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1. Prediction and optimization of hobbing gear geometric deviationsSun, Shouli (1, 2); Wang, Shilong (1); Wang, Yawen (2); Lim, Teik C. (2); Yang, Yong (3)Source: Mechanism and Machine Theory, v 120, p 288-301, February 2018; ISSN: 0094114X; DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2017.09.002; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) The State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing;400030, China (2) College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; OH; 45220, UnitedStates (3) Chongqing Machine Tool (Group) Co., Ltd, Chongqing; 401336, ChinaAbstract: Hobbing is a precision gear manufacturing process with high efficiency and low cost. High precisiongears are essential components for high-end equipment to meet the requirement of extreme operation conditions.In order to further improve the precision of gear hobbing process as well as lower the gear manufacturing cost, thispaper proposes a model for predicting the hobbing gear geometric deviations and optimizing the hobbing processingtechnique. The relationship between gear hobbing processing technique and gear geometric deviation is modeledapplying the improved Particle Swarm Optimization and Back Propagation algorithm. The performance of the proposedmethod is compared with the existing optimization and back propagation method and validated by experiments. Theaccuracy of both algorithms is evaluated by the Root Mean Square Error between the predicted and experimentalvalues. The result shows that the gear geometric deviations predicted by the proposed algorithm yields betterperformance and are in reasonably good agreement with experimental data. Employing the proposed model, thegear hobbing process parameters can be optimized to minimize gear geometric errors, and thus improve the gearmanufacturing precision. © 2017 (31 refs)Main heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: Backpropagation - Backpropagation algorithms - Forecasting - Gears - Geometry - Machining -Manufacture - Mean square error - Neural networks - Optimization - Particle swarm optimization (PSO)Uncontrolled terms: BP neural networks - Gear hobbing - Geometric deviations - Parameters optimization - PrecisionpredictionClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachining Operations - 723.4 ArtificialIntelligenceArtificial Intelligence - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimizationTechniques - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical StatisticsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

2. Design and Analysis of Split Fixture for Gear Hobbing MachineShenoy, Prajwal (1); Nithesh, Naik (2); Shettar, Manjunath (2); Debarghya (2); Abbas, Wasim (2)Source: MATEC Web of Conferences, v 144, January 9, 2018, International Conference on Research in MechanicalEngineering Sciences, RiMES 2017; E-ISSN: 2261236X; DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201714401014; Article number:01014; Conference: 2017 International Conference on Research in Mechanical Engineering Sciences, RiMES 2017,December 21, 2017 - December 23, 2017; Publisher: EDP SciencesAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academyof Higher Education, Manipal, India (2) Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Manipal Institute ofTechnology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, IndiaAbstract: Compared to the conventional gear hobbing fixtures, split fixture can effectively reduce job set-up timeduring the manufacturing process. This paper investigates the behaviour and analysis of split fixture under varyingstatic loading conditions. Design of the part was established by considering the ability of the split fixture to carryjobs of various diameters. In order to validate the design, Static structural analysis was carried out on two positionalconfigurations of the split fixture. A load of 1 ton was applied on the resting face of the fixture to simulate the effect ofholding the job. The analysis included a study of the Stress, Deformations, and Modal analysis at different resonatingfrequencies to check for failure of design. By applying varying loads similar to practical conditions, it was observedthat the design successfully withstood the applied forces without failure and a factor of safety of 142 was achieved ina critical loading case. Investigating the effect of dynamic loads on the Split Fixture and including auxiliary assemblycomponents in design analysis. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2018. (6 refs)Main heading: Fixtures (tooling)Controlled terms: Dynamic loads - Gear manufacture - Gears - Loads (forces) - Machining - Modal analysis - Safetyfactor - Structural analysisUncontrolled terms: Assembly component - Design and analysis - Factor of safety - Gear hobbing - Gear hobbingmachine - Manufacturing process - Resonating frequency - Static structural analysisClassification Code: 408 Structural DesignStructural Design - 408.1 Structural Design, GeneralStructural Design,General - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 603.2 Machine Tool AccessoriesMachine Tool




Accessories - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachining Operations - 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidentsand Accident Prevention - 921 MathematicsMathematicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

3. Tooth-Root loadbearing capacity of surface-densified fe-0.85 wt.% mo powdermetallurgical gearsHajeck, Marko (1); Frech, Tim (2); Beiss, Paul (1); Broeckmann, Christoph (1); Klocke, F. (2); Löpenhaus, Christoph (3)Source: International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, v 54, n 1, p 33-45, Winter 2018; ISSN: 08887462; Publisher:American Powder Metallurgy InstituteAuthor affiliation: (1) Head of Institute, Institute for Materials Applications in Mechanical Engineering, AachenUniversity, Augustinerbach 4, Aachen; D-52062, Germany (2) Head of Institute, Germany (3) Laboratory for MachineTools and Production Engineering, Aachen University, Steinbachstraße 19, Aachen; D-52074, GermanyAbstract: The tooth-root load-bearing capacity of four different surface-densified powder metallurgical (PM) gearswas successfully predicted based on the fatigue data of laboratory specimens. The influencing variables consideredin the calculation were density, geometry, carbon content, and residual stresses. For separation of the variables ofcarbon content and residual stresses, two experimental series were investigated: One consisted of through hardeningtest specimens with various carbon contents, and a second involved case hardening. The casehardened samples hada carbon-content gradient in addition to a density gradient and surface residual stresses. Two different densificationmethods were applied: Rolling and shot peening. The calculations were confirmed using pulsator testing results of thegears. Based on an applicable calculation, further insights are provided as to optimization of the density gradient andhow to take residual stresses into account in such calculations. © 2018 American Powder Metallurgy Institute. All rightsreserved. (16 refs)Main heading: MetallurgyControlled terms: Case hardening - Gears - Hardening - Residual stresses - Shot peeningUncontrolled terms: Carbon content - Density gradients - Experimental series - Load-bearing capacity - Powdermetallurgical - Pulsator testing - Surface residual stress - Test specimensClassification Code: 531.1 MetallurgyMetallurgy - 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes -539 Metals Corrosion and Protection; Metal PlatingMetals Corrosion and Protection; Metal Plating - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine ComponentsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

4. The effects of surface conditioning and gear oil type on friction and wear behavior undersliding conditionTertuliano, I.S. (1); Figueiredo, T.P. (1, 2); Machado, G.A.A. (1, 2); Cousseau, T. (3); Sinatora, A. (1, 4); Machado, I.F.(1)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, v 232, n 1, p73-84, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 13506501, E-ISSN: 2041305X; DOI: 10.1177/1350650117740012; Publisher: SAGEPublications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Surface Phenomena Laboratory, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (2) Fiat ChryslerAutomobiles (FCA), Minas Gerais, Brazil (3) Federal University of Technology – UTFPR, Curitiba; Paraná, Brazil (4)Technological Institute Vale, Av. Juscelino Kubitscheck, Ouro Preto; Minas Gerais, BrazilAbstract: Highly additized low viscous lubricants, new coatings, and surface treatments have been employed byoriginal equipment manufacturers in several tribosystems to reduce emission and fuel consumption. In this sense,this work investigates the tribological response of four different advanced fully formulated gear oils and three differentmaterials (coatings and topography) in terms of friction and wear using a ball-on-disc test rig under pure unidirectionalsliding condition and boundary lubrication. The tested lubricants had different base oils: mineral, semi-synthetic, andsynthetic with different additive packages. The ball's material was AISI 52100 bearing steel and the bulk materialof the tested specimens (discs) were SAE 4320 steel with surface as follows: (i) ground; (ii) subjected to ceramicshot peening (CSP) and, (iii) coated with WC/C. Optical and scanning electron microscopy and 3D profilometry wereused to evaluate the wear track and tribofilm formation. It was found that the frictional dependence on the surfacetopography and lubricant type is not significant, whilst the wear mechanisms were highly dependent on material andsurface conditioning. The harder and rougher the contact body, the higher the wear produced in the counter body. Atthe harsher conditions base oil type control wear more effectively than the additive package. © 2017, © IMechE 2017.(25 refs)




Main heading: Surface topographyControlled terms: Coatings - Friction - Gears - Lubricants - Lubricating oils - Profilometry - Scanning electronmicroscopy - Shot peening - Sprayed coatings - Surface treatment - Tribology - Tungsten carbide - Wear of materialsUncontrolled terms: Ball-on-disc test rig - Boundary lubrications - Friction and wear behaviors - Original equipmentmanufacturers - Sliding conditions - Surface conditioning - Tribological response - Viscous lubricantsClassification Code: 539 Metals Corrosion and Protection; Metal PlatingMetals Corrosion and Protection;Metal Plating - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 607.1 LubricantsLubricants - 804.2 InorganicCompoundsInorganic Compounds - 813.2 Coating MaterialsCoating Materials - 931 Classical Physics; QuantumTheory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids andSolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

5. Kinematic Errors in the Generating Train of New Generation Gear-Hobbing Machine withDirect DrivesBushuev, Vl. V. (1); Bushuev, V.V. (1); Novikov, V.A. (1)Source: Russian Engineering Research, v 38, n 2, p 98-104, February 1, 2018; ISSN: 1068798X, E-ISSN: 19348088;DOI: 10.3103/S1068798X18020053; Publisher: Pleiades PublishingAuthor affiliation: (1) Stankin Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, RussiaAbstract: The appearance of high-frequency kinematic errors in the generating train is analyzed for the newgeneration of gear-hobbing machines. Methods of diminishing those high-frequency components are proposed. Thetransfer of cyclic errors in the generating train to the gear being produced is discussed. © 2018, Allerton Press, Inc. (10refs)Main heading: ErrorsControlled terms: Gears - Kinematics - MachiningUncontrolled terms: Cyclic errors - Direct drive - Kinematic error - Torsional rigidity - Transmission bandClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachiningOperations - 931.1 MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

6. Dry grinding of gears for sustainable automotive transmission productionGuerrini, Giacomo (1); Landi, Enrico (2); Peiffer, Klaus (3); Fortunato, Alessandro (1)Source: Journal of Cleaner Production, v 176, p 76-88, March 1, 2018; ISSN: 09596526; DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.127; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento, 2, Bologna,Italy (2) SAMPUtensili Machinetools, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy (3) Klaus Peiffer Technology LLC, Wallisellen,SwitzerlandAbstract: Gear production for automotive transmissions is a rapidly growing market as manufacturers adapt toincreasingly more stringent automobile fuel-efficiency requirements. Grinding is the preferred choice for finishing ofautomotive gears thanks to its high productivity and capability of machining heat-treated parts with very high geometricaccuracy and surface quality. Grinding remains, however, the only machining process still to use lubricant, withsignificant costs, health implications and environmental risks. This paper presents a novel technology for grinding ofgears without the requirement for oil, while still achieving necessary quality and production targets. The feasibility ofthis new dry process is assessed by firstly identifying threshold grinding parameters (70m/s cutting speed; 0.4mm/revaxial feed rate; 82% and 18% stock removed via skiving and dry grinding respectively) for avoiding grinding burn, thenoptimizing cutting parameters to obtain the desired gear accuracy. Gear accuracy and process productivity are found toexhibit opposing dependencies on cutting speed, stock removal and feed rate, with optimization of parameters carriedout to achieve current quality and throughput standards. A comparison between results obtained with state-of-the-artwet grinding and the new process confirms the effectiveness and feasibility of dry grinding. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (27refs)Main heading: Grinding (machining)Controlled terms: Automobile manufacture - Automobile transmissions - Cutting - Gear cutting - Gears - Health risks -Machining - Production - Productivity - ShotcretingUncontrolled terms: Automotive - Automotive transmissions - Dry grinding - Health implications - High quality -Optimization of parameters - Process productivity - Throughput standard




Classification Code: 412 ConcreteConcrete - 461.7 Health CareHealth Care - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachineComponents - 604.1 Metal CuttingMetal Cutting - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachining Operations - 661.2Automotive Engine ComponentsAutomotive Engine Components - 662.1 AutomobilesAutomobilesDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

7. A method for grinding face gear of double crowned tooth geometry on a multi-axis CNCmachineShen, Yunbo (1); Liu, Xuan (1); Li, Dayin (1); Li, Zhanping (1)Source: Mechanism and Machine Theory, v 121, p 1339-1351, March 2018; ISSN: 0094114X; DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2017.11.007; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechatronic Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an; 710032, ChinaAbstract: The stability requirement of bearing contact and a favorable function of transmission errors motivates theinvestigation of design and manufacture technology of the face-gear drives. Application of a grinding disc wheel withaxial profile modification and a longitudinal ease-off topography design of face gear tooth flanks could be properutilized to obtain a double crowned tooth geometry, which results in the pre-designed bearing contact and desiredtransmission errors. With the profile crowned tooth geometry of the gear generated by the modified wheel cutter,finding of the execution motions to generate the tooth geometry with the longitudinal ease-off topography design ona multi-axis Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine with the same tool is a major issue. Therefore, a universalmethod on the Design Optimization Techniques is proposed to obtain the execution motions for such problem.The proposed optimization methodology is also applicable for the tooth flank error correction by a worm hob or agrinding cutter on the CNC generator. With the term of additional movement of execution motion is defined, a detaileddescription of additional movements for the ease-offs of the real crowned tooth geometry is also investigated. Thefeasibility of proposed method is validated by numerical examples. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (28 refs)Main heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: Computer control systems - Error correction - Errors - Geometry - Grinding (machining) - Numericalmethods - Topography - Wheels - Worm gearsUncontrolled terms: Additional movement - Computer numerical control machines - Design and manufactures - Ease-off topographies - Face gears - Multi-axis CNC machine - Optimization methodology - Stability requirementsClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachiningOperations - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.6 NumericalMethodsNumerical Methods - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

8. Grinding of internal gears by setting a large crossed-axes angle using a barrel-shapedgrinding wheelYanase, Yoshikoto (1, 2); Komori, Masaharu (2); Ochi, Masashi (1)Source: Precision Engineering, 2018; ISSN: 01416359; DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2018.01.010; Publisher: ElsevierInc., Article in PressAuthor affiliation: (1) Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Machine Tool Co., Ltd. 130 Rokujizo, Ritto, Shiga, 520-3080, Japan(2) Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto,615-8540, JapanAbstract: Recently, there has been an increase in the demand for mass production of high-precision internal gearsin order to lower vibration and noise. Therefore grinding of internal gears has become necessary. However, theconventional grinding method cannot achieve target cycle times and hence is not suitable for mass production. Toaddress this problem, a high-precision and high-efficiency method of grinding internal gears has been developedwhich is described in this paper. The grinding method presented in this study, uses a barrel-shaped threaded grindingwheel to realize a large crossed-axes angle between the internal gear and the grinding wheel, which leads to a highergrinding speed. The geometrical and numerical analysis of the grinding method and the surface of the barrel-shapedthreaded grinding wheel have been carried out. Production test of the barrel-shaped grinding wheel and grindingexperiment of an internal gear with a large crossed-axes angle have been performed and their results show that theproposed internal gear grinding method is effective. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.Main heading: Grinding (machining)Controlled terms: Gears - Grinding wheels - Numerical methods - Wheel dressing - Wheels




Uncontrolled terms: Crossed axes - Grinding methods - Grinding speed - High-efficiency - High-precision - Internalgear - Mass production - Production testClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachiningOperations - 606.2 Abrasive Devices and ProcessesAbrasive Devices and Processes - 921.6 NumericalMethodsNumerical MethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

9. Study on honing mechanism of gear surface using an internal honing wheel based onsingle-particle abrasiveZhang, G.Z. (1, 2); Han, J. (1)Source: Key Engineering Materials, v 764, p 235-244, 2018; ISSN: 10139826; DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.764.235; Publisher: Trans Tech Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) CIMS Institute, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China (2) NC Department, AnhuiTechnical College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhu, ChinaAbstract: Based on geometry model of single abrasive particle, comparing abrasive geometries of different materialsdisplayed in SEM images, it is proposed that abrasive geometry is similar to inverted cone with vertex radius in sphere.Based on abrasives with inverted cone geometry, through introducing sliding ratio, mathematical models of cuttingforce and specific grinding energy of single abrasive have been established to study about cutting force in meshingline of single abrasive; in accordance with specific grinding energy of single abrasive, combined with internal meshingprinciple, the relationship among specific grinding energy, engagement, and meshing line length l have been studied.Through simulation analysis, it is shown that the unit normal force of single abrasive in whole meshing line graduallyincreases from tooth top to pitch line and tooth root; the greater the value of l from pitch line to tooth top, the more thespecific grinding energy accordingly; however the greater the value of l from pitch line to tooth root, the smaller thespecific grinding energy therewith; the greater the engagement, the smaller the specific grinding energy which tends tostable with changing of l. © 2018 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. (16 refs)Main heading: AbrasivesControlled terms: Cutting - Gears - Geometry - Grinding (machining) - Honing - WheelsUncontrolled terms: Abrasive particles - Cutting forces - Geometry model - Normal forces - Simulation analysis -Single particle - Sliding ratio - Specific grinding energyClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachiningOperations - 606.1 Abrasive MaterialsAbrasive Materials - 921 MathematicsMathematicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

10. Geometric error analysis and compensation for multi-axis spiral bevel gears millingmachineXiang, Sitong (1); Li, Huimin (2); Deng, Ming (2); Yang, Jianguo (2)Source: Mechanism and Machine Theory, v 121, p 59-74, March 2018; ISSN: 0094114X; DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2017.10.014; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo; 315211, China (2)School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; 200240, ChinaAbstract: This article proposes a method to analyze and compensate geometric errors of six-axis CNC grindingmachines for spiral bevel gears. Volumetric error prediction and compensation models are realized by the forward andinverse kinematics modeling via the screw theory. Key geometric error items of motion axes and their influences ongear tooth performance are modeled and analyzed. Advantages of the proposed compensation method for geometricerrors over the machine settings modification method are demonstrated. The compensation strategy has been verifiedon a six-axis grinding machine controlled by a Siemens CNC. The pitch error and tooth form error of machined gearsbefore and after compensation are compared to validate the effectivity of the proposed compensation method. © 2017Elsevier Ltd (34 refs)Main heading: Error compensationControlled terms: Bevel gears - Error analysis - Errors - Gears - Geometry - Grinding (machining) - Grindingmachines - Inverse kinematics - Inverse problems - ScrewsUncontrolled terms: CNC grinding machines - Compensation method - Compensation strategy - Forward and inversekinematics - Geometric errors - Modification methods - Screw theory - Six-axis




Classification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachiningOperations - 605 Small Tools and HardwareSmall Tools and Hardware - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 931.1MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

11. Development of geometric descriptors for gears and gear toolsBabichev, D. (1)Source: Mechanisms and Machine Science, v 51, p 231-254, 2018; ISSN: 22110984, E-ISSN: 22110992; DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-60399-5_11; Publisher: Springer NetherlandsAuthor affiliation: (1) Industrial University of Tyumen, Tyumen, RussiaAbstract: Important parameters of a gear tool are values of deflection of the machined surface at its different points,appearing due to errors of tool set-up, its re-sharpening and so on. An important parameter of a gear is its sensitivityto variation in the mutual arrangement of links appearing at gear assembly and due to deformations by loads andtemperature influence. It is almost impossible for a production engineer, designer, product assembler or repairmanto find this information; it can be obtained through complicated computer-aided analysis, individually tailored toeach specific tool and gear. The place for keeping this information may be geometric descriptors of tools and gearsproposed in this paper. The geometric descriptor will allow the manufacturers to solve multiple complex tasks quicklyand reliably: (a) to obtain the proper location of the bearing contact in a gear; (b) to estimate the behavior of thebearing contact and the value of cyclic variations of the gear ratio when a gear is operated; (c) to assign deviationsin tool-setting parameters in order to compensate for organic errors in the re-sharpening of tool front surfaces; (d) todetermine the re-sharpening parameters in order to decrease organic errors in re-sharpening or obtain the requiredmodification of tooth surfaces and other tasks. Theoretical basics for creating geometric descriptors are kinematicmethods of the classical theory of gearing, developed later in the theory of real gearing. Choosing the most valuablereferences for development of geometric descriptors, we have to list works [11–20, 22–24]. The previous theoreticalworks written by the author are essentially useful for computer-aided design of generating processes, which precedesthe development of geometric descriptors [2–4, 6, 7]. In these works, investigations of generating processes arecarried out through applying: (i) the concepts of fans, wedges and bunches of normal lines [2–4, 7] (one can determinesurfaces generated by jogs on generating solids, including those of secondary cutting); (ii) multi-parametric enveloping[2] (surfaces of shear are determined within tool supply and withdrawal); (iii) interrelated systems of curvilinearcoordinates: integral, natural, unified, regulated [3] (one can even describe the geometry of all cutting edges forany edge-type tool as a continuous, smooth surface differentiable at all points with two unified regulated curvilinearcoordinates on it [7]). The paper also presents: (a) analysis of features for gear machining cutting by edge-type toolsand requirements for the geometry of operating flanks of teeth; (b) specification of types of geometric descriptor (paper,computer-aided and combined) and of tasks solved by their means; (c) statement of theoretical basics of developmentof geometric descriptors; (d) approximate contents of works on development of a system of geometrical descriptorsfor tools and gears; (e) theoretical investigations and specification of developed computer-aided programs aimed atdevelopment of geometrical descriptors; (f) results of computer-aided simulation through these programs for generationof helical surfaces by solids of revolution, i.e., fundamentals of geometric descriptors for disk-type cutters and disks forprofile grinding; (g) structure of paper geometric descriptors and basic components of one sheet of such a descriptor.The present paper does not provide examples of geometric descriptors for specific tools and gears. © 2018, SpringerInternational Publishing Switzerland. (24 refs)Main heading: GeometryControlled terms: C (programming language) - Computer aided analysis - Computer aided design - Computeroperating systems - Cutting tools - Errors - Gear cutters - Gear cutting - Gear teeth - Gears - Grinding (machining) -Helical gears - Machinery - Sensitivity analysis - Specifications - WheelsUncontrolled terms: Computer aided simulations - Curvilinear coordinate - Cyclic variations - Geometric descriptor -Sensitivity to variations - Temperature influence - Theoretical investigations - Theory of generationClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 603.1 Machine Tools, GeneralMachineTools, General - 603.2 Machine Tool AccessoriesMachine Tool Accessories - 604.1 Metal CuttingMetal Cutting - 604.2Machining OperationsMachining Operations - 723.1.1 Computer Programming LanguagesComputer ProgrammingLanguages - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications - 902.2 Codes and StandardsCodes and Standards -921 MathematicsMathematicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

