the scientific method chpt. 5 summary. objectives describe the order of steps in the scientific...
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ObjectivesObjectives Describe the order of steps in the scientific Describe the order of steps in the scientific
methodmethod Explain the role of reasoning skills in forming a Explain the role of reasoning skills in forming a
hypothesishypothesis Identify Variables in a food science experiment Identify Variables in a food science experiment
and how they may change resultsand how they may change results Demonstrate how to complete a data table and Demonstrate how to complete a data table and
report for an experimentreport for an experiment Distinguish between a hypothesis and a scientific Distinguish between a hypothesis and a scientific
theorytheory Suggest guidelines for doing a food science Suggest guidelines for doing a food science
research projectresearch project
Key TermsKey Terms
DataData Deductive Deductive
ReasoningReasoning Dependent Dependent
VariableVariable ExperimentExperiment HypothesisHypothesis
Independent Independent VariableVariable
Inductive Inductive ReasoningReasoning
TheoryTheory VariableVariable
Forming a HypothesisForming a Hypothesis
Observations lead to possible explanations Observations lead to possible explanations for questions and problemsfor questions and problems
Hypothesis:Hypothesis: testable predictions that testable predictions that explain certain observationsexplain certain observations Educated guessEducated guess Answers What am I trying to Prove? What Answers What am I trying to Prove? What
questions do I want to answer?questions do I want to answer? First Step in the Scientific MethodFirst Step in the Scientific Method
Gives direction to the experiment and guides Gives direction to the experiment and guides you in structuring the experimentyou in structuring the experiment
Gives a goal and a focusGives a goal and a focus
Reasoning SkillsReasoning Skills
Use your brain Use your brain In order to form a hypothesis you must In order to form a hypothesis you must
use INDUCTIVE and DEDUCTIVE reasoninguse INDUCTIVE and DEDUCTIVE reasoning Inductive ReasoningInductive Reasoning: drawing a general : drawing a general
conclusion from specific facts or conclusion from specific facts or experiencesexperiences
Deductive Reasoning:Deductive Reasoning: reaching a reaching a conclusion about a specific case based on conclusion about a specific case based on KNOWN facts and general principleKNOWN facts and general principle
If……Then Statements, the know fact (if) If……Then Statements, the know fact (if) leads you to the conclusion (then)leads you to the conclusion (then)
ExperimentationExperimentation Heart of the Scientific MethodHeart of the Scientific Method EXPERIMENTS:EXPERIMENTS: a way to test the hypothesis in a way to test the hypothesis in
order to verify or disprove it.order to verify or disprove it. Must identify and create situations that test the HypothesisMust identify and create situations that test the Hypothesis Must have VARIABLESMust have VARIABLES Includes a list of equipment and materials, give step by Includes a list of equipment and materials, give step by
step instructionsstep instructions Variables:Variables: factors that can change in an factors that can change in an
experimentexperiment Gets more reliable resultsGets more reliable results
2 Types of Variables: IDENPENTDAENT AND 2 Types of Variables: IDENPENTDAENT AND DEPENDENTDEPENDENT Independent variable:Independent variable: The factor that you change The factor that you change Dependent Variable:Dependent Variable: factor that changes as a result of factor that changes as a result of
the independent variablethe independent variable
Analyzing DataAnalyzing Data
Be able to explain what happened in the Be able to explain what happened in the experimentexperiment
Data:Data: The information gathered during an The information gathered during an experimentexperiment
Make sure it Is consistentMake sure it Is consistent The more consistent the more valuable it will The more consistent the more valuable it will
be for drawing conclusionsbe for drawing conclusions In order to make sure information is correct In order to make sure information is correct
you may need to do the experiment more than you may need to do the experiment more than onceonce
Data TablesData Tables
Used to arrange data in a clear, logical Used to arrange data in a clear, logical formform
Could use charts, graphs, tables and Could use charts, graphs, tables and explanationsexplanations
Reporting ResultsReporting Results
You are not finished You are not finished until the results of the until the results of the experiment are experiment are reportedreported
Results must be re-Results must be re-testabletestable
Fill out a Laboratory Fill out a Laboratory Report Form or Create Report Form or Create your ownyour own
It should include:It should include: Title of ExperimentTitle of Experiment Who Performed the Who Performed the
experimentexperiment DateDate PurposePurpose ProcedureProcedure ResultsResults DataData CalculationsCalculations Analysis of ResultsAnalysis of Results ConclusionConclusion
Developing and Revising TheoriesDeveloping and Revising Theories
““No amount of experimentation canprove me No amount of experimentation canprove me right, a single experiment can prove me right, a single experiment can prove me wrong.”wrong.”
Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein
A hypothesis that is consistently verified may A hypothesis that is consistently verified may be established as a THEORYbe established as a THEORY
Theory:Theory: an explanation based on a body of an explanation based on a body of knowledge gained from many observations knowledge gained from many observations and supported by the results of many and supported by the results of many experimentsexperiments Theories may be refined, broadened or disprovedTheories may be refined, broadened or disproved
Conducting ResearchConducting Research
You need to investigate and research You need to investigate and research others informationothers information
May inspire or guide an experimentMay inspire or guide an experiment First: Choose a Topic that interests First: Choose a Topic that interests
you (think back to the questions you you (think back to the questions you had about food)had about food)
Second: Narrow the focusSecond: Narrow the focus Third: Find the informationThird: Find the information
AssignmentAssignment
Work with a partner or by yourselfWork with a partner or by yourself Create a Poster/Flyer (using your laptop or Create a Poster/Flyer (using your laptop or
paper) Stating and explaining the steps in paper) Stating and explaining the steps in the scientific method and the three step the scientific method and the three step method for conducting researchmethod for conducting research
Put it in your own words, Use things that Put it in your own words, Use things that you think would help you or others you think would help you or others remember itremember it
Be CREATIVEBe CREATIVE Use pictures, colors, etc.Use pictures, colors, etc.
Due Friday (if you do not finish today, you Due Friday (if you do not finish today, you may finish on Friday when you are finished may finish on Friday when you are finished with your other assignment)with your other assignment)