyone else's report, follow the steps exactly the same way, and compare their findings to the original test. In science, new ideas aren't taken seriously until many scientists have tested them many, many times. So it's important that scientists share their techniques and confirm each other's findings.

Step 5: COLLECTING DATA

• Having formulated the research problem,, developed a study design, constructed a research instrument and selected a sample, you then collect the data from which you will draw inferences and conclusions for your study. Depending upon your plans, you might commence interviews, mail out a questionnaire, conduct experiments and/or make observations.

Key questions on How to Design and Conduct an Experiment.

Problem/Purpose

• What is your objective?• What idea are you trying to test? • What is the scientific question you are trying

to answer?

Hypothesis

• Explain how you think your project can demonstrate your purpose.

• Make a prediction regarding the outcome of your tests or experiments.

• Describe the results you are predicting in measurable terms.

Procedure• Give a detailed explanation of how you will conduct the

experiment to test your hypothesis. • Be clear about the variables (elements of the experiment that

change to test your hypothesis) versus your controls (elements of the experiment that do not change).

• Be very specific about how you will measure results to prove or disprove your hypothesis. You should include a regular timetable for measuring results or observing the projects (for example, every hour, every day, every week).

• Your procedures should be repeatable by others so that the test could be re-done (Another person should be able to perform your experiment following your procedure.)

Materials

• List all materials and/or equipment that were used.

• Your list of materials should include all of the ingredients of the procedure recipe.

Observations/Data/Results

• Keep a detailed record of observations, data, and results. Your journal should contain data measurements and written notes about what you are sensing (hearing, seeing, or touching) about the experiment.

• If applicable, photograph your project results or phases of the project to help your analysis and possibly to demonstrate your experiment on your exhibit board.

Plan your data collection• Know beforehand when you will collect data and what

kind of data you will collect. • Measure this data at a set time or, in other cases, at

regular intervals. • For experiments that measure the change in a certain

variable over time, it's necessary to collect data at regular intervals.

• Know the difference between dependent and independent variables. An independent variable is the variable that you change and a dependent variable is the one affected by the independent variable

Conduct your experiment methodically

• Run your experiment, testing for your variable. This almost always requires you to run the experiment multiple times for multiple variable values.

• Generally, the wider range of data you can gather, the better. Record as much data as is feasible.

• Good experimental design incorporates what's known as a control. One of your experimental replications should not include the variable you're testing for at all

Collect your data

• It's always a good idea to represent your data visually if you can. Plot data points on a graph and express trends with a line or curve of best fit. This will help you (and anyone else who sees the graph) visualize patterns in the data.

• For most basic experiments, the independent variable is represented on the horizontal x axis and the dependent variable is on the vertical y axis.

Analysis• Explain your observations, data, and results. This

is a summary of what your data has shown you. • List the main points that you have learned.• Why have the results occurred? What has your

experiment prove? • Was your hypothesis correct? Has your

experiment prove or disprove your hypothesis? This should be explained thoroughly

Conclusion

• Answer your problem/purpose statement.• What does it all add up to? What is the value

of your project? • What further study do you recommend given

the results of your experiment? What would be the next question to ask?

• If you repeated this project, what would you change?

Contoh desain eksperimen

Independent Variable - The item being tested in the experiment; it is intentionally changed by the experimenter.

Dependent Variable – The item being measured in the experiment; it is directly affected by the independent variable.

Constant – One or more factors associated with the experiment that do not change or are not allowed to vary throughout the procedure.

Control – The part of the experiment that is used as a comparison for the independent variable; it is unchanged from its normal circumstances.

Repeated Trials – The number of specimens on which the same experiment is performed.

INTERMEZZO

Directions: Read the following scenario. Then, identify the independent variable, dependent variable, constants, control, and repeated trials.

Joe and Melissa wanted to find out what type of surface would allow a toy car to roll the fastest. To answer their question, they designed an experiment. They found a piece of wood to use as a ramp to roll the toy car down. Then, they thought of several different types of surfaces to put on the ramp. Joe thought they should try carpet and sandpaper; Melissa suggested they try the wood that the ramp was built with and waxed paper. They decided to roll the car down each of the four surfaces 10 times. They would use the collected data to calculate an average speed for each surface. They wanted to control the distance the car traveled, so they marked the “start” line at the top of the ramp and made another line for the “finish” 1½ meters away. After they set up the equipment, they did their experiment.

1. What was the independent variable in this experiment?

2. What was the dependent variable in this experiment?

3. List the constants that were needed in order to perform the experiment.

4. How many repeated trials were there?5. Was there a control to this experiment? If so

what was it?

Questions

HOMEWORK

• Lanjutkan proses penyusunan proposal