12. A Study on the Design and Performance of Epicycloid Bevels of Pure-Rolling Contact




Tan, Rulong (1, 2); Chen, Bingkui (1); Xiang, Dongyun (1); Liang, Dong (1)Source: Journal of Mechanical Design, Transactions of the ASME, v 140, n 4, April 1, 2018; ISSN: 10500472; DOI:10.1115/1.4039008; Article number: 043301; Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)Author affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Hongqing University, Chongqing; 400044,China (2) College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing; 400044, ChinaAbstract: To avoid the negative influence of sliding contact, this paper tries to investigate the spiral bevels of pure-rolling contact that can be manufactured by existing manufacture technology. In this process, spatial conjugatecurve meshing theory and conjugate surface theory are both introduced to investigate the geometric principles andface hobbing process of the pure-rolling contact epicycloid bevel (PCEB for short in this paper). The tooth surfacemodels of PCEBs by face hobbing process are obtained. Next, a sample is represented to show an application of thismodel. Then, finite element analysis (FEA) is applied to investigate the contact mechanics characteristics of thesegears. Finally, the performance experiment of a prototype is completed to evaluate the deviations between theoreticalexpectations and practical results. From the FEA and experimental results, it is concluded that the PCEBs can meshcorrectly and achieve a higher transmission efficiency. © 2018 by ASME. (24 refs)Main heading: Finite element methodControlled terms: Deformation - Friction - Gear teeth - Gears - MachiningUncontrolled terms: Conjugate surface theories - Contact Mechanics - Face hobbing process - Manufacturetechnology - Performance experiment - Sliding contacts - Tooth surface - Transmission efficiencyClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachiningOperations - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical MethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

13. Improvements in the micro tooth surface topography of hobbed spur and helical gearsSimon, Vilmos V. (1)Source: Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, v 40, n 4, April 1, 2018; ISSN:16785878, E-ISSN: 18063691; DOI: 10.1007/s40430-018-1148-y; Article number: 210; Publisher: Springer VerlagAuthor affiliation: (1) Department for Machine and Product Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, BudapestUniversity of Technology and Economics, Megyetem rkp. 3, Budapest; 1111, HungaryAbstract: A new model of the gear hobbing process is presented in this paper to determine the micro tooth surfacetopography in spur and helical gears. The model is based on the generation of tooth surfaces by successive cuts ofthe finite number of hob teeth, as they come into interaction with the gear tooth. For every relative position of the hoband the gear, an analysis is carried out to find the active cutting edge points which generate the gear tooth surface.Repeating this procedure for all the selected gear tooth surface points, the micro topography of the gear tooth surfaceis determined. Therefore, the developed method determines the deviations of the manufactured tooth surface fromthe theoretical tooth surface of spur and helical gears. The method is applied to improve the micro tooth surfacetopography of spur and helical gears, namely to reduce the deviations of the hobbed tooth surface. Spur and helicalgear examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. © 2018, The Brazilian Society of MechanicalSciences and Engineering. (31 refs)Main heading: Helical gearsControlled terms: Gear cutting - Gear manufacture - Gear teeth - Machining - Spur gears - Surface topography -TopographyUncontrolled terms: Cutting edges - Finite number - Gear tooth surface - Hobbing - Improvements - Micro topography- Relative positions - Tooth surfaceClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 604.1 Metal CuttingMetal Cutting - 604.2Machining OperationsMachining Operations - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysicalProperties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

14. Fabrication of micro gear with intact tooth profile by micro wire electrical dischargemachiningWang, Yukui (1); Chen, Xiang (1); Wang, Zhenlong (1, 2); Dong, Shuliang (1)Source: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, v 252, p 137-147, February 2018; ISSN: 09240136; DOI:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.09.002; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd




Author affiliation: (1) School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin; Heilongjiang;150001, China (2) Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education,Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin; Heilongjiang; 150001, ChinaAbstract: Micro wire electrical discharge machining (micro-WEDM) provides a promising alternative for micro gearmachining. However, the processing defect of non-intact tooth profile often appears due to the influence of micro geargravity, flushing force and explosive force in micro-WEDM process. This paper presents a process change of micro-WEDM to achieve the precise fabrication of micro gear with intact tooth profile, i.e. firstly reserving a sharp corner onthe gear teeth where the processing defect exists and then removing it by the second processing of micro-WEDM.The locating and clamping of the micro gear with sharp corner has been achieved using a novel self-centering flexiblefixture. The machining error during the second processing is analyzed, and whilst the process datum is accuratelydetermined. Appropriate processing parameters are obtained by performing preliminary experiments on X153CrMoV12workpiece, indicating that high open voltage and discharge capacitance cause large kerf width, moderate referencevoltage and feed rate lead to narrow kerf width. The static contact between the core jig of the fixture and the microgear with sharp corner is theoretically analyzed using ABAQUS software and experimentally proved to be in goodcondition. To verify the feasibility and repeatability of the proposed approach, five micro gears with 10 gear number, 0.1mm module and 2 mm tooth width are machined using 50 µm diameter wire electrode, exhibiting excellent conformity,machining error with less than 1.5 µm and surface roughness Ra with 0.9 µm. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. (19 refs)Main heading: Gear teethControlled terms: ABAQUS - Capacitance - Chemical contamination - Electric discharge machining - Electricdischarges - Fixtures (tooling) - Gears - Surface roughness - WireUncontrolled terms: Flexible fixture - Micro gear - Micro wire electrical discharge machining - Micro-WEDM - Precisefabrications - Processing parameters - Reference voltages - Tooth profileClassification Code: 535.2 Metal FormingMetal Forming - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 603.2Machine Tool AccessoriesMachine Tool Accessories - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachining Operations - 701.1Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 822.3 Food ProductsFoodProducts - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Propertiesof Gases, Liquids and SolidsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

15. Digitization modeling and CNC machining for cone-generated double-enveloping wormdriveLiu, Zhi (1); Lu, Hong (2); Wang, Shaojun (3); Yu, Guoming (1)Source: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, v 95, n 9-12, p 3393-3412, April 1, 2018; ISSN:02683768, E-ISSN: 14333015; DOI: 10.1007/s00170-017-1404-9; Publisher: Springer LondonAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang,China (2) School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China (3)Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau; MO; 63701, United StatesAbstract: Digitization modeling and CNC machining method of cone-generated double-enveloping worm drive areproposed in this study. The modeling coordinate frame is developed, and coordinate transformation matrices arealso built for different coordinate systems. Next, the common normal vectors and relative velocity vectors of theconical cutter and worm and worm and worm wheel are derived by using differential geometry, kinematic analysis,and coordinate transformation method; then, the mathematical models of the worm drive are established applyingspatial meshing principle. In addition, the solving algorithms for the complex multivariate nonlinear constrainedmathematical models of the worm drive are developed according to the worm drive’s surface-generating characteristic;then, the meshing point cloud that represents the tooth profile of the worm drive are calculated based on the developedalgorithms; finally, the digital CAD models of the worm drive could be constructed on the basis of the point cloud inthe modeling software system. The CNC machining code is generated based on the accurate digital CAD models,and the surfaces of the worm drive could be machined in the CNC machining center. The modeling and machiningexperiment results demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the proposed modeling and CNC machining method forcone-generated double-enveloping worm drive. © 2017, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature. (20 refs)Main heading: Computer aided designControlled terms: Algorithms - Computer crime - Geometry - Linear transformations - Mathematical transformations -Worm gearsUncontrolled terms: CAD modeling - Cnc machining - CNC machining centers - Co-ordinate transformation -Coordinate transformation methods - Differential geometry - Double enveloping - Enveloping surfaceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.




Data Provider: Engineering Village

16. Efficient schemes and methods for gear machining of spiroid gearwheels and wormsTrubachev, E. (1); Loginov, S. (1); Bogdanov, K. (1); Khvatov, D. (1); Shutkina, A. (1)Source: Mechanisms and Machine Science, v 51, p 465-480, 2018; ISSN: 22110984, E-ISSN: 22110992; DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-60399-5_23; Publisher: Springer NetherlandsAuthor affiliation: (1) Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, Izhevsk, RussiaAbstract: The paper considers the issues of improving the efficiency of gear machining of spiroid gearwheels andworms, including new schemes for machining on common equipment subjected to moderate and low-cost modification.Basic requirements for modification of equipment and tools are stated; basic relations for the calculation of generationparameters are presented and certain results of calculations and practical machining are shown. © 2018, SpringerInternational Publishing Switzerland. (12 refs)Main heading: Gear cuttingControlled terms: GearsUncontrolled terms: Efficient schemes - Gear machining - Low costs - Spiroid gearsClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 604.1 Metal CuttingMetal CuttingDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

17. Large-scale farming operations are win-win for grain production, soil carbon storageand mitigation of greenhouse gasesZhu, Yongchang (1); Waqas, Muhammad Ahmed (1); Li, Yu'e (1); Zou, Xiaoxia (2); Jiang, Defeng (2); Wilkes, Andreas(1); Qin, Xiaobo (1); Gao, Qingzhu (1); Wan, Yunfan (1); Hasbagan, Ganjurjav (1)Source: Journal of Cleaner Production, v 172, p 2143-2152, 20 January 2018; ISSN: 09596526; DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.205; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy ofAgricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 10081, China (2) Collegeof Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao; 266109, ChinaAbstract: Scaling up of farming operations by land use rights transfers has been a growing trend in China in recentyears. However, little is known about the implications of this trend for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and soilorganic carbon (SOC) stock changes. Using farm survey data from Shandong Province, a typical grain productionregion in China, we used a life cycle assessment (LCA) method to evaluate the impact of different farm scales on inputuse efficiency, grain production, SOC stock changes and GHG emissions. Large-scale farming operations (LSFO)enhanced input use efficiency by reducing fertilizer and pesticide consumption rates and energy use for irrigation.Compared with small household farming operations (SHFO), LSFO attained higher grain yield in wheat-maize andwheat-rice cropping systems. Compared with small farms, carbon footprints per unit area of large-scale farms werelower for wheat (17%) and maize (28%) in the wheat-maize cropping system and for wheat (14%) and rice (8%) in thewheat-rice cropping system. Moreover, LSFO reduced GHG emissions (7–21%) and enhanced SOC stocks (6–9%),compared with SHFO. This study highlights that in China, land use rights transfers to promote large-scale farming canhelp achieve cleaner grain production with less negative impact on the environment. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (51 refs)Main heading: Thermal energyControlled terms: Compressed air - Energy balance - Gears - Health hazards - Industrial hygiene - Machine tools -Machining - Optimization - Particle swarm optimization (PSO)Uncontrolled terms: Balance optimization - Comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization (CLPSO) - Dryhobbing - Environmentally benign - Environmentally benign process - Mass flow rate of air - Occupational healthhazards - Optimization modelingDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

18. Gear geometry as a function of the production method: Proposal of invo-planar bevelgears for good productivity with 5X-machineKubo, A. (1); Ueda, A. (2)Source: Mechanisms and Machine Science, v 51, p 27-44, 2018; ISSN: 22110984, E-ISSN: 22110992; DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-60399-5_2; Publisher: Springer Netherlands




Author affiliation: (1) Research Institute for Applied Sciences, Kyoto; 606-8202, Japan (2) AMTEC Inc., Prio Tower4305, Osaka; 552-0007, JapanAbstract: In the frame of the activity of the JSME RC-268 committee, a new bevel gear, i.e., the Invo-Planar bevelgear, is developed, the tooth flank of the wheel of which is a plane or whose transverse tooth profile is a straightline. The cutting/grinding time for this bevel wheel can be more than 10 times shorter than the working time for aconventional bevel gear wheel, when it is cut with a 5-axis machining center, because it cuts or grinds the tooth flankthrough one path of tool movement. The finished tooth flank is far smoother than the curved tooth flank manufacturedthrough many paths of the cutting blades of the tool. The production rate of the mating pinion with a 5-axis machiningcenter is the same as that of a conventional bevel pinion. Some experiences in the production and quality assessmentof product gears, and a performance survey of this new bevel gear, are introduced to promote discussion. © 2018,Springer International Publishing Switzerland.Main heading: Bevel gearsControlled terms: Design - Gear manufacture - Machining centers - Manufacture - WheelsUncontrolled terms: 5-axis machining centers - Cutting blades - Face gears - Induced stress - Production methods -Production rates - Quality assessment - Surface integrityClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 603.1 Machine Tools, GeneralMachine Tools, GeneralDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

19. Research on the mold release motion for spiral bevel gear forgingZheng, Fangyan (1); Guo, Xiaodong (1); Zhang, Mingde (1); Zhang, Weiqing (1)Source: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, v 136, p 482-492, February 2018; ISSN: 00207403; DOI:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.12.033; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing; 400000,ChinaAbstract: At present, spur bevel gears are mainly processed by forging, showing advantages of high processingefficiency, low processing cost and fine microstructure material. Spiral bevel gears, meanwhile, are widely generatedby machining, including face-milling, face-hobbing, etc., in spite of the superiority identified of forged spiral bevel gearsfor years. The major hindrance originally lied in the manufacture of the mold, and along with the development of multi-axial machine tool, it is now no longer a problem. Accurate design of mold release motion (MRM) to avoid interference,however, remains a problem due to the fact that the tooth lengthwise of spiral bevel gear is not straight. To resolvethis, this paper, through deriving the equation of the tooth surface, investigating algorithm for mold release motioninterference and discussing the motion parameter presetting, proposes first a mold release motion analysis (MRMA)method for forging spiral bevel gear. Subsequently, based on the method, a computerized program is developed, inwhich the ideal mold release motion can be obtained through adjusting the recommended motion according to the moldrelease interference analysis. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (40 refs)Main heading: Bevel gearsControlled terms: Forging - Gears - Machine tools - Milling (machining) - Molds - Motion analysis - Spur gearsUncontrolled terms: Accurate design - Face milling - Fine microstructure - Interference analysis - Motion parameters -Processing costs - Spiral bevel gears - Tooth surfaceClassification Code: 535.2.2 Metal Forming PracticeMetal Forming Practice - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachineComponents - 603.1 Machine Tools, GeneralMachine Tools, General - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachiningOperations - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image ProcessingDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

20. A disk tool cutting method for bevel gear manufacture on a five-axis machineShih, Yi-Pei (1); Sun, Zi-Heng (1); Wu, Fu-Chuan (1)Source: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, v 94, n 1-4, p 855-865, January 1, 2018; ISSN:02683768, E-ISSN: 14333015; DOI: 10.1007/s00170-017-0918-5; Publisher: Springer LondonAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology,No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd, Taipei; 106, TaiwanAbstract: Two main popular cutting methods for bevel gear mass production, face milling and face hobbing, bothrequire dedicated tools and machines available from only a few machine tool companies, which makes productionmore costly. This paper thus proposes a cheaper, more flexible alternative for producing small or medium batches




of large bevel gears, a disk tool cutting method using a five-axis machine. In this method, the machine coordinatesare derived based on tooth surfaces. The target’s topographic points of tooth surface are applied to construct a fittedsurface which is then used to further refine the cutter-contact points to improve the precision of the gear produced. Atthe same time, mathematical models are established for both the tool and the machine. A coordinate transformationmatrix is then generated by aligning the coordinate system of the tool’s reference point with each of the work gearcutter-contact points. Because different machines employ identical transformation matrices for producing the sameworkpiece, the machine’s five-axis coordinates can be derived using inverse kinematics. These coordinates are theresource to generate the NC machining data that allows NC verification software to perform cutting simulations. Thesimulation results verify the correctness of the mathematical models. © 2017, Springer-Verlag London Ltd. (14 refs)Main heading: Bevel gearsControlled terms: Cutting tools - Gear cutting - Gear manufacture - Inverse kinematics - Inverse problems - Lineartransformations - Machine tools - Matrix algebra - Milling (machining) - VerificationUncontrolled terms: Co-ordinate system - Co-ordinate transformation - Cutting simulation - Five-axis machines -Machine tool company - Tool cutting - Topographic points - Transformation matricesDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

21. State-of-art review of past research on manufacturing of meso and micro cylindricalgearsChaubey, Sujeet Kumar (1); Jain, Neelesh Kumar (1)Source: Precision Engineering, v 51, p 702-728, January 2018; ISSN: 01416359; DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2017.07.014; Publisher: Elsevier Inc.Author affiliation: (1) Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, KhandwaRoad, Indore; MP; 453 552, IndiaAbstract: Meso and micro-gears are the key elements of various micro-systems and devices used for transmittingpower and/or motion due to their ultra-light weight, smaller size and compact, higher dimensional accuracy, betterfunctional and operating characteristics, longer service life, zero backlash and ability to sustain their performance underrisky ecological environments. Continuously growing demands for the micro-systems and miniaturized componentshave accelerated requirement of manufacturing high quality meso and micro gears productively and economicallyfrom a variety of materials. This has motivated researchers to explore existing processes and develop alternative net-shape or near net-shape processes to fulfill this demand. This paper presents state-of-art review of the past researchwork carried out on manufacturing of meso and micro spur and helical gears highlighting their material, specifications,type of manufacturing processes used, their capabilities and limitations. It reveals that (i) most of the past work hasfocused on manufacturing of meso and micro spur gear using various micro-manufacturing processes which yield poorquality; (ii) some work has been reported on using advanced machining processes to manufacture of near-net shapedmeso and micro spur gears of high quality standard; (iii) only powder extrusion has been explored for manufacturingthe meso and micro helical gears; (iv) no work has been reported on (a) meso and micro helical gears manufacturingeither by micro-manufacturing or advanced machining processes; (b) manufacturing of meso and micro conical gears,internal gears and non-circular gears; (c) modeling and optimization of input parameters of the micro-manufacturingprocesses affecting quality of the meso and micro gears; and (d) WEDM has capability to manufacture the mesoand micro spur gears having quality DIN standard value up to 5. Based upon these revelations, it also identifies thedirections and scope for future research in this important area of micro-manufacturing. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. (58 refs)Main heading: Spur gearsControlled terms: Gear manufacture - Gears - Helical gears - Industrial research - Machining - Machining centers -ManufactureUncontrolled terms: Ecological environments - High-quality standards - Machining Process - Micro gear - Micro-manufacturing - Modeling and optimization - Near-net shape process - Operating characteristicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

22. Study on ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical honing of bevel gearsSingh, Harpreet (1); Jain, Pramod K (1)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, v 232,n 4, p 705-712, March 1, 2018; ISSN: 09544054, E-ISSN: 20412975; DOI: 10.1177/0954405416654086; Publisher:SAGE Publications Ltd




Author affiliation: (1) Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,Roorkee, IndiaAbstract: Electrochemical honing of gears is a productive, high-accuracy, micro-finishing and long tool life gearfinishing process in which material is removed by combined action of electrolytic dissolution and mechanical scrubbingaction. The use of ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical honing of gears is first proposed, and it may help to enhance theprocess performances of the classical electrochemical honing process by scrubbing the complete surface of the geartooth. In this technique, the honing gear is attached on the ultrasonic vibrator to provide the ultrasonic vibrations on theworkpiece surface. The focus is on an optimization of the process parameters of ultrasonic-assisted electrochemicalhoning of bevel gear made of AISI 1040 carbon steel. The result of experiments reveals that the applied high ultrasonicfrequency (kHz) on the workpiece has the maximum influence on the process performance. The maximum percentageimprovement in average and maximum surface roughness using ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical honing of bevelgear is 91.04 and 71.98, respectively. The results confirm that the ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical honing canproduce a better tooth surface roughness than the electrochemical honing. This will improve bevel gear efficiency andreliability in operation. © 2016, © IMechE 2016. (18 refs)Main heading: Bevel gearsControlled terms: Carbon - Carbon steel - Gears - Honing - Surface properties - Surface roughness - Ultrasonicapplications - Ultrasonic waves - Vibrations (mechanical) - Vibratory finishingUncontrolled terms: Electrochemical honing - Electrolytic dissolution - Finishing process - Maximum surfaceroughness - Process parameters - Process performance - Ultrasonic frequency - Ultrasonic vibrationClassification Code: 545.3 SteelSteel - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 753.1 UltrasonicWavesUltrasonic Waves - 753.3 Ultrasonic ApplicationsUltrasonic Applications - 804 Chemical ProductsGenerallyChemical Products Generally - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids andSolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

23. An appraisal of the sound field generated by helical gear pairs with different helixangles, manufactured by various technologiesKorka, Zoltan (1); Filip, Lidia (1); Clavac, Bogdan (1); Bara, Aurel (1)Source: Springer Proceedings in Physics, v 198, p 121-127, 2018, Acoustics and Vibration of Mechanical Structures-AVMS-2017 - Proceedings of the 14th AVMS Conference, 2017; ISSN: 09308989, E-ISSN: 18674941; ISBN-13:9783319698229; DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69823-6_15; Conference: 14th International Conference on Acousticsand Vibration of Mechanical Structures, AVMS 2017, May 25, 2017 - May 26, 2017; Publisher: Springer Science andBusiness Media, LLCAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanics and Materials Engineering, “Eftimie Murgu” University of Resita,Resita, RomaniaAbstract: This paper aims to present the influence of the gear manufacturing technology on the sound pressurelevel (SPL) of a single stage helical gearbox. For this purpose, three gear pairs, having different helix angles (9°,11° and, 13°, respectively) have been manufactured by three distinctive technologies. The first manufacturingalternative consisted of machining the gear teeth by milling with an accuracy grade 8, according to ISO 1328. Thesecond alternative was designed to increase the quality class of the gears by grinding them with an accuracy grade 6(according to ISO 1328), while the third manufacturing version involved applying a special fluoropolymer coating on themilled gear teeth. The gear pairs, which had different helix angles, and were manufactured by different technologicalvariants, were tested, in various operating conditions, on an open energy test stand. The degree to which the differentmanufacturing technologies had an influence on the sound field generated by these helical gears was assessed,and the corresponding advantages and disadvantages of each manufacturing alternative were concluded. It wasestablished that the best results in term of SPL were obtained by the gears which have been grinded, respective thegears with the special fluoropolymer coating. In fact, these two investigated manufacturing technologies lead to verysimilar results regarding the intensity of the generated sound field. © 2018, Springer International Publishing AG. (6refs)Main heading: Gear teethControlled terms: Acoustic field measurement - Acoustic fields - Acoustics - Coatings - Engineering education -Fluorine containing polymers - Gear manufacture - Gears - Helical gears - Manufacture - Vibrations (mechanical)Uncontrolled terms: Fluoropolymer coating - Gear manufacturing - Helical gear box - Helix angles - Manufacturingtechnologies - Operating condition - Sound pressure level - Various technologiesClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 751 Acoustics, Noise. SoundAcoustics, Noise. Sound - 751.2 Acoustic




Properties of MaterialsAcoustic Properties of Materials - 813.2 Coating MaterialsCoating Materials - 815.1 PolymericMaterialsPolymeric Materials - 901.2 EducationEducation - 931.1 MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

24. Cost- and energy-efficient manufacture of gears by laser beam meltingKamps, Tobias (1, 2); Lutter-Guenther, Max (2); Seidel, Christian (2, 3); Gutowski, Timothy (1); Reinhart, Gunther (2, 3)Source: CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2018; ISSN: 17555817; DOI: 10.1016/j.cirpj.2018.01.002; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd, Article in PressAuthor affiliation: (1) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity,Cambridge, MA, USA (2) Fraunhofer Research Institution for Casting, Composite and Processing Technology IGCV,Augsburg, Germany (3) Institute for Machine Tools and Industrial Management (iwb), Technical University of Munich,Garching, GermanyAbstract: The decision for choosing a manufacturing technology for a specific product is primarily based on cost inindustrial practise. Current government regulations together with international projects like the Convention on ClimateChange introduce further factors targeting a sustainably choice of manufacturing sequences. A typical measure istotal energy embedded in a product based on the employed manufacturing route. Hence, industrial decision makersmay have to assess both a cost- and energy-efficient production sequence. This results in the main challenge of anearly estimation of manufacturing costs and energy consumption for choosing the most suitable production scenario.This is a crucial point to an industrial implementation of additive manufacturing (AM) and specifically for expensiveand energy-intensive technologies for industrial metal processing like laser beam melting (LBM). This includes aconsideration of both the entire process sequence embedded in a suitable production scenario and potential forproduct redesign derived from the use of LBM.This paper suggests two integrated models for cost and life cycleassessment in a cradle-to-gate framework focussing an industrial process sequence. Gear wheel manufacturing in alow volume or high variant production scale is chosen as a production scenario. Three industrial process sequencesfor gear production based on machining, hobbing, and LBM are investigated. Special focus is set to the impact oflightweight design on energy- and cost-efficiency of the manufacturing sequence. The key factors influencing cost-and energy-intensity are identified recommending a production scenario that is worthwhile for LBM for the small scaleproduction of gears. It is concluded that both cost- and energy-efficiency have to be assessed with different processalternatives in order to identify a worthwhile scenario for LBM based on cost and life cycle assessment models.Lightweight design is identified as the most significant factor for reducing costs and energy-consumption that suggestsemploying lightweight design for cost- and energy-efficiency. The intended audience of this contribution are scientists,industrial applicants of LBM and conventional gear manufacturers. © 2018 CIRP.Main heading: Energy efficiencyControlled terms: 3D printers - Climate change - Cost effectiveness - Costs - Decision making - Ecodesign - Energyutilization - Gear manufacture - Gears - Laser beams - Laws and legislation - Life cycle - Manufacture - Melting -Sustainable developmentUncontrolled terms: Cost efficiency - Cost modeling - Direct manufacturing - Laser beam melting - Life cycle costing -Lightweight design - Powder bedClassification Code: 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties - 454.1 Environmental Engineering,GeneralEnvironmental Engineering, General - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation - 525.3 EnergyUtilizationEnergy Utilization - 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 744.8 Laser Beam InteractionsLaser Beam Interactions - 745.1.1 PrintingEquipmentPrinting Equipment - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations - 911 Cost and Value Engineering;Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrialEconomics - 912.2 ManagementManagement - 971 Social SciencesSocial SciencesDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

25. A Framework for a Large-Scale Machine Tool with Long Coarse Linear Axes underClosed-Loop Volumetric Error CompensationIbaraki, Soichi (1); Yuasa, Kohei (2); Saito, Naoto (3); Kojima, Noriaki (3)Source: IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, v 23, n 2, p 823-832, April 2018; ISSN: 10834435; DOI: 10.1109/TMECH.2018.2796239; Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.




