scientometrics class
TRANSCRIPT
Unit 1: Evolution of the concept of Informetrics
:Librametry, Bibliometry, Scientometrics,
Webometrics.
Unit 2:Theory and Laws: Zipfs Law, Lotka’s Law
Bradford’s Law, Price Theory and circulation
theory
The term Scientometrics originated as a Russian term for the application of quantitative methods to the history of science.
In 1969, Vassily V. Nalimov & Z. M. Mulchenko coined the Russian equivalent of the term ‘scientometrics’ (‘naukometriya’) (Nalimov & Mulchenko, 1969).
As the name would imply, this term is mainly used for the study of all aspects of the literature of science and technology.
The term had gained wide recognition after the foundation of the journal Scientometrics by Tibor Braun in 1978 .
4
Professor V.V. Nalimov (1910-1997)
The term Scientrometrics is a field which applies quantitative
methods to the study of science as an information process. It is the science of measuring the “quality “of science. It is often done using bibliometrics which is a measurement of the
impact of scientific publication. It includes all quantitative aspects of the science of science,
communication in science, and science policy. It deals with analysis, evaluation and graphic representation of
science and technology information. It tells “Who is doing what and where?”
Thus scientrometrics is a part of the sociology of science and has application in science policy making.
What is Scientrometrics?
Nalimov and Mulchenko defined scientometrics as
“the application of quantitative methods which are dealing with the analysis of science viewed as an information process”.
Scientometrics is the science of measuring and analyzing science ("Scientometrics," 2010).
Definitions
According to Pouris (1989), ‘Scientrometrics is the application of quantitative techniques(system analysis, mathematical and statistical techniques etc.) to scientific communication(science output, science policy, science administration etc.) with the objectives of;
Developing science indicators; Measuring the impact of science on society; and Comparing the output as well as the impact of
science at national and international levels.
Thus Scientometrics involves studies in :I. Sociology of scienceII. History of scienceIII. Growth of science and scientific institutionsIV. Behaviour of science and scientists.V. Science policy and decision- making
People , Institutions
Text, Journals
Content, Theories
Different perspectives in the study of Science and Technology
• Modern scientometrics is mostly based on the work of Derek J. de Solla Price and Eugene Garfield. The latter founded the Institute for Scientific Information, which is heavily used for scientometric analysis.
Eugene Garfield Derek J. de Solla Price
Studied the exponential growth of science and the
half-life of scientific literature; together with the formulation of Price's Law.
In his book entitled “Little Science – Big Science” (1963), Derek J. de Solla Price analysed the recent system of science communication and thus presented the first systematic approach to the structure of modern science applied to the science as a whole.
Derek J. de Solla Price
Scientometrics utilizes quantitative analysis and science mapping to describe patterns of publication within a given field or body of literature.
There are two main procedures: performance analysis and science mapping.
Performance analysis aims at evaluating groups of scientific actors (countries, universities, departments, researches) and the impact of their activity on the basis of bibliographic data.
• Science mapping aims at displaying the structural and dynamic aspects of scientific research. A science map is used to represent the cognitive structure of a research field.
• Journal Impact Factor: Measure of the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a given period of time.
• H-index: impact of individual scientists rather than journals: Measuring the number of an individual Scientist's impact and citation record.
• Measuring the Level of Non-Citation: Uses the level of non citation of articles within a journal as a measure of quality.
• Page Rank Algorithm: (used in web-metrics (Google)) Used to provide greater weight to citations from journals that have high impact than citations from lower-impact journals.
Scientometric Indicators
The quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of any Scientometrics study, such as citation mapping, visualization, bibliographic coupling, co- authorship network, co-words mapping etc. are carried out by using Scientometrics tools. This tools are very much useful for Scientrometricians for mapping their parameters in any accept of their study.