Author affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima; 739-8527,Japan (2) Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto; 615-8530, Japan (3) Komatsu Ltd., Osaka;573-1011, JapanAbstract: A large-scale machine tool is typically very inefficient in size, cost, and energy consumption. Some largeparts only have a set of machining features, each of which is within a small local region, and their location should meetposition and orientation tolerances. In such a machining application, as a more cost- and energy-effective alternative,this paper presents the concept of a 'portable' machine tool, where a small machining platform, with the capability tomachine each local machining feature in the required accuracy, is moved by long coarse linear axes. The coarse axesonly perform the point-to-point positioning to each machining feature and fixed by servo control during the machining.They do not have sufficient positioning repeatability. To ensure the position/orientation accuracy of each machiningfeature without having highly repeatable coarse axes, this paper proposes the application of a tracking interferometerto measure all the error motions of coarse axes, and then to perform their compensation. This can be seen as aclosed-loop feedback control for coarse axes using the tracking interferometer in the loop. The proposed concept isdemonstrated by the experiments with its prototype using a six-degrees of freedom robot moved by two coarse linearaxes. © 1996-2012 IEEE. (34 refs)Main heading: Machine toolsControlled terms: Electric drives - Energy utilization - Error compensation - Gears - Interferometers - Mechatronics -Position measurementUncontrolled terms: Closed-loop feedback control - IEEE transactions - Machining feature - Motor drive - Point topoint - Position and orientations - Servo control - Tracking interferometersDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

26. Design principle and modeling method of asymmetric involute internal helical gearsShuai, Mo (1, 2, 3); Shuai, Ma (1, 2); Guoguang, Jin (1, 2); Jiabei, Gong (1, 2); Ting, Zhang (1, 2); Shengping, Zhu (1,2)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science,2018; ISSN: 09544062, E-ISSN: 20412983; DOI: 10.1177/0954406218756443; Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd,Article in PressAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, China (2) Tianjin KeyLaboratory of Advanced Mechatronics Equipment Technology, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, China (3) TheState Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, ChinaAbstract: In the field of mechanical engineering, involute helical gears are widely used. Compared with the involutespur gear, helical gears have a high bearing strength, more smooth transmission, less impact and less noise. Theinternal gear pairs have the features of large transmission ratio, low vibration, low noise and low wear and henceare widely used in planetary gear transmission systems. In order to meet the requirements of high strength, highspeed of the modern gear transmission systems, a new type of asymmetric involute internal helical gears is designedbased on conventional involute gears. This paper discusses the gear shaper cutter modeling for machining this newgear, analyzes the formation principle of asymmetric tooth profile and establishes a three-dimensional modeling bySolidWorks. Through MATLAB simulation, pressure angle, tooth number, coefficient of displacement and contact ratioof conventional and asymmetric gear are compared and analyzed. Using ANSYS, two types of gears are compared onstrength in order to demonstrate superiority of asymmetric tooth and further study about the asymmetric internal helicalgears. © 2018, IMechE 2018.Main heading: Helical gearsControlled terms: Gear teeth - Machining - MATLAB - Power transmission - Spur gears - Vibrations (mechanical)Uncontrolled terms: Asymmetric tooth profiles - Gear transmission system - Involute gear - Involute spur gears -Planetary gear transmission - Three-dimensional model - Tooth profile - Transmission ratiosClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 602.2 Mechanical TransmissionsMechanicalTransmissions - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachining Operations - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 931.1MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

27. Pitting formation in concave-convex gears manufactured from AISI 8620 steelUzun, Mahir (1); Münis, Mehmet Mehdi (1); Düzcükoglu, Hayrettin (2)




Source: Journal of Testing and Evaluation, v 46, n 4, 2018-07-01; ISSN: 00903973; DOI: 10.1520/JTE20160477;Publisher: ASTM InternationalAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bingol University, Bingol,Turkey (2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Selcuk University, Konya, TurkeyAbstract: In this study, the pitting formation of the tooth flank of concave-convex involute gears was investigated.The gears were manufactured from AISI 8620 steel with computer numerical control (CNC) machining and subjectedto a cementation hardening process because they could not be produced using traditional methods. The resultsof the experimental studies with these gears were compared to those obtained with spur gears. As a result of thiscomparison, and because the pitch line of spur gears is less than the pitch line of concave-convex gears with exactlythe same dimensions, the maximum Hertz stress formed in the pitch point of concave-convex gears is found to be lessthan that formed in the pitch point of spur gears. Therefore, the formation of pitting in concave-convex gears is quitedelayed. © 2017 by ASTM International. (20 refs)Main heading: Spur gearsControlled terms: Computer control systems - Gear manufacture - Gears - Hardening - Numerical methods - Pitting -SpallingUncontrolled terms: AISI 8620 steel - Computer numerical control machining - Fatigue cracks - Hardening process -Hertz stress - Involute gear - Pitting formation - Tooth flankClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 539.1 Metals CorrosionMetalsCorrosion - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications -921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical MethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

28. Optimization of requirements for accuracy of base surfaces for spur and helicalgearwheels at their tooth cuttingKane, M. (1)Source: Mechanisms and Machine Science, v 51, p 345-364, 2018; ISSN: 22110984, E-ISSN: 22110992; DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-60399-5_17; Publisher: Springer NetherlandsAuthor affiliation: (1) Belorussian National Technical University, Minsk, BelarusAbstract: The paper describes the character of the joint influence of errors for base surfaces for blanks of spur andhelical gearwheels (mounting bore and rim face end) on the position of the blank at tooth cutting. Possible versionsof gearwheel blank mounting at tooth cutting are considered. It is shown that implementation of this or that version attooth cutting is of a random character. The following issues are substantiated: the important role of the influence of theblank mounting error for providing accuracy parameters of teeth at their cutting; the necessity of applying statisticalmethods for the experimental study of the mutual relations between errors of blank bases and accuracy parameters ofteeth at their cutting. A technique for such investigation is proposed and investigation results are presented for a widerange of conditions of gear machining. Techniques for preliminary choice and optimization of requirements for accuracyof base surfaces of spur and helical gearwheel blanks before their tooth cutting are described. These requirementsprovide the necessary accuracy of teeth at the assigned conditions of gear machining. © 2018, Springer InternationalPublishing Switzerland. (7 refs)Main heading: Gear teethControlled terms: Errors - Gears - Mountings - Statistical methodsUncontrolled terms: Accuracy parameters - Base surface - Gear machining - Joint influence - Mutual relations -Parameters of tooth accuracy for spur and helical gearwheels - Random charactersClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematicalStatisticsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

29. Distortion control in 20MnCr5 bevel gears after liquid nitriding process to maintainprecision dimensionsMahendiran, M. (1); Kavitha, M. (2)Source: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, v 314, n 1, March 1, 2018, InternationalConference on Advances in Metallurgy, Materials and Manufacturing; ISSN: 17578981, E-ISSN: 1757899X; DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/314/1/012001; Article number: 012001; Conference: 1st International Conference on Advances




in Metallurgy, Materials and Manufacturing, ICAMMM 2017, March 6, 2017 - March 8, 2017; Sponsor: TechnicalQuality Improvement Program (TEQIP) Phase-II; Publisher: Institute of Physics PublishingAuthor affiliation: (1) Eppinger Tooling Asia, Tamilnadu Coimbatore; 642 109, India (2) Department of MetallurgicalEngineering, PSG College of Technology, Tamilnadu Coimbatore; 641 004, IndiaAbstract: Robotic and automotive gears are generally very high precision components with limitations in tolerances.Bevel gears are more widely used and dimensionally very close tolerance components that need stability without anybacklash or distortion for smooth and trouble free functions. Nitriding is carried out to enhance wear resistance of thesurface. The aim of this paper is to reduce the distortion in liquid nitriding process, though plasma nitriding is preferredfor high precision components. Various trials were conducted to optimize the process parameters, considering predimensional setting for nominal nitriding layer growth. Surface cleaning, suitable fixtures and stress relieving operationswere also done to optimize the process. Micro structural analysis and Vickers hardness testing were carried out foranalyzing the phase changes, variation in surface hardness and case depth. CNC gear testing machine was usedfor determining the distortion level. The presence of white layer was found for about 10-15µm in the case depth of250± 3.5µm showing an average surface hardness of 670 HV. Hence the economical liquid nitriding process wassuccessfully used for producing high hardness and wear resistant coating over 20MnCr5 material with less distortionand reduced secondary grinding process for dimensional control. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. (9refs)Main heading: Process controlControlled terms: Aluminum nitride - Bevel gears - Binary alloys - Chromium alloys - Gears - Indium metallurgy -Liquids - Manganese alloys - Manufacture - Metallurgy - Nitriding - Plasma applications - Surface cleaning - Vickershardness - Vickers hardness testing - Wear resistanceUncontrolled terms: Dimensional control - Distortion control - Grinding process - High precision components - Liquidnitriding - Process parameters - Surface hardness - Wear-resistant coatingClassification Code: 531.1 MetallurgyMetallurgy - 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes- 543.1 Chromium and AlloysChromium and Alloys - 543.2 Manganese and AlloysManganese and Alloys -601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds - 931.2Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 932.3 PlasmaPhysicsPlasma PhysicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

30. Mass production of graphene nanosheets by multi-roll milling techniqueYousef, Samy (2, 3); Mohamed, Alaa (1, 2); Tatariants, Maksym (4)Source: Tribology International, v 121, p 54-63, May 2018; ISSN: 0301679X; DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2018.01.040;Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Egypt Nanotechnology Center, EGNC, Cairo University, Giza; 12613, Egypt (2) Departmentof Production Engineering and Printing Technology, Akhbar Elyom Academy, Giza; 12566, Egypt (3) Department ofProduction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas;LT-51424, Lithuania (4) Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas Universityof Technology, Kaunas; LT-51424, LithuaniaAbstract: Recently, the liquid phase exfoliation of graphite has widely been used to produce graphene due to theeconomic profitability of the current method. However, the compressive load that appears during the exfoliationprocess leads to the formation of small graphite fragments in the graphite suspension. In addition, the applied shearload (responsible for delamination of graphene) has a chaotic nature as a result of random collisions of the traditionallyused balls or beads what adversely affects the structure of graphene, in particular its size and purity. This work aimsto develop a new effective graphene exfoliation process with a uniform shearing rate through replacing the sphericalsurface of the balls used in ball mill by an involute-shaped surface of gear teeth which have non-conformal surfacessimilar to the ones of multi-rollers. The new design consisted of two units: mechanical mixer unit that was used toprepare low-temperature expandable graphite (LT-EG)/Dimethylformamide (DMF) suspensions at 100 rpm for 30 minwith a LT-EG to DMF ratio 1:3 (W/W), while the second unit “multi-roller wet milling (MR-WM)” was used to synthesizethe as-prepared graphene from LT-EG/DMF at constant time 120 min and different speeds in the range 300–600rpm. The MR-WM unit was divided into three sections: a) three rollers connected together in parallel (installed atthe beginning of MR-WM unit) and used to unite the path of flow of LT-EG/DMF, b) two meshing spur gears with areduction ratio 1:1 used as an exfoliating element, and c) anther roller installed at the end to repeat the exfoliationprocess and thus to produce as-prepared graphene/DMF. Rotary decompression evaporator was used to extractgraphene and regenerate DMF. Finally, ultrasonication treatment followed by centrifugation was used to removeexfoliated particles and then obtain graphene after drying. The obtained graphene was examined using TEM, SEM,XRD, FTIR, and TGA. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (67 refs)




Main heading: GrapheneControlled terms: Gear teeth - Graphite - Milling (machining) - Rollers (machine components) - Spur gears -TemperatureUncontrolled terms: Economic profitability - Exfoliation - Exfoliation process - Graphene nanosheets - Graphitesuspensions - Low-temperature expandable graphites - Mechanical mixers - Random collisionsClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachiningOperations - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics - 761 NanotechnologyNanotechnology - 804 Chemical ProductsGenerallyChemical Products GenerallyDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

31. Feed optimization of cycloidal bevel gear format cutting based on equal cutting areaWang, Yong (1); Zhang, Yue (2); Cao, Zhuoyao (1); Yao, Jianguang (1); Shi, Mengkun (1); Cao, Xingye (1)Source: Key Engineering Materials, v 764, p 293-302, 2018; ISSN: 10139826; DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.764.293; Publisher: Trans Tech Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin; 300134, China(2) Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin;300072, ChinaAbstract: When machining the cycloidal bevel gear on the CNC machine tool, the cutting force is gradually increasedwith the increase of the cutting depth when the feed speed of the cutter head is constant. The fluctuation of the cuttingforce is easy to cause the spindle vibration, reduce the surface quality. The off-line control is mainly used to optimizethe NC code, and the cutting feed in the NC code is segmented according to the corresponding optimization algorithmand the constraint condition. When the spindle speed is 90 rpm, constant feed 40 mm/min, the cutting force of thevolatility of 127.45%. When the feed rate is reduced from 50 mm/min to 26mm/min, the fluctuation rate of the cuttingforce is 46%. The variable feed control can effectively reduce the amplitude fluctuation of the cutting force. © 2018Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. (9 refs)Main heading: Gear cuttingControlled terms: Bevel gears - Computer control systems - Cutting - Machine tools - OptimizationUncontrolled terms: Amplitude fluctuations - CNC machine tools - Constraint conditions - Cutting area - Cutting forces- Optimization algorithms - Spindle vibrations - Spiral bevel gearsClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 603.1 Machine Tools, GeneralMachineTools, General - 604.1 Metal CuttingMetal Cutting - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications - 921.5Optimization TechniquesOptimization TechniquesDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

32. A network-based manufacturing model for spiral bevel gearsDeng, Jing (1, 2); Li, Jubo (2); Deng, Xiaozhong (2)Source: Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, v 29, n 2, p 353-367, February 1, 2018; ISSN: 09565515, E-ISSN:15728145; DOI: 10.1007/s10845-015-1111-z; Publisher: Springer New York LLCAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechatronic Engineering, Northwestern Ploytechnical University, Xi’an; 710072,China (2) School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471003, ChinaAbstract: Aimed at satisfying the development demands of modern manufacturing for high quality spiral bevel gears,it is thought to be urgent and crucial to improve their machining efficiency and quality. The continuous maturing andfusion of information and network technologies open a new route for the manufacture of spiral bevel gears. With theconsideration of requirements for the fast growth of such industry, this paper proposes a network-based manufacturingmodel for spiral bevel gears by combining the technologies of gear manufacturing with network, information andmanagement. Firstly, the application integration framework and network communication architecture for spiral bevelgears network-based manufacture is built. On that basis, the business model of integrated platform for spiral bevelgears network-based manufacture is established. Subsequently, the information integration framework of network-based manufacturing processes is set up. Finally, through the network-based manufacturing application experimentand effect analysis, the feasibility of the proposed model, as well as the effectiveness on improving the processingefficiency and quality of such gears is verified. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York. (37 refs)Main heading: Bevel gearsControlled terms: Gear manufacture - Gears - Information management - Manufacture - Network architecture




Uncontrolled terms: Business modeling - Communication architectures - Integrated platform - Integration frameworks- Network-based - Spiral bevel gearsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

33. Multi axis CnC manufacturing of straight and spiral bevel gearsGosselin, C. (1)Source: Mechanisms and Machine Science, v 51, p 167-204, 2018; ISSN: 22110984, E-ISSN: 22110992; DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-60399-5_8; Publisher: Springer NetherlandsAuthor affiliation: (1) Involute Simulation Softwares Inc., Quebec, CanadaAbstract: Multi Axis CnC gear manufacturing offers gear-makers the sort of versatility in tooth shape and toolingthat no dedicated gear-cutting machine can offer, but that versatility usually comes at the expense of productionvolume. However, any gear-cutting machine, whether dedicated or CnC, is affected by build and wear errors thatare transmitted to the workpiece. The same applies to the tools. Manufacturing errors on the tooth flank topographyresulting from machining and tooling can be quite significant, and must therefore be controlled by Closed Loop.Commercially-available Computer Aided Manufacturing programs rely on a point cloud, such as IGES or STEP files,to describe the tooth flank topography. Despite being a very general approach, this method requires an external ToothFlank Generator to create the point cloud, and therefore Closed Loop cannot be applied effectively. This documentpresents an integrated approach to Tooth Flank Generation, Closed Loop, and multi-axis CnC manufacturing ofstraight-bevel and spiral-bevel gears, in which a Unified Model is applied to different gear types. The Unified Modelis used to calculate tooth flank topography, generate CMM target coordinates and use CMM output to minimizemanufacturing errors. The machine settings describing tool and workpiece positions and movements in a gear-cuttingmachine, either before or after Closed Loop, are used to define equivalent positions and movements in a multi-axisCnC machine. Actual examples of gears cut and corrected on 5 Axis CnC machines show that the presented method isgeneral, fast, and accurate. © 2018, Springer International Publishing Switzerland. (5 refs)Main heading: Bevel gearsControlled terms: Computer aided manufacturing - Computer control systems - Coordinate measuring machines -Errors - Gear cutting - Gear manufacture - Gears - Machinery - Manufacture - TopographyUncontrolled terms: Closed loops - Cnc manufacturing - Coniflex - Simulation - Spiral-bevel - Straight-bevelClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 604.1 Metal CuttingMetal Cutting - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputerApplications - 943.3 Special Purpose InstrumentsSpecial Purpose Instruments - 951 Materials ScienceMaterialsScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

34. A data-driven programming of the human-computer interactions for modeling acollaborative manufacturing system of hypoid gears by considering both geometric andphysical performancesDing, Han (1); Wan, Zhigang (2); Zhou, Yuansheng (1); Tang, Jinyuan (1)Source: Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, v 51, p 121-138, June 2018; ISSN: 07365845; DOI:10.1016/j.rcim.2017.10.003; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, School of Mechanical andElectrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha; 410083, China (2) Zhonghe Electromechanical, HenanEnergy and Chemical Xinjiang Group Co.Ltd, Xinjiang Baicheng; 842300, ChinaAbstract: Hypoid gears are widely used in transmission systems, which demands low noise and high strength fortheir hypoid gears. To meet those demands, it is significant to consider the geometric and physical performances ofhypoid gears. To obtain the optimal performances, a collaborative manufacturing system of hypoid gears is composedof three interrelated processes: gear machining, measurement and modification. Since each of these three processesis complicated, the modeling of the collaborative manufacturing system is very difficult, especially when human-computer interaction (HCI) is needed in each process. To fulfill this problem, a data-driven programming for HCIs inthe collaborative manufacturing system is proposed. For modeling each of those three processes, the data-drivenprogramming is applied to describe the HCI in each process. Subsequently, the collaborative manufacturing systemis modeled with full consideration of both geometric and physical performances. To solve this model, a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with a trust region strategy is employed to obtain a stable numerical solution. A numerical instanceis given to show the validity of the proposed method. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (52 refs)




Main heading: Human computer interactionControlled terms: Computer aided manufacturing - Computer programming - Computer systems programming -Damage detection - Gear manufacture - Gears - Geometry - Manufacture - Numerical methodsUncontrolled terms: Collaborative manufacturing system - Data driven - Human-compute interactions (HCIs) - Hypoidgears - Machine settingsClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 723.1 Computer ProgrammingComputer Programming - 723.5 ComputerApplicationsComputer Applications - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical MethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

35. Computational approach to design face-milled spiral bevel gear drives with favorableconditions of meshing and contactFuentes-Aznar, Alfonso (1); Ruiz-Orzaez, Ramon (2); Gonzalez-Perez, Ignacio (2)Source: Meccanica, p 1-18, March 16, 2018; ISSN: 00256455, E-ISSN: 15729648; DOI: 10.1007/s11012-018-0841-3;Publisher: Springer Netherlands, Article in PressAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester,United States (2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena (UPCT), Cartagena,SpainAbstract: The micro-geometry of the tooth surfaces of spiral bevel and hypoid pinions has to be fine-adjusted to obtainenhanced meshing and contact characteristics during the meshing process with their corresponding mating gears. Inthis paper, a new methodology is proposed to design face-milled spiral bevel gear drives to, firstly, derive favorableorientation and dimensions of the contact pattern between the mating surfaces of the gears and, secondly, obtaina predesigned parabolic function of negative transmission errors with limited magnitude of maximum transmissionerrors. The proposed approach is based on the definition of the desired topography for the active surfaces of the pinionfollowed by a numerical derivation of their finishing machine-tool settings through a bound-constrained optimizationalgorithm. Increasing mechanical strength and reducing the levels of noise and vibration of face-milled spiral bevel geardrives constitute the main objectives of the proposed design process. A numerical example is provided to illustrate theapplicability of the developed theory . © 2018 Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer NatureMain heading: Bevel gearsControlled terms: Computation theory - Constrained optimization - Design - Drives - Gear cutting - Gears - Machinetools - Mechanical drives - Optimization - Surface topography - Vibrations (mechanical)Uncontrolled terms: Bound constrained optimization - Computational approach - Contact characteristics - Favorableconditions - Gear geometry - Numerical derivation - Parabolic functions - Spiral bevel gearsClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 602.1 Mechanical DrivesMechanical Drives- 603.1 Machine Tools, GeneralMachine Tools, General - 604.1 Metal CuttingMetal Cutting - 721.1 Computer Theory,Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming TheoryComputer Theory, Includes FormalLogic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimizationTechniques - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Propertiesof Gases, Liquids and Solids - 961 Systems ScienceSystems ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

36. Design and manufacture of new type of non-circular cylindrical gear generated by face-milling methodZheng, Fangyan (1); Xinghui, Han (2); Hua, Lin (2); Zhang, Mingde (1); zhang, Weiqing (1)Source: Mechanism and Machine Theory, v 122, p 326-346, April 2018; ISSN: 0094114X; DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2018.01.007; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, 400000, China (2)School of Automotive Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components,Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan; 430070, ChinaAbstract: Face-milling cutting method, widely used in the generation of spiral bevel gear, can also be applied tocylindrical gear fabrication. This paper, generalizing the method to non-circular gear fabrication, proposes a newcurvilinear non-circular cylindrical gear type. Compared to spur non-circular gear, this new gear type has a highercontact ratio and compared to helix non-circular gear, it has a smaller axial thrust force. Besides, demonstrating alocalized contact pattern, the gear is insensitive to processing and alignment errors. Furthermore, during the driving




process, the gear can retain oil within the concave tooth surface, bringing better lubrication. Based on the face-milling cutting method and non-circular gear meshing theory, this paper investigates into curvilinear non-circular geargeneration, including the mathematical model for design and the linkage model for manufacture. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd(45 refs)Main heading: Milling (machining)Controlled terms: Bevel gears - Gear cutting - Gear manufacture - ManufactureUncontrolled terms: Cutting methods - Cylindrical gear - Design and manufactures - Face milling - Gear generation -Localized contacts - Non-circular gears - Spiral bevel gearsClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 604.1 Metal CuttingMetal Cutting - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachiningOperationsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

37. Numerical simulation of time-invariant error and its effect on planetary gearboxdynamicsVenkataram, Nithin (1); Cadambi, Rahul M. (1); Rao, Arun R. (1)Source: MATEC Web of Conferences, v 144, January 9, 2018, International Conference on Research in MechanicalEngineering Sciences, RiMES 2017; E-ISSN: 2261236X; DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201714401005; Article number:01005; Conference: 2017 International Conference on Research in Mechanical Engineering Sciences, RiMES 2017,December 21, 2017 - December 23, 2017; Publisher: EDP SciencesAuthor affiliation: (1) Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences,Bangalore, IndiaAbstract: Planetary gearbox is used in high precision applications such as robotic arm, control system of antenna,positioning and radar tracking systems. Planetary gearbox have high torque-to-weight ratio, high degree of controlover the speed range and better efficiency. Most of the literatures assume that the gearbox are free from errors. Errorssignificantly affect the dynamic characteristics of the gearbox. The major challenge is to model these errors and studyits behaviour under dynamic condition. The simulation results of time domain signal when converted to frequencydomain signal, it shows the presence of error in the gearbox. Also, simulation result indicates a non-uniform motion ofplanetary gearbox in the presence of errors. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2018. (11 refs)Main heading: GearsControlled terms: Dynamics - Errors - Frequency domain analysis - Tracking radarUncontrolled terms: Degree of control - Dynamic characteristics - Dynamic condition - Frequency-domain signal -Non-uniform motions - Planetary gearboxes - Radar tracking system - Time-domain signalClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 716.2 Radar Systems and EquipmentRadarSystems and Equipment - 921.3 Mathematical TransformationsMathematical TransformationsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

38. Research on gear tooth forming control in the closed die hot forging of spiral bevel gearGao, Zhen-Shan (1, 2); Li, Ju-Bo (1, 2); Deng, Xiao-Zhong (2); Yang, Jian-Jun (1); Chen, Fu-Xiao (3); Xu, Ai-Jun (1);Li, Lei (4)Source: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, v 94, n 5-8, p 2993-3004, February 1, 2018;ISSN: 02683768, E-ISSN: 14333015; DOI: 10.1007/s00170-017-1116-1; Publisher: Springer LondonAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang;471003, China (2) Collaborative Innovation Centre of Machinery Equipment Advanced Manufacturing of HenanProvince, Luoyang; 471003, China (3) School of Materials Science & Engineering, Henan University of Science& Technology, Luoyang; 471003, China (4) Foreign Language Teaching Department, Hebei Medical University,Shijiazhuang; 050000, ChinaAbstract: To improve the tooth forming quality of forging spiral bevel gear, a systematic hot forging method for spiralbevel gear is proposed in this paper, which helps to improve some defects in the traditional forging methods, suchas the insufficient gear tooth corner filling, the high forming load, and the low die service life. With Deform-3D, thesimulation analyses of the closed die structures are carried out to reveal the effects from the tooth forming processparameters, which are including the forging temperature, the strike speed, the die preheating temperature, andthe friction coefficient. For further meliorating the addendum of tooth toe-end filling situation, an improved forgingprocess with tooth preformed is presented. Thereinto, the excess material is reserved at the tooth toe-end position




in preformed stage, so that the material flow velocity at the tooth toe-end area synchronizes with that at tooth heel-end area. Compared with the traditional process by the numerical analysis, the improved process can not only reducemore than 6% of the forming load but also relieve the sharp rising trend of finish forging load. Finally, the effectivenessof the improved process is verified through the forming experiments, and the results are in good agreement with thesimulation ones, which can provide the theories foundation for enhancing the forging quality and decreasing the scraprate of the forged spiral bevel gear. © 2017, Springer-Verlag London Ltd. (26 refs)Main heading: Bevel gearsControlled terms: Dies - Flow velocity - Forging - Friction - Gear teeth - Upsetting (forming)Uncontrolled terms: Closed-die hot forging - Forming experiments - Friction coefficients - Hot forging - Preheatingtemperature - Process parameters - Spiral bevel gears - Tooth preformedDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

39. Experimental evaluation of cold forging lubricants using double-cup-extrusion-testsLorenz, Robby (1); Hagenah, Hinnerk (1); Merklein, Marion (1)Source: Materials Science Forum, v 918 MSF, p 65-70, 2018, Resource Efficient Material and Forming Technologies- MEFORM 2018; ISSN: 02555476; ISBN-13: 9783035712971; DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.918.65;Conference: 26th MEFORM Conference on Resource Efficient Materials and Forming Technologies, 2018, March 21,2018 - March 23, 2018; Publisher: Trans Tech Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Manufacturing Technology,Erlangen, GermanyAbstract: Cold forging processes enable the economical production of high quality components like joints, shafts andgears. The manufactured parts are characterized by improved properties such as hardness, surface quality and fatiguestrength. For manufacturing components using cold forging, a comprehensive knowledge regarding the cold forgingprocedure and its process parameters is needed. One important influencing factor, which needs to be analyzed touse the potential of this kind of processes, is the tribological system, especially the used lubricant. The tribologicalconditions significantly influence the material flow and thus the workpiece quality. Furthermore, resource efficient andenvironmentally benign metal forming processes became very important within the last decade. The present studyevaluates the resulting tribological conditions and their differences for various cold forging lubricants with and withouta zinc phosphate based lubricant carrier. The lubricants are based on molybdenum disulphide, polymers, or bothinorganic salts and waxes. The tribological conditions of the different lubricants are investigated using the Double- Cup-Extrusion-Test (DCET) as a laboratory friction test. © 2018 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. (15 refs)Main heading: ForgingControlled terms: Extrusion - Gears - Lubricants - Lubrication - Molybdenum compounds - Steel - Sulfur compounds -Tribology - Zinc compoundsUncontrolled terms: Cold forming - Economical production - Environmentally benign - Experimental evaluation - High-quality components - Manufacturing components - Molybdenum disulphide - Tribological conditionsClassification Code: 535.2.2 Metal Forming PracticeMetal Forming Practice - 545.3 SteelSteel - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 607.1 LubricantsLubricants - 607.2 LubricationLubrication - 931 Classical Physics;Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

40. Contribution of angular measurements to intelligent gear faults diagnosisFedala, Semchedine (1); Rémond, Didier (2); Zegadi, Rabah (1); Felkaoui, Ahmed (1)Source: Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, v 29, n 5, p 1115-1131, June 1, 2018; ISSN: 09565515, E-ISSN:15728145; DOI: 10.1007/s10845-015-1162-1; Publisher: Springer New York LLCAuthor affiliation: (1) Applied Precision Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Setif -1-University, Setif; 19000, Algeria (2) LaMCoS, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex; 69621, FranceAbstract: Currently, work on the automation of vibration diagnosis is mainly based on indicators extracted from Timesampled Acceleration signals. There are other attractive alternatives such as those based on Angle synchronizedmeasurements, which can provide a considerable number of more relevant and diverse indicators and, thus, lead tobetter performance in gear fault classification. The diversity of angular measurements (Instantaneous Angular Speed,Transmission Error and Angular sampled Acceleration) represents potential sources of relevant information in faultdetection and diagnosis systems. These complementary measurements of existing signals or new relevant signalsallow the construction of Feature Vector (FV) offering robust and effective classification methods even for different or




non-stationary running speed conditions. In this paper, we propose to build several FVs based on indicators derivedfrom the angular techniques to compare them to the ones calculated from the time signals, proving their superiorperformance in detection and identification of gear faults. It will be a question to demonstrate the effectiveness ofangular indicators in increasing classification performances, using a supervised classifier based on Artificial NeuralNetworks and thus determining the most suitable signals. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York. (29refs)Main heading: Fault detectionControlled terms: Angle measurement - Failure analysis - Gears - Neural networks - Signal detectionUncontrolled terms: Angular resampling - Classification performance - Detection and identifications - Fault detectionand diagnosis systems - Gear fault classification - Instantaneous angular speed - Synchronized measurement -Transmission errorDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

41. A Thermohydrodynamic Analysis of the Self-Lubricating Bearings Applied in GearPumps Using Computational Fluid Dynamics MethodMo, Jintao (1); Gu, Chaohua (2); Pan, Xiaohong (1); Zheng, Shuiying (2); Ying, Guangyao (3)Source: Journal of Tribology, v 140, n 1, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 07424787, E-ISSN: 15288897; DOI:10.1115/1.4036835; Article number: 011102; Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)Author affiliation: (1) Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road,Hangzhou; Zhejiang; 310027, China (2) Institute of Chemical Machinery Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 ZhedaRoad, Hangzhou; Zhejiang; 310027, China (3) Electric Power Scientific Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, StateGrid Corporation of China, Hangzhou; Zhejiang; 310027, ChinaAbstract: The transient simulation of the journal bearing temperature in the internal gear pumps is hard due to thecomplicated shaft motion caused by the complicated loads. In this paper, a thermohydrodynamic analysis method,based on dynamic mesh techniques, is presented with the application of the general computational fluid dynamics(CFD) code fluent. This method can simulate the complex whirling orbit induced temperature variation in internal gearpumps and has taken into account the conduction in the rotating and orbiting rotor of a hydrodynamic bearing. A testrig has been built according to the structure of an internal gear pump to carry out the validation. The results show thatthe model is reliable. The relationship between bearing temperature, leakage, and axial clearance in the internal gearpump has been studied. It is found that the bearing temperature will decrease slightly, while the leakage increasesheavily with larger axial clearance. A thermohydrodynamic analysis of the self-lubricating bearing in the internal gearpump has been done based on this method. The results show that the pressure profile changes regularly with thewhirling motion of the journal, while the whirling motion has little effect on the distribution of the temperature. Besides,the increase of the whirling radius will result in the decrease of the pressure profile and the increase of the temperatureprofile. Copyright © 2018 by ASME. (16 refs)Main heading: Self lubricating bearingsControlled terms: Bearings (machine parts) - Computational fluid dynamics - Fluid dynamics - Gear pumps - Gears -Lubrication - Pressure - Pumps - RotationUncontrolled terms: Axial clearance - Computational Fluid Dynamics codes - Computational fluid dynamics methods- Hydrodynamic bearings - Temperature profiles - Thermo-hydrodynamic analysis - thermohydrodynamic - TransientsimulationClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 607.2 LubricationLubrication - 618.2PumpsPumps - 931.1 MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

42. Reducer-integrated motor using simultaneous engagement of gear pairs with small andno differences in teeth numberTerakawa, Tatsuro (1); Komori, Masaharu (1); Tamura, Shouta (2); Kataoka, Ryo (2); Morita, Yuya (1)Source: Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems and Manufacturing, v 12, n 1, 2018; E-ISSN: 18813054;DOI: 10.1299/jamdsm.2018jamdsm0014; Publisher: Japan Society of Mechanical EngineersAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University Kyoto Daigaku-katsura,Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto; 615-8540, Japan (2) Undergraduate School of Engineering Science, Kyoto University YoshidaHonmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto; 606-8501, Japan




Abstract: The motors for industrial robots and transporting robots require high-precision positioning, large torqueoutput, and downsizing. However, conventional motors have difficulties in downsizing or supporting large torque. Inthis research, we propose a novel reducer-integrated motor to solve the problems of existing motors. The proposedreducer-integrated motor has a differential gear mechanism using the simultaneous engagement of two kinds ofexternal and internal gear pairs: one with a small difference in teeth number and the other with no difference in teethnumber. Inside the reducer, linear actuators are installed. Two gear pairs with no difference in teeth number arefixed on the base and the gear pair with a small difference in teeth number is set between them. When the linearactuators revolve the external gear, the two kinds of the gear pairs engage simultaneously and the internal gear of thegear pair with a small difference in teeth number outputs the rotation. It is thought that the structure of the proposedmotor can realize downsizing of the entire motor system, high load-supporting capacity, and high stiffness. In thispaper, the structure and movement of the proposed motor are explained. The geometrical conditions for simultaneousengagement of the two gear pairs with small and no differences in teeth number are clarified. Through the discussionon the solution satisfying the conditions and the relation with the bending strength, a design method for the reducer ofthis motor is proposed. An experiment conducted on a prototype verifies that the proposed motor works as expected. ©2018 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. (15 refs)Main heading: Gear teethControlled terms: Actuators - Bending strength - Design - Gears - Industrial robots - Linear actuators - MotorsUncontrolled terms: Conventional motors - Design method - Differential gears - Geometrical conditions - Highprecision positioning - High stiffness - Internal gear - ReducerClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 731.6 Robot ApplicationsRobot Applications- 732.1 Control EquipmentControl EquipmentDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

43. Nonlinear dynamic response analysis of two-stage spur gear space driving mechanismwith large inertia loadMa, Jianfeng (1); Li, Chao (1); Luo, Yingchao (1); Cui, Lingli (1)Source: Journal of Vibroengineering, v 20, n 1, p 86-102, February 1, 2018; ISSN: 13928716; DOI: 10.21595/jve.2017.18783; Publisher: JVE InternationalAuthor affiliation: (1) Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, ChaoYang District, Beijing; 100124, ChinaAbstract: Large inertia load has been widely used in space driving mechanisms, but the research concerning theoryis still an unexplored scientific field. Towards the problem of nonlinear disturbance in space driving mechanism withlarge inertia load, a 14-DOF (Degree of Freedom) nonlinear, time-varying, dynamic model of two-stage spur gearsystem was established, taking into consideration time-varying stiffness, backlash and transmission error. The dynamicresponse of the load, under large or small inertia was investigated, basing on the dynamic model. The results indicatethat at starting, normal operation and braking, large inertia load system has obvious hysteresis, compared to smallinertia. The factors that improve dynamic response speed under large inertia load were studied. The results indicatethat improving the stiffness and damping of the output shaft and changing the material of second gear pair to titaniumalloy are helpful in improving the dynamic response speed of the system. Some results enrich the research of two-stage spur gear nonlinear model and large inertia load, since they provide important reference for the actual design ofthe gear system. © JVE INTERNATIONAL LTD. (26 refs)Main heading: DynamicsControlled terms: Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Dynamic models - Dynamic response - Gears - Spur gears -Stiffness - Titanium alloysUncontrolled terms: Degree of freedom - Large inertia - Nonlinear - Nonlinear disturbance - Nonlinear dynamicresponse analysis - Stiffness and damping - Time-varying stiffness - Transmission errorClassification Code: 542.3 Titanium and AlloysTitanium and Alloys - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachineComponents - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

44. Modal parameters evaluation in a full-scale aircraft demonstrator under differentenvironmental conditions using HS 3D-DICMolina-Viedma, Ángel Jesús (1); López-Alba, Elías (1); Felipe-Sesé, Luis (2); Díaz, Francisco A. (1); Rodríguez-Ahlquist, Javier (3); Iglesias-Vallejo, Manuel (3)




Source: Materials, v 11, n 2, February 2, 2018; E-ISSN: 19961944; DOI: 10.3390/ma11020230; Article number: 230;Publisher: MDPI AGAuthor affiliation: (1) Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Minera, Campus Las Lagunillas, Universidad de Jaén,Jaén; 23071, Spain (2) Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Minera, Campus Científico Tecnológico de Linares,Universidad de Jaén, Linares; 23700, Spain (3) Airbus Defence and Space, Paseo John Lennon s/n, Getafe; 28906,SpainAbstract: In real aircraft structures the comfort and the occupational performance of crewmembers and passengersare affected by the presence of noise. In this sense, special attention is focused on mechanical and material designfor isolation and vibration control. Experimental characterization and, in particular, experimental modal analysis,provides information for adequate cabin noise control. Traditional sensors employed in the aircraft industry for thispurpose are invasive and provide a low spatial resolution. This paper presents a methodology for experimentalmodal characterization of a front fuselage full-scale demonstrator using high-speed 3D digital image correlation,which is non-invasive, ensuring that the structural response is unperturbed by the instrumentation mass. Specifically,full-field measurements on the passenger window area were conducted when the structure was excited using anelectrodynamic shaker. The spectral analysis of the measured time-domain displacements made it possible to identifynatural frequencies and full-field operational deflection shapes. Changes in the modal parameters due to cabinpressurization and the behavior of different local structural modifications were assessed using this methodology. Theproposed full-field methodology allowed the characterization of relevant dynamic response patterns, complementingthe capabilities provided by accelerometers. © 2018 by the authors. (43 refs)Main heading: Modal analysisControlled terms: Aircraft manufacture - Airframes - Cabins (aircraft) - Characterization - Gears - Hydraulic structures- Natural frequencies - Spectrum analysis - Time domain analysis - Transportation - Vibrations (mechanical)Uncontrolled terms: Aerospace - Experimental modal analysis - Field analysis - HS 3D-DIC - Operational deflectionshapesClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 652.1 Aircraft, GeneralAircraft, General -652.3 Aircraft Instruments and EquipmentAircraft Instruments and Equipment - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 931.1MechanicsMechanics - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

45. Numerical solution for stick-slip oscillator with geometric non-linearitySingh, Ratnesh Kumar (1); Devarajan, K. (1); Santhosh, B. (1)Source: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, v 310, n 1, March 3, 2018, InternationalConference on Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Applications, IConAMMA 2017; ISSN: 17578981, E-ISSN:1757899X; DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/310/1/012102; Article number: 012102; Conference: International Conferenceon Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Applications 2017, IConAMMA 2017, August 17, 2017 - August 19, 2017;Publisher: Institute of Physics PublishingAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, Amrita University, Coimbatore, IndiaAbstract: Linear spring mass framework controlled by moving belt friction have been subjected to variousexaminations. Dynamical attributes like amplitude and frequency of oscillations have been in a big way studied alongby the whole of the different approach mechanisms for this model. Along by all of the dynamical characteristics,bifurcation structures also have been investigated. On the other hand, the corresponding self-excited SD oscillatorhas not instructed comparable attention. This complimentary presents the numerical investigation of the character ofa self-excited SD oscillator resting on a belt moving with consistent speed and excited by dry friction. The moving beltfriction is displayed as the Stirbeck friction (friction first decreases and then increase smoothly with interface speed)to figure the scientific model. It is demonstrated that the pure-slip oscillation phase influenced by system parameter α.The influence of different system parameters on the dynamical characteristics was alongside considered. © Publishedunder licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. (12 refs)Main heading: Stick-slipControlled terms: Friction - Gears - Manufacture - Slip forming - TribologyUncontrolled terms: Base frequencies - Bifurcation structures - Dynamical characteristics - Frequency of oscillation -Geometric non-linearity - Numerical investigations - Scientific modeling - Sd oscillatorsClassification Code: 412 ConcreteConcrete - 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics;Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.