Scientometrics tools
Tool Purpose TypeAuthormap
It is used for citation mapping and visualization
Web tool
Bibcouple It is used for visualization of the bibliographic coupling among authors
Software application
Citespace It is used for visualizing patterns and trends in scientific literature
Map
Fulltext It is software for co-word mapping of full texts
Software application
HitCite Bibliographic analysis and visualization software
Software
Authormap - citation mapping and visualization
Citespace visualizing patterns and trends in scientific literature
for co-word mapping using full texts
23
What is Scientific Productivity ?
=
INPUT OUTPUT
Scientists
Buildings
Equipments
Communication Tools
Salary etc.
Publications
Patents
Books
Technology Transfers,
Instruments Designed,
Royalty earned etc.
24
Factors that affect Productivity
EnvironmentResourcesMentorsAge of ResearchersExperienceNo. of ResearchersMobility of Researchers in search of
better prospectsAvenues for individual growth
25
Why Evaluation?
when Private or Govt. Bodies are asked to award large sum to scientists for research activity.
Those in-charge of making such decisions (Policy Makers) feel uneasy about having to base their decisions only on guess and on the personal experiences of previous science administrators.
26
Who wants Evaluation?
Science Policy Makers
Science Fund Managers Institutes for rewarding outstanding contributions Awarding the scientific projects for conducting
research
27
What can be Evaluated?
Country Departments/Divisions Institutes Universities Individuals
28
Methods of Evaluations?
Quantitative Analysis Qualitative analysis
No. of scientific publications
No of Patents filed
No of Technology transfers etc.
Peer Review (Judges Rating)
Citation Analysis etc.
29
Examples of Scientific Productivity
Publication productivity is one of the important indicators to help us to know the scientific standing of a country among other countries of the world,Institutions among other institutions, Individual scientists among other scientists.
Nuclear S & T : A Global Perspective (INIS 1970-2002)
Uni
ted-
Sta
tes
Japa
n G
erm
any
Uni
ted-
Kin
gdom
F
ranc
e U
SSR
In
dia
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Ita
ly
Chi
na
Can
ada
Braz
il S
witz
erla
nd
Pol
and
Net
herla
nds
Aus
tralia
S
wed
en
Cze
chos
lova
kia
Aus
tria
M
exic
o 0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
Num
ber o
f pub
licat
ions
Countries
India is at 7th position
31
RomaniaKorea
The NetherlandsBelgiumSweden
ItalySwitzerland
BrazilChina
AustriaUSSR
AustraliaRussian Federation
CanadaUnited Kingdom
IndiaFranceJapan
GermanyUnited State
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Number of Publications
India’s Position in Mass Spectrometry Research in Nulear Science & Technology
Lists top 20 countries 81 countries actively engaged in researchProduced 10913 publications- USA is the top producing country with 2247 (18.11%), followed by, Germany with 1333 (10.74%), Japan with 820 (6.61%), France with 525 (4.23%) India with 460 (3.71%), and United Kingdom 440 (3.55%) publications .
India is at 5th Position
32
India’s Position in Electrochemistry Research as per SCI (1982-2005)
India is at 11th position
33
US
A
JA
PA
N
GE
RM
AN
Y
FR
AN
CE
PE
OP
LES
-R-C
HIN
A
EN
GLA
ND
ITA
LY
RU
SS
IA
CA
NA
DA
SP
AIN
IND
IA
PO
LAN
D0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000Global View of Researchin Raman Spectroscopy
Num
ber o
f pub
licat
ions
Country
India is at 11th position
34
India’s Position in Vacuum Science & Technology In Nuclear Science &Technology INIS (1982-2005)
Lists top 20 countries 110 countries actively engaged in research produced 12027 publications-USA is the top producing country with 1936, followed by Japan
with 1770 publications, France with 8929 (8.63%) publications, Germany with 1147 publications, Russian Federation with 971, Peoples-R-China with 808 publications, and England with 474. India ranked tenth among other countries with 400 publications.
India is at 10th position
SwedenTaiwan
AustraliaSpain
SwitzerlandUkraine
BrazilPoland
CanadaKoreaIndia
AustriaItaly
United KingdomFranceChina
Russian FederationGermany
JapanUnited State
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Number of Publications
Questions ?
Thank You