46. Efficiency Enhancement in a Medium Scale Gearbox Manufacturing Company throughDifferent Lean Tools - A Case StudySaravanan, V. (1); Nallusamy, S. (1); George, Abraham (1)Source: International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa, v 34, p 128-138, 2018; ISSN: 16633571, E-ISSN:16634144; DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/JERA.34.128; Publisher: Trans Tech Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. M G R Educational and Research Institute,Tamilnadu; Chennai-600 095, IndiaAbstract: Productivity is an important parameter for all small and medium scale manufacturing industries. Leanmanufacturing emerged as production strategy capable of increasing productivity by identifying and eliminating nonvalue added activities. This article deals with productivity improvement in a pre-assembly line of gearbox manufacturingcompany with a case study using lean concepts like process flow chart, process Gantt chart and time study. This paperillustrates using a case study on how a value stream mapping has to be carried out in a planet carrier preassembly line.Value stream mapping and work standardization are the key tools used in lean manufacturing and lean transformation.It makes the process smoother, helps in reduction of lead time and ultimately increasing the productivity. From theobserved results it was found that, the productivity has been increased from 7 pieces to 10 pieces in the first stepassembly when the proposed VSM was implemented. The second step processing time was reduced by the executionof proposed value stream mapping with TAKT time of 126 minutes and 165 minutes of processing time for demandof 10 pieces were achieved and the overall processing time has been reduced by about 24%. © 2018 Trans TechPublications, Switzerland (32 refs)Main heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: Agile manufacturing systems - Gears - Graphic methods - Lean production - Manufacture -Mapping - Productivity - Programmable logic controllers - StandardizationUncontrolled terms: Efficiency enhancement - Gantt Chart - Kaizen - Lean tools - Manufacturing companies -Manufacturing industries - Productivity improvements - Value stream mappingClassification Code: 405.3 SurveyingSurveying - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 732.1 ControlEquipmentControl Equipment - 902.2 Codes and StandardsCodes and Standards - 912.2 ManagementManagement -913.4 ManufacturingManufacturingDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

47. Building material price differentiation across geographic locations in South AfricaWindapo, Abimbola (1); Moghayedi, Alireza (2)Source: Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers: Management, Procurement and Law, v 170, n 6, p 243-254,January 2, 2018; ISSN: 17514304, E-ISSN: 17514312; DOI: 10.1680/jmapl.17.00041; Publisher: ICE PublishingAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Construction Economics and Management, University of Cape Town, CapeTown, South Africa (2) Department of Construction Economics and Management, University of Cape Town, CapeTown, South AfricaAbstract: This study examined the price of building materials and whether there are significant differences in theprices across South Africa and between retailers. The rationale stems from reports that there is a differential inbuilding material prices across South Africa. However, it is not known whether location is a key factor in the pricedifferentials. The research employed a quantitative approach. The data gathered were analysed using geographicinformation system (GIS) technology. The research established that there was significant variation in building materialprices across South Africa and between retailers, and that when distributed by provinces, the relationship betweenprice and distance varies between inverse and direct and is somewhat significant. Based on these findings, theresearch concludes that the distance of the retailer from the manufacturer is a weak predictor of price in a location,and recommends that further studies be undertaken to develop a model for use in explaining location differentials innational project procurement. The study contributes to the discussion on how recent developments such as the GIStechnology can be used in identifying the areas in which there are building material price differentials, leveraging moreeconomical infrastructure projects and proposing alternative innovative construction technologies. (38 refs)Main heading: CostsControlled terms: Building materials - Buildings - Gears - Geographic information systems - Location - SalesUncontrolled terms: Construction technologies - Geographic location - GIS technology - Infrastructure project -National projects - Price differentiation - Quantitative approach - South Africa




Classification Code: 402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachineComponents - 903.3 Information Retrieval and UseInformation Retrieval and Use - 911 Cost and Value Engineering;Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

48. An investigation on the thermal and wear behavior of polymer based spur gearsSingh, Prashant Kumar (1); Siddhartha (1); Singh, Akant Kumar (1)Source: Tribology International, v 118, p 264-272, February 2018; ISSN: 0301679X; DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2017.10.007; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, HimachalPradesh; 177005, IndiaAbstract: This study investigates the potential of three different thermoplastic materials viz. Acrylonitrile ButadieneStyrene (ABS), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Polyoxymethylene (POM) to be used in plastic gearingapplications. The gears are manufactured by injection molding process. Thermal and wear behavior of these gears areexamined at different torque levels of 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0 Nm along with different rotational speeds of 600, 800, 1000and 1200 rpm. Also, steady state analysis of the gears is carried out at a torque of 1.4 Nm and a rotational speed of900 rpm to measure the reduction in the gear tooth, durability and failure modes occurring in these gears. ABS gearfails due to excessive wear of the teeth whereas HDPE gear failure is caused by the cracking at the root of gear teeth.ABS and HDPE gears complete 0.5 and 1.1 million cycles, respectively before failure whereas POM gear completes 2million cycles without any sign of failure. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (29 refs)Main heading: Spur gearsControlled terms: ABS resins - Acetal resins - Computer system recovery - Gear manufacture - Gear teeth - Gears -High density polyethylenes - Injection molding - Styrene - Wear of materialsUncontrolled terms: Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene - High density polyethylene(HDPE) - Injection molding process -Polyoxymethylene - Steady-state analysis - Surface temperatures - Thermoplastic materials - Wear ratesClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganicCompounds - 815.1.1 Organic PolymersOrganic Polymers - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

49. Modeling and Analysis of High-Load and High-Speed Involute Spur Gear Systems inAdverse LubricationChang, L. (1, 2); Yu, Qingtao (1); Jeng, Yeau-Ren (2)Source: Tribology Transactions, v 61, n 2, p 325-334, March 4, 2018; ISSN: 10402004, E-ISSN: 1547397X; DOI:10.1080/10402004.2017.1321812; Publisher: Taylor and Francis Inc.Author affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,University Park; PA, United States (2) Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National ChungCheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, TaiwanAbstract: This article presents a mathematical model for the meshing of involute spur gears in mixed lubrication. Themodel is formulated by integrating a gear meshing model with a thermal tribofilm mixed lubrication model. The resultingmodel can produce a number of important meshing variables from which the gear meshing performance and the toothsurface damage may be assessed. The model is used to analyze the performance of a high-load and high-speedgear system under various degrees of mixed lubrication. The results show a stronger desire to use low-module andhigh-pressure-angle gears than that suggested in earlier studies under good lubrication conditions. The results alsoshow the high importance of enhanced heat transfer design of the system to prevent or reduce the possibility of thegear system migrating into temperature-induced unfavorable lubrication conditions. Although the model is developedfor spur gears and results are obtained around a nominal system, the relations of the gear meshing tribology to themeshing loss and tooth surface damage behind these results should be fundamentally the same as those in otherhigh-load and high-speed gear systems of different sizes and types. Therefore, the results and analysis may serve asqualitative guidance for the design considerations of high-performance gear systems in general. © 2018 Society ofTribologists and Lubrication Engineers. (19 refs)Main heading: Spur gearsControlled terms: Damage detection - Gears - Heat transfer - Lubrication - TribologyUncontrolled terms: Design considerations - Enhanced heat transfer - Gear meshing - Lubrication condition - Mixedlubrication - Mixed lubrication models - scuffing - Surface films




Database: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

50. A landmark in the history of non-circular gears design: The mechanical masterpiece ofDondi's astrariumAddomine, M. (1); Figliolini, G. (2); Pennestrì, E. (3)Source: Mechanism and Machine Theory, v 122, p 219-232, April 2018; ISSN: 0094114X; DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2017.12.027; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Italian Turret Clocks Registry, Italy (2) Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Italy (3)Università di Roma Tor Vergata, ItalyAbstract: The paper focuses on the contribution of the Italian clockmaker Giovanni Dondi (1330–1388). He authoredthe manuscript Tractatus Astrarii documenting, with text and drawings, the design and manufacturing phases of a verysophisticated astronomical clock. In particular, the manuscript contains one of the earliest documented procedures forthe design of non-circular gears. Hence, the purpose of this paper is twofold: to call the attention of the mechanismcommunity about these historically meaningful procedures and to offer insights on the kinematic structure of somerelevant parts of Dondi's astronomical clock. In fact, detailed descriptions of the gear trains for tracking the motions ofthe Mercury planet and of the Moon are herein presented. In these gear trains non-circular gears have been used toaccount for the apparent irregular motion of the planets. Finally, it has been observed the correspondence between theaverage angular speeds of the gear wheels and those of the Ptolemaic model. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (26 refs)Main heading: GearsControlled terms: ClocksUncontrolled terms: Angular speed - Documented procedures - Gear train - Gear wheel - Kinematic structures - Non-circular gearsClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 943.3 Special Purpose InstrumentsSpecialPurpose InstrumentsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

51. Coupling of the 2D microtopography of tooth surface and transmission errorZhou, Changjiang (1, 2); Wang, Zhonghua (1); Chen, Siyu (2)Source: Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, v 32, n 2, p 723-730, February 1, 2018; ISSN: 1738494X;DOI: 10.1007/s12206-018-0121-5; Publisher: Korean Society of Mechanical EngineersAuthor affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, HunanUniversity, Changsha; 410082, China (2) State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, CentralSouth University, Changsha; 410083, ChinaAbstract: This paper provides a method coupling the 2D microtopography filtered by ISO Gaussian filter of spur gears,which is typically used in power transmission devices, and Transmission error (TE) together. A gearbox with certaintransmission ratio is selected as a research object for analysis. This gearbox comprises a mathematical model ofTE calculation based on the Monte Carlo method and the coordinate transformation method, which couples the 2Dmicrotopography of spur gears and TE. Two TE models are established to study their effects on the coupling results:a) The single TE model, which means only one gear owns TE, and b) the synthetic TE model, which means both gearspossess TE. The new model of the 2D microtopography of tooth surfaces can be utilized further to investigate themechanism of engagement and the approximate contact position of asperities on the tooth surface. The new model isalso significant in studying the tooth root bending stress. © 2018, The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers andSpringer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. (29 refs)Main heading: Spur gearsControlled terms: Errors - Gears - Intelligent systems - Mathematical transformations - Monte Carlo methodsUncontrolled terms: Contact position - Coordinate transformation methods - Gaussian filters - Micro topography -Research object - Tooth root bending - Transmission error - Transmission ratiosClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 723.4 Artificial IntelligenceArtificialIntelligence - 921.3 Mathematical TransformationsMathematical Transformations - 922.2 MathematicalStatisticsMathematical StatisticsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village




52. Computerized simulation of manufacturing errors in cylindrical spur gears and theircompensation through flank modificationsFuentes-Aznar, Alfonso (1); Eisele, Scott (1); Gonzalez-Perez, Ignacio (2)Source: Mechanisms and Machine Science, v 51, p 1-25, 2018; ISSN: 22110984, E-ISSN: 22110992; DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-60399-5_1; Publisher: Springer NetherlandsAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester;NY, United States (2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena (UPCT), Cartagena,SpainAbstract: AGMA and ISO standards consider different types of deviation of gear geometry caused duringmanufacturing processes of cylindrical gears through a system of accuracy grades, in which each grade correspondsto deviations within a certain range. The gear drive behavior is affected by the level and type of deviation, causingtransmission errors, shifts in the bearing contact, increase of contact and bending stresses, and vibration and noise.The main goal of this paper is the investigation of the influence of manufacturing errors on transmission errors andcontact and bending stresses, and the determination of the corresponding flank modifications required for theircompensation. The contact pattern and the unloaded function of transmission errors are obtained through applicationof tooth contact analysis (TCA). Application of finite element analysis (FEA) allows for contact and bending stressesto be determined along one or two cycles of meshing. Surface deformations are used for determination of the loadedfunction of transmission errors in which its peak-to-peak value is related to the vibration and noise response inoperating conditions. Several numerical examples considering different levels and types of manufacturing error andtheir compensation through predefined flank modifications are presented. © 2018, Springer International PublishingSwitzerland. (13 refs)Main heading: Spur gearsControlled terms: Error compensation - Errors - Finite element method - Gear manufacture - Gears - Manufacture -Vibrations (mechanical)Uncontrolled terms: Application of finite elements - Computerized simulation - Cylindrical spur gears - Flankmodifications - Gear geometry - Manufacturing errors - Manufacturing process - Tooth contact analysisClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods - 931.1 MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

53. Non-uniform flank rolling measurement for shaped noncircular gearsZheng, Fangyan (1); Guo, Xiaodong (1); Zhang, Mingde (1)Source: Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, v 116, p 207-215, February 2018;ISSN: 02632241; DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2017.07.048; Publisher: Elsevier B.V.Author affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, ChinaAbstract: Noncircular gears can be applied to realize non-uniform transmission ratio for various mechanical systems.However, due to the complex geometry, the manufacture and measurement constitute great hindrance to theapplication. Recently, a practical shaping method has been applied to the manufacture of noncircular gear. Yet alongwith this, still no investigation has been conducted into the measurement method or device for noncircular gears. In thisregard, the paper aims for a quick measurement of shaped noncircular gears. The manufacture of noncircular gearsis discussed first, a mathematical model for non-uniform flank rolling measurement is established then, and finally, themeasurement processing is introduced, including the developed measurement device, the computerized measurementsystem and a measurement experiment. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (40 refs)Main heading: GearsControlled terms: Gear manufacture - Manufacture - ProcessingUncontrolled terms: Complex geometries - Measurement device - Measurement experiments - Measurementmethods - Measurement system - Mechanical systems - Non-circular gears - Transmission ratiosClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 913.4 ManufacturingManufacturingDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

54. An analysis of the tooth stress distribution of forged bi-metallic gearsPolitis, Denis J (1); Politis, Nicholas J (1); Lin, Jianguo (1); Dean, Trevor A (2); Balint, Daniel S (1)




Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science,v 232, n 1, p 124-139, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 09544062, E-ISSN: 20412983; DOI: 10.1177/0954406216675638;Publisher: SAGE Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (2) School ofMechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, United KingdomAbstract: The work described in this paper is an evaluation of the contact characteristics of bi-metallic gears forgedthrough a novel bi-metallic gear forging process. Finite element analysis of the contact characteristics of singlematerial gears was first performed to validate the tooth contact and tooth root stresses with empirical American GearManufacturers Association and British Standard standards. Having verified the validity of the model, simulations wereperformed for gears comprising lightweight cores with teeth bounded by steel bands of uniform thicknesses, 1 mm,2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm to evaluate the differences in stress distribution and compare to single material gear teeth.The forged profiles obtained experimentally by utilising 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm thickness bands via the bi-metallicgear forging process are also discussed. The uniform thickness model is subsequently adapted to incorporate theexperimental forged profiles in order to estimate the contact stress, root stress, and stress distribution within the teethto identify performance differences between bi-metallic forged gears and traditional single material gears. © 2016, ©IMechE 2016. (37 refs)Main heading: Gear teethControlled terms: Finite element method - Forging - Gears - Metals - Stress concentrationUncontrolled terms: British Standards - Contact characteristics - Contact performance - Empirical analysis - Finiteelement simulations - Forging process - Thickness model - Tooth root stressClassification Code: 535.2.2 Metal Forming PracticeMetal Forming Practice - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachineComponents - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical MethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

55. Thermal and Wear Behavior of Glass Fiber-Filled Functionally Graded Material-BasedPolyamide 66 Spur Gears Manufactured by a Novel TechniqueKumar Singh, Akant (1); Siddhartha (1)Source: Journal of Tribology, v 140, n 2, March 1, 2018; ISSN: 07424787, E-ISSN: 15288897; DOI:10.1115/1.4037335; Article number: 021601; Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)Author affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Hamirpur;177005, IndiaAbstract: This research work presents a modified mathematical method to estimate the specific wear rate of spurgears for specified service conditions by calculating the coordinates of the point on the involute of gear tooth profile.This work stands apart in a way that an entirely novel manufacturing process developed in-house is used to fabricatefunctionally graded materials (FGMs) based thermoplastic gears, which have never been explored before, and thespecific wear rate of manufactured gears is estimated using the proposed method. FGM and homogeneous gearsare manufactured by means of an especially designed mold and a punch. Polyamide 66 (PA66) filled with 15 wt. %and 30 wt. % glass fibers is used to fabricate FGM and homogeneous gears. Neat PA66 gear is also fabricated forcomparative study. Gradation in FGM gears is verified by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and hardnessmeasurements. Thermal and wear tests of the gears are conducted over a range of rotational speed (500-1700 rpm)and torque (0.8-3.2 N·m). Thermal and wear behavior of developed gears is successfully analyzed using Taguchimethodology and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The service life of FGM gears is found to be superior as comparedto unfilled and homogeneous gear. FGM gear filled with 30 wt. % glass fiber exhibited minimum gear tooth surfacetemperature and specific wear rate among all the fabricated gears. Copyright © 2018 by ASME. (44 refs)Main heading: Spur gearsControlled terms: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) - Beams and girders - Estimation - Functionally graded materials- Gear manufacture - Gear teeth - Gears - Glass fibers - Injection molding - Scanning electron microscopy - Wear ofmaterialsUncontrolled terms: Comparative studies - Gear tooth surface - Hardness measurement - Manufacturing process -Mathematical method - Service conditions - Specific wear rates - Taguchi methodologyClassification Code: 408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 812.3 GlassGlass - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 922 StatisticalMethodsStatistical Methods - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village




56. Model-based detection of local defects in gearsMczak, Jdrzej (1); Jasiski, Marcin (1)Source: Archive of Applied Mechanics, v 88, n 1-2, p 215-231, February 1, 2018; ISSN: 09391533, E-ISSN:14320681; DOI: 10.1007/s00419-017-1321-2; Publisher: Springer VerlagAuthor affiliation: (1) Narbutta 84, Warsaw; 02-524, PolandAbstract: The paper is presenting a methodology for developing model-based method of gear fault diagnostics. Firstthe simulation model of the helical gearbox is discussed allowing analysis of the phenomena taking place during teethmating in the presence of manufacturing and assembly errors. It includes observation of influence of errors on thegenerated signals. The model was initially used to analyze the teeth contact in the presence of pitch errors and later toverify the sensitiveness of proposed diagnostic methods and their availability to detect the fatigue damages of teeth.The common feature of discussed approach is the direct use of time signal processing algorithms, and in contraryto the methods based on spectral analysis it allows precise localization of gear defects like pitting and tooth fractureassociating them to the particular pinion or gear teeth. Their advantage is the simplicity and speed of action that is ofgreat significance for the implementation in the autonomous transmission diagnostic systems and diagnostic systemsworking online. Presented methods of signal processing were first tested on a simulation model of the gear assemblyand later verified during the experiments on a back-to-back test stand. © 2017, The Author(s). (42 refs)Main heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: Defects - Errors - Fracture - Gear teeth - Gears - Online systems - Pitting - Signal processing -Spectrum analysisUncontrolled terms: Autonomous transmission - Back-to-back tests - Diagnostic methods - Diagnostic systems - Gearfault diagnostics - Local meshing plane - Model-based method - Tooth fractureDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

57. Design of double-crowned tooth geometry for spiroid gear produced by precisioncasting processBo, Shen Yun (1); Liu, Xuan (1); Wang, Li Jun (1)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, v 232,n 6, p 1021-1030, May 1, 2018; ISSN: 09544054, E-ISSN: 20412975; DOI: 10.1177/0954405416661003; Publisher:SAGE Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechatronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an, ChinaAbstract: A novel double-crowned tooth geometry is proposed by the application of ease-off topography for spiroidgear manufactured by precision casting process, with the goals of localizing the bearing contact and obtaining a perfectfunction of transmission errors. The modified tooth surface is applied as the reference geometry to machine the diecavity geometry that will produce such geometry of the gears. The tooth geometry of crowned gear was achieved firstfrom a pre-designed controllable function of transmission errors along the desired contact path. Then, the desiredease-off topography along the contact line is designed and calculated computationally from the given mathematicmodel of surface modification. The geometry of double-crowned spiroid gear could be reconstructed by superimposingthe ease off of contact line direction on the profile-crowned tooth surface. The article provides numerical examplesto validate the feasibility of ease-off modification methodology that was used to produce the double-crowned toothgeometry for the gears, while tooth contact analysis is performed computationally to investigate the stability of bearingcontact and function of transmission errors to alignment. © 2016, © IMechE 2016. (16 refs)Main heading: GeometryControlled terms: Computer aided design - Error detection - Gear manufacture - Numerical methods - Precisioncasting - Spur gears - Surface treatment - TopographyUncontrolled terms: Ease-off topographies - Mathematic model - Modified tooth surface - Perfect functions - Spiroidgears - Tooth contact analysis - Tooth geometries - Transmission errorClassification Code: 534.2 Foundry PracticeFoundry Practice - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components- 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.6 NumericalMethodsNumerical Methods - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

58. Modeling of nonlinear torsional vibration of the automotive powertrainIdehara, Sérgio J (1); Flach, Fernando L (2); Lemes, Douglas (3)




Source: JVC/Journal of Vibration and Control, v 24, n 9, p 1774-1786, May 1, 2018; ISSN: 10775463, E-ISSN:17412986; DOI: 10.1177/1077546316668687; Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.Author affiliation: (1) Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil (2) IAV do Brasil LTDA, Brazil (3) ZF doBrasil, BrazilAbstract: A vibration model of the powertrain can be used to predict its dynamic behavior when excited by fluctuationsin the engine torque and speed. The torsional vibration resulting from torque and speed fluctuations increases the rattlenoise in the gearbox and it should be controlled or minimized in order to gain acceptance by clients and manufactures.The fact that the proprieties of the torsional damper integrated into the clutch disc alter the dynamic characteristicof the system is important in the automotive industry for design purposes. In this study, bench test results for thecharacteristics of a torsional damper for a clutch system (torsional stiffness and friction moment) and powertraintorsional vibration measurements taken in a passenger car were used to verify and calibrate the model. The adjustedmodel estimates the driveline natural frequency and the time response vibration. The analysis uses order trackingsignal processing to isolate the response from the engine excitation (second-order). It is shown that a decrease inthe stiffness of the clutch disc torsional damper lowers the natural frequency and an increase in the friction momentreduces the peak amplitude of the gearbox torsional vibration. The formulation and model adjustment showed that anonlinear model with three degrees of freedom can represent satisfactorily the powertrain dynamics of a front-wheeldrive passenger car. © 2016, © The Author(s) 2016. (32 refs)Main heading: Automobile enginesControlled terms: Automobile manufacture - Automotive industry - Clutches - Damping - Degrees of freedom(mechanics) - Elastic waves - Friction - Front wheel drive automobiles - Gears - Machine vibrations - Naturalfrequencies - Powertrains - Signal processing - Stiffness - Vibration controlUncontrolled terms: Automotive powertrains - Dynamic characteristics - Front-wheel drives - Powertrain dynamics -rattle noise - Three degrees of freedom - Torsional stiffness - Torsional vibrationClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 601.3 MechanismsMechanisms - 602.2Mechanical TransmissionsMechanical Transmissions - 661.1 Automotive EnginesAutomotive Engines - 662.1AutomobilesAutomobiles - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle ComponentsAutomobile and Smaller VehicleComponents - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing - 731.3Specific Variables ControlSpecific Variables Control - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics - 951 Materials ScienceMaterialsScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

59. Search method applied for gear tooth bending stress prediction in normal contact ratioasymmetric spur gearsThomas, Benny (1); Sankaranarayanasamy, K. (2); Ramachandra, S. (1); Suresh Kumar, S.P. (1)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science,2018; ISSN: 09544062, E-ISSN: 20412983; DOI: 10.1177/0954406217753235; Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd,Article in PressAuthor affiliation: (1) Gas Turbine Research Establishment, DRDO, Bangalore, India (2) Department of MechanicalEngineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli, IndiaAbstract: Various analytical methods have been developed by designers to predict gear tooth bending stressin asymmetric spur gears with an intention to improve the accuracy of predicted results and to reduce the needfor time consuming finite element analysis at the early stages of gear design. Asymmetry in the drive and coastside of asymmetric spur gears poses difficulty in direct application of well-known procedures like American GearManufacturers Association and International Organization for Standardization in the prediction of gear tooth bendingstress. In earlier works, ISO-6336-3 methodology was suitably modified and adapted to predict asymmetric spur geartooth bending stress. This approach is based on certain assumptions on the location of critical section which couldintroduce error in the predicted maximum bending stress. The present work is to analytically predict gear tooth bendingstress in normal contact ratio asymmetric spur gears based on a more rigorous analytical approach. This includesa fundamental study on the gear tooth orientation used to define the coordinate system, determination of maximumbending stress by search along the fillet profile and to obtain stress profile along the fillet. Gear tooth bending stressobtained from the present work using Search method is compared against the results obtained from earlier adaptedInternational Organization for Standardization method and Finite Element Analysis. This study recommends a newcoordinate system and method for analytical prediction of gear tooth bending stress in normal contact ratio asymmetricspur gears. © 2018, IMechE 2018.Main heading: Spur gearsControlled terms: Finite element method - Forecasting - Gear teeth - International cooperation - Manufacture -Standardization - Stress analysis




Uncontrolled terms: Asymmetric gear - Correction factors - Critical sections - Form factors - Search method - Toothbending stress - Tooth loadClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 902.2 Codes and StandardsCodes and Standards - 921.6 NumericalMethodsNumerical Methods - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

60. Correlation of ISO 16840-2:2007 impact damping and hysteresis measures for a sampleof wheelchair seating cushionsHillman, Susan J. (1); Hollington, James (2); Crossan, Neil (3); Torres-Sánchez, Carmen (4)Source: Assistive Technology, v 30, n 2, p 77-83, March 15, 2018; ISSN: 10400435, E-ISSN: 19493614; DOI:10.1080/10400435.2016.1261963; Publisher: Taylor and Francis Inc.Author affiliation: (1) Rehabilitation Engineering and Aids for Living Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHSFoundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (2) South-east Mobility and Rehabilitation TechnologyCentre, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (3) School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Department ofMechanical Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (4) Wolfson School of Mechanical andManufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United KingdomAbstract: Hysteresis and impact damping measures were made on 37 wheelchair seating cushions according toISO 16840-2:2007 Wheelchair seating—Part 2: Determination of physical and mechanical characteristics of devicesintended to manage tissue integrity—seat cushions. These measures were then correlated using Spearman andPearson correlations to investigate the relationship between them. Correlations were also conducted on the subset ofcushions comprising only those with planar foam construction. Correlation between the hysteresis measures (h250 andh500) and the mean number of rebounds greater in amplitude than 10% of the peak acceleration amplitude (R10%)were weak, as were the correlations between the hysteresis measures and the mean peak first rebound acceleration(aa). Correlations between hysteresis and the mean peak second rebound acceleration (a2), and also hysteresis andthe ratio of first and second peak (a2:aa) however were moderate. Results demonstrate that the relationship betweenthese two measures is complex. The assertion implicit in ISO 16840-2:2007 is that the two measures are related, butthis study shows that these should not be assumed to be equivalent or used interchangeably. © 2018 RESNA. (11 refs)Main heading: HysteresisControlled terms: Carrier mobility - Damping - Gears - WheelchairsUncontrolled terms: Impact damping - Mechanical characteristics - Peak acceleration - Pearson correlation - Seatcushions - Support surfaces - Tissue integrity - Wheelchair seatingDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

61. A new analytical identification approach to the tooth contact points consideringmisalignments for spiral bevel or hypoid gearsHe, Di (1, 2); Ding, Han (1, 2); Tang, Jinyuan (1, 2)Source: Mechanism and Machine Theory, v 121, p 785-803, March 2018; ISSN: 0094114X; DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2017.12.003; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of High-performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University,Changsha, China (2) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha; 410083,ChinaAbstract: With the increasing demands of low noise and high strength from industry applications for spiral beveland hypoid gears, it is significant to consider the tooth contact performances, which dependents on tooth contactanalysis (TCA) technology. The initial contact point, especially its initial value problem, is always of a great influenceon TCA results. Furthermore, misalignments condition in the actual manufacturing is an important factor affecting toothcontact performance. A new multi-step integrated analytical identification approach is proposed to identify the initialcontact point considering misalignments. First, the initial contact points on gear and pinion are identified to solve for theaccurate initial values of TCA by considering the misalignments. In the consideration of misalignments, the assemblydistance and the instantaneous transmission ratio are set the two constraints on solution of TCA. Then, the geometrickinematic transformation relation in tooth contact process is investigated to identify the initial contact point. Finally, aconic self-adaptive trust region algorithm is employed to get the contact points. The numerical test is given to validatethe proposed methodology. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (40 refs)Main heading: Gears




Controlled terms: Alignment - Bevel gears - Initial value problems - Mathematical transformationsUncontrolled terms: Adaptive trust region - Initial contact point - Misalignments condition - Spiral bevel and hypoidgears - Tooth contact analysisClassification Code: 601.1 Mechanical DevicesMechanical Devices - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachineComponents - 921.2 CalculusCalculus - 921.3 Mathematical TransformationsMathematical TransformationsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

62. A novel method for gear tooth contact analysis and experimental validationCao, Xuemei (1, 2); Deng, Xiaozhong (3); Wei, Bingyang (1)Source: Mechanism and Machine Theory, v 126, p 1-13, August 2018; ISSN: 0094114X; DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2018.04.002; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical & Electronical Engineering, Henan University of Science & Technology,471003, China (2) Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacture Technology for Automobile Parts (Chongqing Universityof Technology), Ministry of Education, 400054, China (3) Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Manufacture ofAdvanced Machinery and Equipment, 471003, ChinaAbstract: This paper proposes a new method for gear tooth contact analysis, which concentrates on solvingtwo considerable disadvantages of the generalized algorithm: 1) numerical instability due to adopting a systemof five nonlinear equations to search for each contact point; 2) complexity of the computation process caused bydifferences in the mathematical models for the tooth surface contact and edge contact. To address the first issue, theinstantaneous conjugate contact curve, and its modified curve, were defined and utilized to effectively separate thetransmission error; thus, the contact point and instantaneous contact curve can be effortlessly located and the numberof required nonlinear equations is reduced from 5 to 2. The second disadvantage was addressed using a universalmathematical model for both the tooth surface contact and edge contact. Finally, the proposed algorithm was usedto simulate the meshing of a face-milled spiral bevel gear set and similar results to using the Gleason software wereattained. Real contact patterns were verified with the gear-rolling test, and comparing these results to our simulations,the effectiveness of the proposed methodology was demonstrated. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (26 refs)Main heading: Nonlinear equationsControlled terms: Bevel gears - Gear teeth - Numerical methodsUncontrolled terms: Contact curves - Contact pattern - Experimental validations - Generalized algorithms - Numericalinstability - Tooth contact analysis - Tooth surface contacts - Transmission errorClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumericalMethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

63. Dynamic analysis of spiral bevel and hypoid gears with high-order transmission errorsYang, J.J. (1, 2); Shi, Z.H. (3); Zhang, H. (1); Li, T.X. (1); Nie, S.W. (2); Wei, B.Y. (1)Source: Journal of Sound and Vibration, v 417, p 149-164, March 17, 2018; ISSN: 0022460X, E-ISSN: 10958568;DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2017.12.022; Publisher: Academic PressAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical & Electronic Engineering, Henan University of Science & Technology,Luoyang, China (2) Collaborative Innovation Center of Machinery Equipment Advanced Manufacturing of HenanProvince, Luoyang, China (3) Vibro-Acoustics and Sound Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical andMaterials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati; OH, United StatesAbstract: A new gear surface modification methodology based on curvature synthesis is proposed in this study toimprove the transmission performance. The generated high-order transmission error (TE) for spiral bevel and hypoidgears is proved to reduce the vibration of geared-rotor system. The method is comprised of the following steps:Firstly, the fully conjugate gear surfaces with pinion flank modified according to the predesigned relative transmissionmovement are established based on curvature correction. Secondly, a 14-DOF geared-rotor system model consideringbacklash nonlinearity is used to evaluate the effect of different orders of TE on the dynamic performance a hypoidgear transmission system. For case study, numerical simulation is performed to illustrate the dynamic response ofhypoid gear pair with parabolic, fourth-order and sixth-order transmission error derived. The results show that theparabolic TE curve has higher peak to peak amplitude compared to the other two types of TE. Thus, the exciteddynamic response also shows larger amplitude at response peaks. Dynamic responses excited by fourth and sixthorder TE also demonstrate distinct response components due to their different TE period which is expected to generatedifferent sound quality or other acoustic characteristics. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (37 refs)




Main heading: Dynamic responseControlled terms: Bevel gears - Error detection - Errors - Gears - Sound reproduction - Spur gears - SurfacetreatmentUncontrolled terms: Acoustic characteristic - Backlash nonlinearity - Curvature correction - Modification - Peak topeak amplitudes - Spiral bevel and hypoid gears - Transmission error - Transmission performanceClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 752.3 Sound ReproductionSoundReproductionDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

64. Influence of unique layered microstructure on fatigue properties of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nballoys fabricated by electron beam meltingCho, Ken (1); Kobayashi, Ryota (1); Oh, Jong Yeong (1); Yasuda, Hiroyuki Y. (1); Todai, Mitsuharu (2); Nakano,Takayoshi (1); Ikeda, Ayako (3); Ueda, Minoru (4); Takeyama, Masao (5)Source: Intermetallics, v 95, p 1-10, April 2018; ISSN: 09669795; DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2018.01.009; Publisher:Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, OsakaUniversity, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita; Osaka; 565-0871, Japan (2) Department of Environmental Materials Engineering,Institute of Niihama National College of Technology, 7-1 Yagumo-cho, Niihama; Ehime; 792-8580, Japan (3)Superalloy Research Group, Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science,1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba; Ibaraki; 305-0047, Japan (4) Metal Technology Co. Ltd., Harmony Tower 27F, 1-32-2Honcho, Nakano-Ku, Tokyo; 164-8721, Japan (5) Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Tokyo Institute ofTechnology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo; 152-8550, JapanAbstract: The influence of a unique layered microstructure consisting of duplex-like region and equiaxed γ grainlayers (γ bands) on the fatigue properties of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy bars fabricated by electron beam melting (EBM)was investigated at room temperature (RT) and 1023 K focusing on the angle (θ) between the building direction andcylinder (loading) axis. We found for the first time the fatigue strengths of the alloy bars with the layered microstructuredepend strongly on the angle θ. Particularly, the fatigue strength of the alloy bars fabricated at θ = 45° is comparableto that of the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treated cast alloys, even without HIP treatment. We also found the alloy barsfabricated at θ = 0° and 45° exhibit high fatigue strengths in the low-cycle fatigue life region at 1023 K similar to θ =45° alloy bars at RT. These high fatigue strengths are caused by inhibition of the brittle main crack initiation by stressrelaxation due to shear deformation at the γ bands and large plasticity of the alloys. These findings indicate that thealloys fabricated by EBM at θ = 45° with the unique layered microstructure have a great potential for aerospace andautomobile applications. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (38 refs)Main heading: Niobium alloysControlled terms: Aluminum - Aluminum alloys - Chromium alloys - Cracks - Electron beam melting - Electron beams- Fabrication - Fatigue of materials - Gears - Hot isostatic pressing - Intermetallics - Melting - Microstructure - Niobium -Stress relaxation - Titanium alloysUncontrolled terms: Aluminides - Automobile applications - Engine components - Fatigue properties - Fatigueresistance and crack growth - Large plasticities - Layered microstructure - Low cycle fatigue lifeClassification Code: 531.1 MetallurgyMetallurgy - 541.1 AluminumAluminum - 541.2 Aluminum AlloysAluminumAlloys - 542.3 Titanium and AlloysTitanium and Alloys - 543.1 Chromium and AlloysChromium and Alloys - 549.3Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkaliand Alkaline Earth Metals - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemicalOperations - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

65. Computerized generation and gear mesh simulation of straight bevel gearsmanufactured by dual interlocking circular cuttersFuentes-Aznar, Alfonso (1); Yague-Martinez, Eloy (1); Gonzalez-Perez, Ignacio (2)Source: Mechanism and Machine Theory, v 122, p 160-176, April 2018; ISSN: 0094114X; DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2017.12.020; Publisher: Elsevier Ltd




Author affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester; NY,United States (2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena; Murcia,SpainAbstract: The computerized generation of straight bevel gears manufactured by dual interlocking circular cutters isdeveloped, and the results of the simulation of meshing and contact as well as finite element analysis are shown. Thegeometry of the crown-rack that theoretically generates the reference octoidal gear is described and, based on it, thepositioning of the generating interlocking circular cutters is determined. The influence of the radius of the cutting diskson the maximum bending stresses is investigated and the results exposed. The application of a blade angle to thecutting disks to provide straight bevel gears with longitudinal crowning has also been studied. The influence of theblade angle and disk radius on the amount of crowning applied to the gears is presented. It has been found that whenno blade angle is applied and therefore line contact occurs, straight bevel gears generated by cuttings disks with amean radius larger that a certain value yield lower bending stresses than similar octoidal gears without curved rootgeometry. For smaller radius, the maximum bending stresses increase exponentially. When the contact is localized byusing a blade angle higher than zero, the effect of the curved root geometry of straight bevel gears generated by dualinterlocking circular cutters is increased, yielding higher bending stresses with respect to equivalent theoretical octoidalgears with the same amount of longitudinal crowning but without curved root geometry. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (15 refs)Main heading: Bevel gearsControlled terms: Finite element method - Gear cutters - Gear manufacture - Gears - Geometry - TurbomachinebladesUncontrolled terms: Bending stress - Blade angle - Coniflex - Crown rack - Gear meshes - Line contact - Octoidalprofile - Straight bevel gearClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 603.1 Machine Tools, GeneralMachineTools, General - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical MethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

66. Analysis of bearing failures in a typical high-power marine gearboxGu, Haigang (1); Feng, Guang (2); Lin, Yonggang (1); Wang, Chaozhu (1)Source: Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, v 70, n 1, p 33-41, 2018; ISSN: 00368792; DOI: 10.1108/ILT-10-2016-0246; Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.Author affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Mechatronic Systems, ZhejiangUniversity, Hangzhou, China (2) Hangzhou Advance Gearbox Group Co Ltd, Hangzhou, ChinaAbstract: Purpose - This paper aims to analyze fatigue failures of a typical marine gearbox under harsh oceanconditions, and these failures are reasonably attributed to the bearing fretting fatigue damages. Design/methodology/approach - Two typical FAG cylindrical roller bearings mounted on this marine gearbox are particularly used foranalysis, as they are most vulnerable to these failures. A series of simulations have also been conducted to verify theanalysis results and failure reasons by reproducing the fretting fatigue damages for the same shaft-bearing systemunder the same manufacturing error conditions. Findings - The analysis results indicate that manufacturing errorsare the most possible reasons for the bearing failures, and these errors have more effects on the FAG cylindricalroller bearing as compared to other bearings mounted on the same shaft system. The simulations results are in goodagreement with the theoretical analysis results and test results and hence validate that manufacturing errors are thedominant reasons for bearing fretting fatigue damages in this typical marine gearbox. Originality/value - Fatigue failuresof a typical marine gearbox. Manufacturing errors are the most possible reasons for the bearing failures. A series ofsimulations have been conducted to verify the analysis results and failure reasons. The simulations results are in goodagreement with the theoretical analysis results and test results. © Emerald Publishing Limited. (18 refs)Main heading: Roller bearingsControlled terms: Abrasion - Bearings (structural) - Cylindrical roller bearings - Errors - Fatigue damage - Frettingcorrosion - Gear manufacture - Gears - Manufacture - OutagesUncontrolled terms: Bearing failures - Design/methodology/approach - Fatigue failures - Fretting fatigue damage -Manufacturing errors - Marine gearbox - Ocean conditions - Shaft-bearing systemClassification Code: 401.1 BridgesBridges - 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 706.1 Electric Power SystemsElectric Power Systems - 951 MaterialsScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

67. Potential of oil-lubricated cylindrical plastic gears




Hasl, Christian (1); Illenberger, Christopher (1); Oster, Peter (1); Tobie, Thomas (1); Stahl, Karsten (1)Source: Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems and Manufacturing, v 12, n 1, 2018; E-ISSN: 18813054;DOI: 10.1299/jamdsm.2018jamdsm0016; Publisher: Japan Society of Mechanical EngineersAuthor affiliation: (1) Gear Research Centre (FZG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University ofMunich (TUM), Boltzmannstr. 15, Garching; 85748, GermanyAbstract: Bending strength of injection molded polyacetal test gears is investigated in back-To-back testing usingoillubrication. To validate state of the art calculation methods, tooth geometries with a variable number of teeth areinvestigated, maintaining a constant center distance and transmission ratio. To enable testing on a constant level oftooth temperature for variable torque loads and speeds, occurring tooth temperatures are measured and considered inlatter testing. Test results show that bending strength of tooth geometries with a higher number of teeth stand highertooth root stresses acc. to VDI 2736, as the calculated tooth root stress is too high due to negligence of load-induceddeflections. A modified method for calculating tooth root stress considers loadinduced deflections, allowing to traceback the failures of the different tooth geometries to a common stress level. Therefore, a possible approach to considerthe actual contact ratio for tooth root stress calculation of steelplastic spur gear pairings is proposed. © 2018 TheJapan Society of Mechanical Engineers. (12 refs)Main heading: Bending strengthControlled terms: Gears - Geometry - Injection molding - Spur gearsUncontrolled terms: Actual contacts - Back-to-back testing - Bending strength of tooth - Modified methods - State ofthe art - Tooth geometries - Tooth root stress - Transmission ratiosClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 921 MathematicsMathematicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

68. Features of the relationship between vibration, lubrication and noise of gearsBasinyuk, V.L. (1); Starzhinsky, V.E. (2); Mardasevich, A.I. (1); Shil’ko, S.V. (2); Petrokovets, E.M. (2)Source: Mechanisms and Machine Science, v 51, p 221-229, 2018; ISSN: 22110984, E-ISSN: 22110992; DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-60399-5_10; Publisher: Springer NetherlandsAuthor affiliation: (1) Joint Institute of Mechanical Engineering NASB, Minsk, Belarus (2) Metal-Polymer ResearchInstitute NASB, Gomel, BelarusAbstract: The realization of a method of a complex estimation of the manufacture and assembly quality of gear-basedmechanical drives for parameters of vibration, noise, and lubricating film thickness using the amplitude spectra analysisis described. © 2018, Springer International Publishing Switzerland. (13 refs)Main heading: Vibrations (mechanical)Controlled terms: Gear manufacture - Gears - Lubrication - Mechanical drives - Vibration analysisUncontrolled terms: Amplitude spectra - Assembly quality - Lubricating films - Noise - Quality criteria - VibrationClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 602.1 Mechanical DrivesMechanical Drives- 607.2 LubricationLubrication - 931.1 MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

69. A new method of motion rule synthesis for face gear manufacturing by plane-cutterPeng, Xian-Long (1); Niu, Qin-Yu (1); Guo, Wei (1); Fang, Zong-De (2)Source: Journal of Mechanical Design, Transactions of the ASME, v 140, n 2, February 1, 2018; ISSN: 10500472;DOI: 10.1115/1.403776; Article number: 023302; Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)Author affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, 58# Yan taRoad, Xi'an, Shaan Xi; 710054, China (2) School of Mechatronics, Northwestern Polytechnic University, 127# You YiRoad, Xi'an, Shaan Xi; 710072, ChinaAbstract: The application of a Gleason Coniflex cutter (plane-cutter) to a modern Phoenix bevel gear machine tool inface gear manufacturing has an advantage of involving a universal cutter or grinder and an available existing machine.It is valuable to research this method for face gear manufacturing. First, the principle of the application of the plane-cutter in face gear manufacturing is presented. Then, the geometry of the cutter is defined, and the model of the facegear generated by this method in abstract is established. Third, a method that uses a predesigned contact path for thesynthesis with the motion parameters of the plane-cutter is proposed; controllable transmission errors are consideredin this process. Fourth, based on the equivalence principle of the position and direction, the computer numericalcontrol (CNC) motion rules of all spindles of the machine are determined, and the surface generated by the machine ispresented. Finally, numerical simulation of an example demonstrates that although the surface generated by the plane-




cutter, to a certain extent, deviates from the theoretical surface generated by the traditional method, the surface, inmeshing with the standard involute surface of the pinion, presents a good geometric meshing performance based ontooth contact analysis (TCA), except for a shortened contact ellipse. © Copyright 2018 by ASME. (29 refs)Main heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: Bevel gears - Computer control systems - Helical gears - Industrial research - Machine tools -Manufacture - Numerical methods - Synthesis (chemical)Uncontrolled terms: Computer numerical control - Equivalence principles - Face gears - Meshing performance -Motion parameters - plane-cutter - Tooth contact analysis - Transmission errorClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 603.1 Machine Tools, GeneralMachine Tools, General - 723.5 ComputerApplicationsComputer Applications - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions - 901.3 EngineeringResearchEngineering Research - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical MethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

70. Influence of tribological conditions on cold forging of gearsKiener, C. (1); Neher, R. (2); Merklein, M. (1)Source: Production Engineering, p 1-9, January 19, 2018; ISSN: 09446524, E-ISSN: 18637353; DOI: 10.1007/s11740-017-0785-9; Publisher: Springer Verlag, Article in PressAuthor affiliation: (1) Department Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany (2) Wezel GmbH Kaltumform-Technik,Frickenhausen, GermanyAbstract: Gears are integral and vital machine elements in the field of drive and transmission technology. Withregard to economic and ecological aspects, cold forging represents a promising approach compared to conventionalcutting processes for producing highly-loadable gears. A possible extrusion process for manufacturing helical gearsis the so-called “Samanta”-process. In comparison to conventional extrusion processes, an additional ejector systemis avoidable. Thus, in particular for helical gears, a negative impact on the gear quality by the ejector operation isprevented. Furthermore, the process chain during the component production cycle is shortened which leads to amore efficient production. The achievable gear accuracy as well as insufficient tool life are major challenges whileestablishing the “Samanta”-process in industry. To enable an industrial application, basic process understanding aswell as knowledge about the influences on the process results is required. For influencing component and processproperties within cold forging, approaches from the tribological system can be generally used. The aim of this studyis to analyze the influence of the friction conditions on selected component and process properties within cold forgingof gears by the “Samanta”-process. For adjusting the occurring friction, various lubrication systems were applied,which have been qualified using a double cup extrusion test (DCE-test). The results reveal that the lubrication systemdetermines the friction conditions during forming. Within cold forging of helical gears by the “Samanta”-process, thefriction influences the resulting strain hardening of the components and the required maximum forming force as well asthe energy amount. © 2017 German Academic Society for Production Engineering (WGP)Main heading: Helical gearsControlled terms: Cutting tools - Ejectors (pumps) - Extrusion - Forging - Friction - Gear manufacture - Gears -Lubrication - Strain hardening - Tribology - Upsetting (forming)Uncontrolled terms: Cold forging - Conventional cutting - Friction conditions - Process understanding - Tooltechnology - Transmission technologies - Tribological conditions - Tribological systemsClassification Code: 535.2 Metal FormingMetal Forming - 535.2.2 Metal Forming PracticeMetal Forming Practice- 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components -603.2 Machine Tool AccessoriesMachine Tool Accessories - 607.2 LubricationLubrication - 618.2 PumpsPumps - 931Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

71. Influence of manufacturing errors on dynamic floating characteristics for herringboneplanetary gearsRen, Fei (1); Luo, Guofu (1); Shi, Guiqin (2); Wu, Xiaoling (3, 4); Wang, Ning (5)Source: Nonlinear Dynamics, p 1-12, March 22, 2018; ISSN: 0924090X, E-ISSN: 1573269X; DOI: 10.1007/s11071-018-4197-y; Publisher: Springer Netherlands, Article in Press




Author affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of MechanicalEquipment Intelligent Manufacturing, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou; 450002, China (2)Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou; 450002, China (3) State Key Laboratory of MechanicalTransmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China (4) School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou, China (5) Underground Space Design and Research Institute, China Railway Engineering EquipmentGroup Co. ltd, Zhengzhou, ChinaAbstract: Owing to the present of manufacturing errors, the dynamic floating characteristics of herringbone planetarygear train (HPGT) can be changed in comparison with the original ideal design. In this research, based on theactual structure of herringbone gears, taking into consideration manufacturing eccentric errors and tooth profileerrors, bearing deformation, time-varying meshing stiffness, gyroscopic effect, and so on, a novel and generalizedbending–torsional–axial coupled dynamic model of a herringbone planetary gear train is presented to investigate thedynamic floating performances applying the lumped-parameter approach. The model is capable of being employedfor the vibration behavior analysis of the HPGT with different types of manufacturing errors and arbitrary number ofplanets. The variable step Runge–Kutta algorithm is utilized to compute the dynamic responses of the HPGT system.In combination with the proposed computational approach of the component floating displacement amount, therelationship among manufacturing errors, component floating displacements, and different floating forms is obtained,and the effects of manufacturing errors on the HPGT dynamic floating performances are discussed. Meanwhile, sungear radial floating trajectories in two cases of sun gear float and non-float are compared and analyzed. Resultsindicate that the manufacturing error and component float prominently affect the dynamic floating characteristics in theHPGT system. © 2018 Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer NatureMain heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: Dynamic models - Epicyclic gears - Errors - Gears - Industrial research - Manufacture - VibrationanalysisUncontrolled terms: Bearing deformation - Computational approach - Floating displacements - Gyroscopic Effects -Manufacturing errors - Planetary gear train - Time varying meshing stiffness - Tooth profile errorsClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research - 921MathematicsMathematicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

72. Multi-Mode Optimization Research on a Multi-Port Magnetic Planetary Gear PermanentMagnet Machine for Hybrid Electric VehiclesZhu, Xiaoyong (1); Xiang, Zixuan (2); Quan, Li (3); Chen, Yunyun (4); Mo, Lihong (5)Source: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, March 8, 2018; ISSN: 02780046; DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2018.2813966; Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., Article in PressAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhen jiang, JiangsuProvince China 212013 (e-mail: [email protected]) (2) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, JiangsuUniversity, Zhen jiang, Jiangsu Province China (e-mail: [email protected]) (3) School of Electrical and InformationEngineering, Jiangsu University, Zhen jiang, Jiangsu Province China (e-mail: [email protected]) (4) School of Energyand Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, 38043 Yangzhou, Jiangsu China (e-mail: [email protected]) (5)Faculty of Automation, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Jiangsu China (e-mail: [email protected])Abstract: In this paper, by incorporating the new concept of the non-contact magnetic planetary gear into a permanentmagnet brushless machine, a new multi-port magnetic-planetary-gear permanent magnet (MP-MPG-PM) machine isproposed. To achieve flexible combination and split of the power and torque among different electrical or mechanicalports in the machine, a multi-objective optimization design method considering multi-operational modes is proposedand investigated. To obtain high optimization design efficiency, the whole optimization is divided into three steps basedon various driving modes. In each step, the multi-objective genetic algorithm, response surface method and directscreening method are utilized respectively. Moreover, the basic no-load characteristics and torque performances ofthe proposed machine are also studied. Finally, a prototype machine based on the optimized structure dimensions ismanufactured and tested. Both the theoretical and experimental analysis verifies the effectiveness of the investigatedmachine and the proposed method. IEEEMain heading: Permanent magnetsControlled terms: Automobile manufacture - Electric machinery - Gears - Genetic algorithms - Hybrid vehicles - Ice -Magnetic levitation vehicles - Magnetism - Magnetosphere - Magnets - Multiobjective optimization - Planets - Rotors -Sun - Torque




Uncontrolled terms: Experimental analysis - Magnetic planetary gears - Multi-objective genetic algorithm -Multimodes - No-load characteristic - Permanent-magnet brushless machines - Permanent-magnet machine -Response surface methodClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and StellarPhenomenaExtraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 662.1 AutomobilesAutomobiles - 701.2 Magnetism:Basic Concepts and PhenomenaMagnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 704.1 Electric ComponentsElectricComponents - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquidsand SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

73. High temperature fatigue characteristics of P/M and hot-forged W-Re and TZM for X-raytarget of CT scannerHarimon, Mohd Azhar (1); Miyashita, Yukio (2); Otsuka, Yuichi (3); Mutoh, Yoshiharu (4); Yamamoto, Shinichi (5)Source: Materials and Design, v 137, p 335-344, January 5, 2018; ISSN: 02641275, E-ISSN: 18734197; DOI:10.1016/j.matdes.2017.10.044; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia(UTHM), Batu Pahat; Johor; 86400, Malaysia (2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagaoka University ofTechnology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka; 940-2188, Japan (3) Department of System Safety, Nagaoka Universityof Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka; 940-2188, Japan (4) Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1Kamitomioka, Nagaoka; 940-2188, Japan (5) Toshiba Materials Co., Ltd., Isogo-ku, Yokohama; 235-8522, JapanAbstract: The fatigue strengths at 1000 °C of layered W-Re/TZM, bulk W-Re and bulk TZM for x-ray target materialswere successfully evaluated under load-controlled four-point bending by introducing a fatigue failure criterion as two-times increase of initial compliance. The obtained fatigue strengths at 1000 °C for layered W-Re/TZM and bulk W-Re were similar and 280 MPa and 290 MPa at 106cycles, respectively, while that of bulk TZM was 200 MPa. Duringfatigue loading at 1000 °C, dominant fatigue damage would be multiple intergranular crack nucleation and propagation,which would induce the increase of compliance. The reasonability of the fatigue failure criterion was confirmed by thefatigue process observations and the results of room temperature fatigue tests of the specimens tested at 1000 °C upto the cycles corresponding to the fatigue failure criterion. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (43 refs)Main heading: Fatigue damageControlled terms: Binary alloys - Computerized tomography - Failure (mechanical) - Fatigue of materials - Fatiguetesting - Gears - Refractory materials - Rhenium alloys - Tungsten alloysUncontrolled terms: Fatigue failure criterion - Fatigue loadings - Fatigue strength - Four point bending - Hightemperature - High-temperature fatigue - Intergranular crack - Microstructure-property relationshipsClassification Code: 543.5 Tungsten and AlloysTungsten and Alloys - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloysexcluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals- 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications - 812.2RefractoriesRefractories - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

74. Differential planetary mechanism of reduction gear for robotic applicationsLee, Bumjoo (1); Kim, Donghan (2); Hong, Young-Dae (3)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science,v 232, n 5, p 799-803, March 1, 2018; ISSN: 09544062, E-ISSN: 20412983; DOI: 10.1177/0954406217691071;Publisher: SAGE Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea, Republic of (2)Department of Electrical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea, Republic of (3) Department of Electricaland Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea, Republic ofAbstract: This study proposes a novel planetary gear mechanism composed of normal spur gears. Similar to aharmonic drive system, one pair of gears generates differential angular motion to achieve a high reduction gear ratio.While a harmonic drive system utilizes slightly different number of gear teeth between the flex spline and the circularspline to induce differential motion, a planetary gear mechanism with different gear modules is adopted for this purposein the proposed system. Since the manufacture of special components like the wave generator and flex spline inharmonic drive system is not required here, the machinability and usability are improved. In addition, the mechanismcan be achieved with a flat shape, which is crucial for various applications such as robotic systems. After the basic




concept and three-dimensional design are introduced, the prototype system is presented. © 2017, © IMechE 2017. (9refs)Main heading: SplinesControlled terms: Gear teeth - Harmonic analysis - Robotics - Spur gearsUncontrolled terms: differential motion - Planetary gear mechanism - Planetary Gears - Planetary mechanisms -Prototype system - Reduction gear - Robotic applications - Three-dimensional designsClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 731.5 RoboticsRobotics - 921.6 NumericalMethodsNumerical MethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

75. A population-based meta-heuristic approach for robust micro-geometry optimization oftooth profile in spur gears considering manufacturing uncertaintiesKorta, Jakub A. (1); Mundo, Domenico (1)Source: Meccanica, v 53, n 1-2, p 447-464, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 00256455, E-ISSN: 15729648; DOI: 10.1007/s11012-017-0737-7; Publisher: Springer NetherlandsAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, P.Bucci, Cubo 46C, Rende; 87036, ItalyAbstract: The paper proposes a population-based meta-heuristic approach for the multi-objective robust optimizationof tooth profiles, aimed at finding a set of micro-geometry modification parameters that allow to improve mechanicalperformance of spur gears. With the aim of making the optimization results reliable in real-life applications, a robustformulation of the optimization problem is generated by incorporating noise parameters that account for the influenceof manufacturing uncertainties on the objective function. The described multi-objective gear optimization strategy isbased on response surface (surrogate) models, allowing for checking the performance of a large number of candidatesolutions in very short computational times. The computation efficiency of the proposed approach is the key thatenables a simultaneous assessment of both linear and parabolic profile modifications, so that the most appropriatetooth geometry can be selected for the specific application. The proposed approach was successfully employed ina case study in which static transmission error and contact stress of a gear pair loaded by different torques wereoptimized under fatigue-related constraints and in presence of geometric variability due to manufacturing uncertainties.© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. (44 refs)Main heading: Spur gearsControlled terms: Gear manufacture - Gears - Geometry - Heuristic algorithms - Heuristic methods - Manufacture -Multiobjective optimization - Optimization - Surface propertiesUncontrolled terms: Micro geometry - Profile modification - Response surface - Robust optimization - Statictransmission errorsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

76. Aspects of teaching “advanced gears” for future mechanical engineers within “bachelorof sciences” programs at technical universitiesGoldfarb, V. (1); Krylov, E. (1); Perminova, O. (1); Barmina, N. (1); Vasiliev, L. (2)Source: Mechanisms and Machine Science, v 51, p 271-287, 2018; ISSN: 22110984, E-ISSN: 22110992; DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-60399-5_13; Publisher: Springer NetherlandsAuthor affiliation: (1) Izhevsk State Technical University, Izhevsk, Russia (2) Saint Petersburg University, St.Peterburg, RussiaAbstract: Innovative development of important mechanical engineering industries necessitates very high demandson graduates of engineering universities who plan to devote their professional activity to gears, specifically:their qualification by the time of graduation, their knowledge, abilities and skills in regard to innovation, and theircommunication abilities. The present paper analyzes the recent trends and fundamental aspects of higher educationin Russia with regard to the successful training of gear experts at a technical university within the Bachelor program.Issues related to the teaching of various courses involving gears within the curricula of mechanical engineers andobtainment of a BS are also considered in the paper. Attention is paid to foreign language (English) competences forfuture gear experts. Agreement on the valid syllabi for mechanical engineers and requirements specified for graduatesby the present manufacturing industry is studied through the example of one of the most sought-after majors in the fieldof mechanical engineering. © 2018, Springer International Publishing Switzerland. (16 refs)Main heading: Engineering education




Controlled terms: Education - Engineers - Gears - Innovation - Personnel training - Societies and institutions -TeachingUncontrolled terms: Bachelor of science - Bachelor programs - Engineering universities - Foreign language - Highereducation - Manufacturing industries - Professional activities - Technical universitiesClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 901.1.1 Societies and InstitutionsSocietiesand Institutions - 901.2 EducationEducation - 912 Industrial Engineering and ManagementIndustrial Engineering andManagement - 912.4 PersonnelPersonnelDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

77. Dynamic characteristics of a planetary gear system based on contact status of the toothsurfaceChen, Ruibo (1); Zhou, Jianxing (1, 2); Sun, Wenlei (1)Source: Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, v 32, n 1, p 69-80, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 1738494X; DOI:10.1007/s12206-017-1208-8; Publisher: Korean Society of Mechanical EngineersAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830047, China (2) State KeyLaboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an; 710054, ChinaAbstract: Studies on the planetary gear have attracted considerable attention because of its advantages, such ascompactness, large torque-to-weight ratio, vibrations, and high efficiency, which have resulted in its wide applicationsin industry, wind turbine, national defense, and aerospace fields. We have established a novel dynamic model ofthe planetary gear transmission by using Newton’s theory, in which some key factors such as time-variant meshingstiffness, phase relationships, and tooth contact characteristics are considered. The influences of gear axial tipping,operating conditions, and the meshing phase on the contact characteristics and the dynamic characteristics wereresearched systematically. It was found that the contact area of the tooth surface was moved due to the axial geartipping, which obviously affected the meshing stiffness. With the increase in the inclination angle of the sun gear,the meshing stiffness decreases, which produces an evident influence on the high natural frequency in the planetarytransmission system. In terms of the dynamic characteristics of the system, the component of rotating frequencyappeared in the dynamic meshing force of the sun gear and the planetary gear. Moreover, the floating track of thecenter wheel varied significantly and exhibited an oval distribution as the inclination angle of the sun gear changed.When the inclination angle of the sun gear increased, the rotating frequency component increased significantly, butthe other meshing frequency components remained unchanged; meanwhile, the deformation of the floating track alsoincreased. If the inclination angle of the sun gear changes, the vibration state of the system and the collision impactcould become more serious, and the lifetime of the planetary transmission system will reduce. Furthermore, when theload was increased, we found that the gear-tooth contact zone transformed from line contact to surface contact, themeshing stiffness increased, the effect of high natural frequency on the planetary transmission system became moreevident, but its low-order natural frequency remained stable. With regard to the dynamic characteristics of the system,the components of the major frequency at the external gearing remained unchanged, but the rotation frequency of thesun gear and the meshing frequency amplitude increased linearly with the increase in load. In conclusion, the variationin the meshing stiffness of the planetary gear system had minor impact on the low-order natural frequency, but hada significant impact on the high natural frequency of the planetary transmission system due to the phase variation ofthe gear. © 2018, The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of SpringerNature. (33 refs)Main heading: Vibrations (mechanical)Controlled terms: Gear teeth - Gears - Natural frequencies - Power transmission - Stiffness - Transmissions - WindturbinesUncontrolled terms: Axial eccentric loads - Contact areas - Dynamic characteristics - Meshing stiffness - PhaseChange - Planetary gear transmissionClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 602.2 Mechanical TransmissionsMechanicalTransmissions - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 931.1MechanicsMechanics - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

78. Power loss analysis in altered tooth-sum spur gearingSachidananda, H.K. (1); Raghunandana, K. (2); Shivamurthy, B. (3)




Source: MATEC Web of Conferences, v 144, January 9, 2018, International Conference on Research in MechanicalEngineering Sciences, RiMES 2017; E-ISSN: 2261236X; DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201714401015; Article number:01015; Conference: 2017 International Conference on Research in Mechanical Engineering Sciences, RiMES 2017,December 21, 2017 - December 23, 2017; Publisher: EDP SciencesAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and IT, Manipal University,Dubai, United Arab Emirates (2) Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, ManipalAcademy of Higher Education, Manipal; 576104, India (3) Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal; 576104, IndiaAbstract: The main cause of power loss or dissipation of heat in case of meshed gears is due to friction existingbetween gear tooth mesh and is a major concern in low rotational speed gears, whereas in case of high operatingspeed the power loss taking place due to compression of air-lubricant mixture (churning losses) and windage lossesdue to aerodynamic trial of air lubricant mixture which controls the total efficiency needs to be considered. Therefore,in order to improve mechanical efficiency it is necessary for gear designer during gear tooth optimization to considerthese energy losses. In this research paper the power loss analysis for a tooth-sum of 100 altered by ±4% operatingbetween a specified center distance is considered. The results show that negative altered tooth-sum gearing performsbetter as compared to standard and positive altered tooth-sum gearing. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences,2018. (18 refs)Main heading: WheelsControlled terms: Energy dissipation - Gear teeth - Gears - Machinery - MixturesUncontrolled terms: Churning loss - Mechanical efficiency - Power loss analysis - Power-losses - Research papers -Rotational speed - Total efficiency - Windage lossClassification Code: 525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential)Energy Losses (industrial and residential) -601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine ComponentsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

79. Gear drive system simulation with different model of input speedehák, Kamil (1); Kopeková, Barbora (1); Prokop, Ale (1)Source: Springer Proceedings in Physics, v 198, p 331-339, 2018, Acoustics and Vibration of Mechanical Structures-AVMS-2017 - Proceedings of the 14th AVMS Conference, 2017; ISSN: 09308989, E-ISSN: 18674941; ISBN-13:9783319698229; DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69823-6_39; Conference: 14th International Conference on Acousticsand Vibration of Mechanical Structures, AVMS 2017, May 25, 2017 - May 26, 2017; Publisher: Springer Science andBusiness Media, LLCAuthor affiliation: (1) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2896/2, Brno;61669, Czech RepublicAbstract: Presented paper deals with investigation of the basic gearbox parameter effect on the surface normalvelocity of the gearbox top cover. First the single stage gearbox was designed and manufactured for the inputs andresults validation. Afterwards a dynamic model was built and each part of it was validated by an appropriate technicalexperiment. The presented part of investigation focuses on comparison of different kind of input speed—ideal smoothincreasing input speed and variable input speed. The evaluation is done by amplitude of gearbox surface normalvelocity. The main goal is to describe dynamic behaviour of whole gearbox by numerical simulation and find thenumerical model recognisability. The simulation results show that the variable input speed has strong influence ondynamic behaviour. © 2018, Springer International Publishing AG. (12 refs)Main heading: Vibrations (mechanical)Controlled terms: Dynamics - Gear manufacture - Gears - Numerical models - SpeedUncontrolled terms: Dynamic behaviours - Gear drives - Input speed - ON dynamics - Parameter effects - Singlestage - Surface normalsClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 931.1MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

80. Modeling of the kinematic geometry of spur gears using matlabAnakhu, Peter I. (1); Abioye, Abiodun A. (1); Bolu, Christian A. (1); Azeta, Joseph (1)Source: MATEC Web of Conferences, v 153, February 26, 2018, 4th International Conference on Mechatronicsand Mechanical Engineering, ICMME 2017; E-ISSN: 2261236X; DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201815303004; Article




number: 03004; Conference: 4th International Conference on Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, ICMME2017, November 28, 2017 - November 30, 2017; Publisher: EDP SciencesAuthor affiliation: (1) Mechanical Engineering Department, Covenant University, Ota, NigeriaAbstract: The analytical method of gear design is calculation-intensive and it is usually difficult to achieve optimumbacklash and interference-free involute profile that are required to generate geometrical compatibility in a pair ofmeshing gears when design procedure is entirely based on this method. Some amount of backlash is often requiredin the assembly of gears but excess backlash can lead to increase vibration and wear of the gear assembly. Also,interference-risk profile can result in undercutting of gear tooth. This paper optimized a spur external involute-profilegear by developing an application for the modeling of its geometrical compatibility using Matlab®. The application usesexisting models to test for interference and a proposed model to determine effective backlash in a gear. The backlashvalues resulting from the application are more confined and the model is applicable to a wider range of modulessuggested by American Gear Manufacturers Association. Simulation of the gear-set in Solidworks® for kinematicgeometry presents an interference-free tooth contour and an effective backlash. © 2018 The Authors, published byEDP Sciences. (18 refs)Main heading: Spur gearsControlled terms: Gears - Geometry - Kinematics - MATLAB - Vibrations (mechanical)Uncontrolled terms: Analytical method - Design procedure - Gear assemblies - Gear design - Interference-free -Kinematic geometry - Meshing gears - Risk profileClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 931.1MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

81. Geometry generation principle and meshing properties of a new gear driveHan, Zhenhua (1); Shi, Wankai (1); Liu, Chang (1); Xu, Lang (1)Source: Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems and Manufacturing, v 12, n 1, 2018; E-ISSN: 18813054;DOI: 10.1299/jamdsm.2018jamdsm0012; Publisher: Japan Society of Mechanical EngineersAuthor affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie,Shapingba, Chongqing; 400030, ChinaAbstract: The generation principle of composite cycloid is proposed for the tooth profile of external drive. Firstly,a two-link mechanism is developed as the equivalent mechanism to describe the geometric principle of cycloid byintroducing the motion transforming method. Then the path curve of n-order cycloid motion is generalized using n+1link mechanism. The new second-order, third-order and fourth-order composite cycloid equations of tooth profiles,including the corresponding link mechanisms, are derived and compared. It is found that the fourth-order compositecycloid is more suitable and potential for the gear design. Secondly, based on differential geometry and meshingtheory, the mathematical models, including original composite cycloid profile, meshing equation, conjugate profile andmeshing line are established. Subsequently, the meshing properties, such as contact ratio, sliding ratio and mechanicsproperty analysis are conducted and compared with involute gear drive. Transmission efficiencies under differentoperating conditions are performed on the FZG gear test rig. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrate thatgreater contact ratio, smaller sliding ratio, superior bending and contact stress, and high efficiency of the new gear arerepresented in comparison with the involute gear. © 2018 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. (15 refs)Main heading: GeometryControlled terms: Efficiency - Gears - Mathematical modelsUncontrolled terms: Cycloid gears - Different operating conditions - Differential geometry - Equivalent mechanisms -Gear drives - Generation principles - Meshing characteristics - Transmission efficiencyClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 913.1 Production EngineeringProductionEngineering - 921 MathematicsMathematicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

82. Accelerated lifetime testing of reinforced polymer gearsTavcar, Joe (1); Grkman, Gaper (1); Duhovnik, Joe (2)Source: Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems and Manufacturing, v 12, n 1, 2018; E-ISSN: 18813054;DOI: 10.1299/jamdsm.2018jamdsm0006; Publisher: Japan Society of Mechanical EngineersAuthor affiliation: (1) Iskra Mehanizmi d.o.o, Lipnica 8, Ljubljana; SI-4245, Slovenia (2) Faculty of MechanicalEngineering, University of Ljubljana, Akerceva 6, Ljubljana; SI-1000, Slovenia




Abstract: The main advantages of polymer gears compared to metal gears are low manufacturing costs for massproduction, vibration damping, and there is no need for a lubricant. In the literature and guidelines, the allowablegear endurance limits for bending and contact stresses are mainly given for polyamides (PA) and polyacetals (POM).A large number of suitable polymer gear materials is available, but the standards offer little support for the lifetimecalculations of polymer gears from other materials. Therefore, the testing of gear geometry and materials combinationscannot be avoided in the design of an optimal gear drive. However, gear testing is very time-consuming and expensive,especially when testing several different material combinations in different testing conditions. By applying theupgraded accelerated testing procedure, gear test time and costs can decrease significantly. Determination of thegear temperature during meshing is needed for the precise calculation of plastic gears. The presented temperaturecalculation model is corrected and improved with input parameters, which were determined from the test results.Accelerated tests were conducted on different combinations of reinforced and unreinforced commercially availablematerials: PA6, PA66, POM and PPS. Glass and carbon fiber were used for reinforcement. The research goal wascharacterization of different material pairs with the coefficient of friction, time strength, wear, and the failure mechanismin relation to load cycles and load level. The paper's contribution are some general guidelines for selecting polymermaterial for gears, such as fiber reinforcement improves the allowable stress level at up to a few million load cycles;unreinforced polymers are better for a higher number of load cycles. Also, PTFE -The internal lubricant significantlyreduces a coefficient of friction if added to PA polymers, and is less efficient in combination with POM. © 2018 TheJapan Society of Mechanical Engineers. (27 refs)Main heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: Acetal resins - Carbon - Carbon fibers - Characterization - Friction - Gears - Glass - Glass fibers -Materials testing - Polymers - Reinforced plastics - Reinforcement - Temperature - TribologyUncontrolled terms: Accelerated lifetime testing - Accelerated testing - Coefficient of frictions - Glass and carbonfibers - Lifetime calculation - Material combination - Reinforced polymers - Temperature calculationClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally - 812.3 GlassGlass - 815.1 PolymericMaterialsPolymeric Materials - 815.1.1 Organic PolymersOrganic Polymers - 817.1 Polymer ProductsPolymer Products- 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 MaterialsScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

83. Modeling and calibration of high-order joint-dependent kinematic errors for industrialrobotsMa, Le (1); Bazzoli, Patrick (1); Sammons, Patrick M. (1); Landers, Robert G. (1); Bristow, Douglas A. (1)Source: Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, v 50, p 153-167, April 2018; ISSN: 07365845; DOI:10.1016/j.rcim.2017.09.006; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science andTechnology, Rolla; MO, United StatesAbstract: Robot positioning accuracy is critically important in many manufacturing applications. While geometric errorssuch as imprecise link length and assembly misalignment dominate positioning errors in industrial robots, significanterrors also arise from non-uniformities in bearing systems and strain wave gearings. These errors are characteristicallymore complicated than the fixed geometric errors in link lengths and assembly. Typical robot calibration methods onlyconsider constant kinematic errors, thus, neglecting complex kinematic errors and limiting the accuracy to which robotscan be calibrated. In contrast to typical calibration methods, this paper considers models containing both constant andjoint-dependent kinematic errors. Constituent robot kinematic error sources are identified and kinematic error modelsare classified for each error source. The constituent models are generalized into a single robot kinematic error modelwith both constant and high-order joint-dependent error terms. Maximum likelihood estimation is utilized to identifyerror model parameters using measurements obtained over the measurable joint space by a laser tracker. Experimentscomparing the proposed and traditional calibration methods implemented on a FANUC LR Mate 200i robot arepresented and analyzed. While the traditional constant kinematic error model describes 79.4% of the measured error,the proposed modeling framework, constructed from measurements of 250 poses, describes 97.0% of the measurederror. The results demonstrate that nearly 20% of the kinematic error in this study can be attributed to complex, joint-dependent error sources. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (27 refs)Main heading: ErrorsControlled terms: Calibration - Gears - Industrial robots - Kinematics - Machinery - Maximum likelihood - Maximumlikelihood estimation - Robots - WheelsUncontrolled terms: Assembly misalignments - Calibration method - Manufacturing applications - Positioning error -Robot calibration - Robot positioning - Strain wave gearing - Traditional calibration




Database: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

84. Fault feature analysis of cracked gear based on LOD and analytical-FE methodWu, Jiateng (1); Yang, Yu (1); Yang, Xingkai (1); Cheng, Junsheng (1)Source: Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, v 98, p 951-967, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 08883270, E-ISSN:10961216; DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.05.041; Publisher: Academic PressAuthor affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College ofMechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha; 410082, ChinaAbstract: At present, there are two main ideas for gear fault diagnosis. One is the model-based gear dynamicanalysis; the other is signal-based gear vibration diagnosis. In this paper, a method for fault feature analysis of gearcrack is presented, which combines the advantages of dynamic modeling and signal processing. Firstly, a new time-frequency analysis method called local oscillatory-characteristic decomposition (LOD) is proposed, which has theattractive feature of extracting fault characteristic efficiently and accurately. Secondly, an analytical-finite element(analytical-FE) method which is called assist-stress intensity factor (assist-SIF) gear contact model, is put forward tocalculate the time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) under different crack states. Based on the dynamic model of the gearsystem with 6 degrees of freedom, the dynamic simulation response was obtained for different tooth crack depths.For the dynamic model, the corresponding relation between the characteristic parameters and the degree of the toothcrack is established under a specific condition. On the basis of the methods mentioned above, a novel gear tooth rootcrack diagnosis method which combines the LOD with the analytical-FE is proposed. Furthermore, empirical modedecomposition (EMD) and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) are contrasted with the LOD by gearcrack fault vibration signals. The analysis results indicate that the proposed method performs effectively and feasibilityfor the tooth crack stiffness calculation and the gear tooth crack fault diagnosis. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (34 refs)Main heading: Finite element methodControlled terms: Cracks - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Dynamic models - Failure analysis - Fault detection- Gear teeth - Gears - Mesh generation - Signal processing - Stiffness - Stress intensity factors - Vibration analysis -Vibrations (mechanical)Uncontrolled terms: Corresponding relations - Empirical Mode Decomposition - Ensemble empirical modedecompositions (EEMD) - Feature analysis - Gear dynamics - Stiffness calculations - Time-frequency analysis methods- Time-varying mesh stiffnessClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 716.1 Information Theory and SignalProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics -951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

85. Actual issues of design and production of advanced worm gearsLagutin, S. (1); Sandler, A. (2); Gudov, E. (1)Source: Mechanisms and Machine Science, v 51, p 139-166, 2018; ISSN: 22110984, E-ISSN: 22110992; DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-60399-5_7; Publisher: Springer NetherlandsAuthor affiliation: (1) “Electrostal Plant of Heavy Machines” OJSC, Moscow Region, Electrostal, Russia (2)“SELECTION” OJSC, Moscow, RussiaAbstract: The advanced synthesis of a worm gear in real production should involve not only its geometrical andstrength analysis according to the assigned performance characteristics. It must also provide compensation ofinevitable manufacture errors, power and temperature deformations by localization of the bearing contact at theassigned area of the tooth flank. This paper considers the methods of solving this problem for both high-loaded wormgears and gearboxes of metallurgical equipment and precision gears of metal-cutting machine-tools. © 2018, SpringerInternational Publishing Switzerland. (15 refs)Main heading: Worm gearsControlled terms: Cutting equipment - Cutting tools - Gears - Machinery - Metal cuttingUncontrolled terms: Bearing contact - Metallurgical equipment - Performance characteristics - Profile modification -Strength analysis - Temperature deformation - Tooth flankClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 603.2 Machine Tool AccessoriesMachineTool Accessories - 604.1 Metal CuttingMetal CuttingDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.





86. Study on Random Fracture and Crack Growth of Gear Tooth WaistBian, Xinxiao (1); Li, Xiaole (1); Zhu, Xiaolu (1)Source: Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention, p 1-9, January 22, 2018; ISSN: 15477029; DOI: 10.1007/s11668-018-0388-6; Publisher: Springer New York LLC, Article in PressAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing;100083, ChinaAbstract: The gear tooth fracture usually occurs at the root, but sometimes also occurs at the waist, or even at thetop. The random fracture is defined as the rupture at the waist or top of the tooth. The random fracture at the waist isstudied in this paper. In order to simulate a manufacturing defect on the tooth surface, a mic-notch (a minute notch)was cut at the waist of the twelve teeth in the two test gears. A gear-running test was carried out under ladder loadingtill a gear tooth fractured. The fracture appearance illuminates that the failure is fatigue fracture. The initial crack ofthe notch grew in the five teeth, and no crack propagation was not found in the other seven teeth. The stress intensityfactor and the crack propagation length are comparatively studied by three methods such as linear elastic fracturemechanics theory (LEFMT), FRANC3D simulation and the test. In the early stage of crack propagation, the theoryvalues of LEFMT are close to the simulation, but the difference gets larger and larger with the increase in crack lengthtill the gear tooth is broken. However, the difference of crack propagation length between simulation and the test isless, and the error is in the range of 2.4–13.3%. Therefore, the simulation could truly predict the crack growth length. ©2018 ASM InternationalMain heading: FractureControlled terms: Brittle fracture - Crack propagation - Cracks - Fracture mechanics - Gear manufacture - Gear teeth- Gears - Stress intensity factors - Surface defectsUncontrolled terms: Fatigue fracture - Fracture appearance - Initial cracks - Linear elastic fracture mechanics -Manufacturing defects - Propagation lengths - Random fracture - Tooth fractureClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics - 951 MaterialsScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

87. Oil film damping analysis in non-Newtonian transient thermal elastohydrodynamiclubrication for gear transmissionXiao, Zeliang (1, 2); Li, Zuodong (1, 2); Shi, Xi (1, 2); Zhou, Changjiang (1, 2)Source: Journal of Applied Mechanics, Transactions ASME, v 85, n 3, March 1, 2018; ISSN: 00218936, E-ISSN:15289036; DOI: 10.1115/1.4038697; Article number: 035001; Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME)Author affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; 200240, China (2)State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha; 410082,ChinaAbstract: The models of normal and tangential oil film damping are established by modeling the viscous-elastic fluidas massless damping elements. The central pressure and film thickness distributions, friction coefficient, and maximumtemperature rise with or without considering thermal effect indicate the proposed damping models and the solutions tothe damping are valid. Thereafter, the thermal effect on oil film damping is discussed and the effects of contact force,rotation speed, and tooth number of spur gears in line contact non-Newtonian transient thermal elastohydrodynamiclubrication (EHL) on the oil film damping are investigated. The results imply that the larger damping in the normaldirection is beneficial to meshing impact resistance and vibration reduction, whereas the smaller damping in thetangential direction is very helpful for fluidity enhancement and friction heat inhibition. Copyright © 2018 by ASME. (28refs)Main heading: Elastohydrodynamic lubricationControlled terms: Damping - Film thickness - Friction - Gear teeth - Heat resistance - Lubricating oils - Lubrication -Non Newtonian flow - Power transmission - Spur gearsUncontrolled terms: Film thickness distribution - Friction coefficients - Gear transmissions - Maximum temperaturerise - Oil films - Tangential directions - Transient thermal elastohydrodynamics - Vibration reductionsClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 602.2 Mechanical TransmissionsMechanicalTransmissions - 607.1 LubricantsLubricants - 607.2 LubricationLubrication - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow,General - 931.1 MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: Compendex




Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

88. Analysis of wind turbine Gearbox's environmental impact considering its reliabilityJiang, L. (1); Xiang, D. (1); Tan, Y.F. (2); Nie, Y.H. (3); Cao, H.J. (2); Wei, Y.Z. (1); Zeng, D. (2); Shen, Y.H. (1); Shen,G. (4)Source: Journal of Cleaner Production, v 180, p 846-857, April 10, 2018; ISSN: 09596526; DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.078; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision & Ultra-precision Manufacturing Equipment and Control,Tsinghua University, Beijing, China (2) State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University,Chongqing, China (3) Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,Canada (4) Beijing Materials Handling Research Institute, Beijing, ChinaAbstract: Wind turbines transform wind energy into electricity and it has a negative environmental impact duringmanufacturing or transportation. Gearbox is one of the most important components of wind turbine and its reliabilityis of great concern in industry. So this study performed a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmentalimpact of wind turbine gearbox considering its reliability, with a “cradle-to-grave” approach. To quantify the influence ofwind turbine gearbox's reliability on its environmental impact and provide a more realistic and accurate result, reliabilityanalysis was integrated into LCA model. The reliability of gearbox determines not only the required amount of gearboxto achieve its design life but also the number of components which can be reused in next gearbox, both of which affectthe environmental performance. First, the method to calculate these two parameters was described, afterwards, thesetwo parameters would be used in the LCA model. Then, a 2 MW wind turbine gearbox with two recycling scenarioswas used as the case study. The results show that the life cycle assessment of the gearbox is dominated by themanufacture process, and the reuse of components can reduce the impact around 10%. The reliability sensitivityanalysis indicates that the environmental impact increases 25.25% as gearbox's reliability is reduced from 78.25% to40.03%. Therefore, by taking reliability information into consideration when evaluating its environmental impact, a moreaccurate and realistic assessment result can be achieved. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (15 refs)Main heading: Environmental impactControlled terms: Environmental management - Gear manufacture - Gears - Life cycle - Manufacture - Reliability -Reliability analysis - Sensitivity analysis - Wind power - Wind turbinesUncontrolled terms: Energy requirements - Environmental performance - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Number ofcomponents - Reliability information - Reliability sensitivity analysis - Resource consumption - Wind turbine gearboxesClassification Code: 454.2 Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection - 537.1 HeatTreatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 615.8 WindPower (Before 1993, use code 611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 921 MathematicsMathematicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

89. High strength aluminium alloy fatigue damage alert of high speed train gearbox shellusing acoustic emission instrumentAi, Yibo (1); Lv, Tao (1); Zhang, Weidong (1)Source: International Journal of Mechatronics and Manufacturing Systems, v 11, n 1, p 36-52, 2018; ISSN: 17531039,E-ISSN: 17531047; DOI: 10.1504/IJMMS.2018.091176; Publisher: Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.Author affiliation: (1) National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing; 100083, ChinaAbstract: As a key component of high speed train, the gearbox shell must be running safely. The main damage formof high speed train gearbox shell is fatigue, and to effectively predict the working state and give out safety alert is ofgreat significance of operation safety. In this study, the acoustic emission instrument has been used for real-time andnon-destruction monitoring fatigue damage progress of high strength aluminium alloy which is the material of highspeed train gearbox shell. By comparing with the fatigue damage progress, the feature parameter and its threshold ofacoustic emission (AE) signal for classifying the states has been defined. The consistence of the feature is discussedby Hurst index method. A particle swarm optimisation-least square support vector machines (PSO-LSSVM) predictionmodel has been designed to predict the feature of next step, and the safety alert is given by comparing with thethreshold of the feature. In this study, the prediction result is about 600s to 1600s earlier than the critical time, and bycomparing acceleration test and real condition, it can give enough time for the train to stop and evacuate passengers.© 2018 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. (17 refs)Main heading: Acoustic emission testing




Controlled terms: Acoustic emissions - Fatigue damage - Forecasting - Gear manufacture - Gears - High strengthalloys - Manufacture - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Railroad cars - Railroad transportation - Railroads - Shells(structures) - Speed - Strength of materials - Support vector machinesUncontrolled terms: High speed train (HST) - High strength aluminium alloys - Material fatigue - PSO method - Safetyalerts - SVM methodClassification Code: 408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes - 433.1 RailroadTransportation, GeneralRailroad Transportation, General - 531.1 MetallurgyMetallurgy - 537.1 Heat TreatmentProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 682.1.1 RailroadCarsRailroad Cars - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling andApplications - 751.2 Acoustic Properties of MaterialsAcoustic Properties of Materials - 951 Materials ScienceMaterialsScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

90. The determination of wormwheel toothing surfaceNieszporek, Tadeusz (1); Golbski, Rafal (1); Boral, Piotr (1)Source: MATEC Web of Conferences, v 157, March 14, 2018, Machine Modelling and Simulations 2017, MMS 2017;E-ISSN: 2261236X; DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201815701013; Article number: 01013; Conference: 22nd Slovak-Polish Scientific Conference on Machine Modelling and Simulations, MMS 2017, September 5, 2017 - September 8,2017; Publisher: EDP SciencesAuthor affiliation: (1) Czstochowa University of Technology, Institute of Mechanical Technologies, Al. Armii Krajowej21, Czstochowa; 42-201, PolandAbstract: In heavy industry (metallurgy, mining), large-size worm gears designed to carry large loads are often used.However, their technology is very difficult and their manufacturing costs are very high. In practice, cone-derivativeworm gears are most often used, which are machined by the envelope method using a rotary tool. The literaturehas given much coverage to the determination of the worm helical surface. The surface of wormwheel teeth is muchless commonly described. Therefore, this paper presents an analytical and a numerical methods for generating thewormwheel toothing by the tangential and radial methods with a special cutter and with a modular hob. © 2018 TheAuthors, published by EDP Sciences. (11 refs)Main heading: Worm gearsControlled terms: Indium compounds - Numerical methodsUncontrolled terms: Envelope method - Heavy industries - Helical surfaces - Manufacturing cost - Radial methods -Rotary tools - Worm wheelsClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumericalMethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

91. Effects of the gear eccentricities on the dynamic performance of a planetary gear setCao, Zheng (1); Shao, Yimin (1); Rao, Meng (1); Yu, Wennian (1)Source: Nonlinear Dynamics, v 91, n 1, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 0924090X, E-ISSN: 1573269X; DOI: 10.1007/s11071-017-3738-0; Publisher: Springer NetherlandsAuthor affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing; 400030,ChinaAbstract: Gear eccentricities are one of the practical types of the manufacturing errors that affect the dynamicperformance of a planetary gear train (PGT). Previous research about the effects of the gear eccentricities is abundant,and many of them focus on the parallel shaft gear set. However, almost none of them have considered the influenceof the gear eccentricities on the mesh stiffness. In fact, the existence of the gear eccentricities can change the centerdistance and the mesh positions of a meshing gear pair, which will directly affect the mesh stiffness. Situation can beeven more complex for the PGT with either sun gear eccentricities or planet gear eccentricities or both of them. Basedon that, a new dynamic model of a PGT with gear eccentricities is established. The planar motions of the PGT and themesh stiffness are integrated and solved simultaneously where the mesh stiffness is determined by the actual meshpositions of the meshing gear pair. The mesh stiffness is calculated by the energy potential method. The time-varyingcenter distance caused by the gear eccentricities is also considered, which can result in the change of line of action,pressure angle, contact ratio and mesh positions. The influence of gear eccentricities on the dynamic performance of




a 4-planet PGT is studied. Some useful results are derived at last. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. (28refs)Main heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: Epicyclic gears - Gears - Mechanisms - Mesh generation - Stiffness - Vehicle performanceUncontrolled terms: Center distance - Dynamic performance - Manufacturing errors - Mesh stiffness - Planar motion -Planetary gear sets - Planetary gear train - Pressure anglesDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

92. A gearbox fault diagnosis method based on frequency-modulated empirical modedecomposition and support vector machineZhang, Chao (1, 2); Peng, Zhongxiao (2); Chen, Shuai (1); Li, Zhixiong (2); Wang, Jianguo (1)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science,v 232, n 2, p 369-380, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 09544062, E-ISSN: 20412983; DOI: 10.1177/0954406216677102;Publisher: SAGE Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of the Inner Mongol,Baotou, China (2) School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of NSW, Sydney, AustraliaAbstract: During the operation process of a gearbox, the vibration signals can reflect the dynamic states of thegearbox. The feature extraction of the vibration signal will directly influence the accuracy and effectiveness of faultdiagnosis. One major challenge associated with the extraction process is the mode mixing, especially under suchcircumstance of intensive frequency. A novel fault diagnosis method based on frequency-modulated empirical modedecomposition is proposed in this paper. Firstly, several stationary intrinsic mode functions can be obtained afterthe initial vibration signal is processed using frequency-modulated empirical mode decomposition method. Using themethod, the vibration signal feature can be extracted in unworkable region of the empirical mode decomposition. Themethod has the ability to separate such close frequency components, which overcomes the major drawback of theconventional methods. Numerical simulation results showed the validity of the developed signal processing method.Secondly, energy entropy was calculated to reflect the changes in vibration signals in relation to faults. At last, theenergy distribution could serve as eigenvector of support vector machine to recognize the dynamic state and faulttype of the gearbox. The analysis results from the gearbox signals demonstrate the effectiveness and veracity of thediagnosis approach. © 2016, © IMechE 2016. (27 refs)Main heading: Frequency modulationControlled terms: Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions - Entropy - Extraction - Failure analysis - Fault detection - Gears -Mixing - Numerical methods - Signal processing - Support vector machinesUncontrolled terms: Empirical Mode Decomposition - Empirical mode decomposition method - Energy distributions -Energy-entropy - Fault diagnosis method - Frequency components - Intrinsic Mode functions - Mode mixingClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics- 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing - 723 ComputerSoftware, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3 ChemicalOperationsChemical Operations - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical MethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

93. Local forming of gears by indentation of sheetsSieczkarek, Peter (1); Wernicke, Sebastian (1); Weddeling, Christian (1); Martins, Paulo AF (2); Erman Tekkaya, A. (1)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, v 232,n 5, p 838-847, April 1, 2018; ISSN: 09544054, E-ISSN: 20412975; DOI: 10.1177/0954405416654190; Publisher:SAGE Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Institute of Forming Technology and Lightweight Construction, TU Dortmund University,Dortmund, Germany (2) IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, PortugalAbstract: The aim and objectives of this article are to provide an analytical model for the incremental formingof gears along the direction perpendicular to the sheet thickness. The model allows determining the influence ofthe major process parameters in the indentation force and in the material volume undergoing plastic deformationduring indentation by means of double-wedge gear tooth punches. Special emphasis is placed on the influence ofsuperimposing tension stresses along the in-plane direction. The analytical model is built upon the slip-line theoryunder plane strain deformation conditions, and results are compared against those obtained from experiments in DC04mild steel and from numerical simulations performed with the finite element method. Results show that the indentation




force can be significantly reduced by stress superposition, and that a minimum distance from previous indentations isnecessary to produce a new gear tooth in a material free from residual strains and stresses. © 2016, © IMechE 2016.(14 refs)Main heading: Finite element methodControlled terms: Analytical models - Carbon steel - Elasticity - Gear teeth - Gears - Indentation - Metal forming -Numerical methods - Sheet metal - Strain - Structural designUncontrolled terms: Bulk metal forming - experimentation - Finite element modelling - In-plane direction - Incrementalforming - Process parameters - Residual strains - Stress superpositionsClassification Code: 408.1 Structural Design, GeneralStructural Design, General - 535.2 Metal FormingMetalForming - 545.3 SteelSteel - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.6Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

94. Effects of random tooth profile errors on the dynamic behaviors of planetary gearsXun, Chao (1); Long, Xinhua (1); Hua, Hongxing (1)Source: Journal of Sound and Vibration, v 415, p 91-110, February 17, 2018; ISSN: 0022460X, E-ISSN: 10958568;DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2017.11.022; Publisher: Academic PressAuthor affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai; 200240, ChinaAbstract: In this paper, a nonlinear random model is built to describe the dynamics of planetary gear trains (PGTs),in which the time-varying mesh stiffness, tooth profile modification (TPM), tooth contact loss, and random tooth profileerror are considered. A stochastic method based on the method of multiple scales (MMS) is extended to analyze thestatistical property of the dynamic performance of PGTs. By the proposed multiple-scales based stochastic method,the distributions of the dynamic transmission errors (DTEs) are investigated, and the lower and upper bounds aredetermined based on the 3σ principle. Monte Carlo method is employed to verify the proposed method. Resultsindicate that the proposed method can be used to determine the distribution of the DTE of PGTs high efficientlyand allow a link between the manufacturing precision and the dynamical response. In addition, the effects of toothprofile modification on the distributions of vibration amplitudes and the probability of tooth contact loss with differentmanufacturing tooth profile errors are studied. The results show that the manufacturing precision affects the distributionof dynamic transmission errors dramatically and appropriate TPMs are helpful to decrease the nominal value and thedeviation of the vibration amplitudes. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (32 refs)Main heading: Random errorsControlled terms: Electric brakes - Epicyclic gears - Error detection - Errors - Gears - Manufacture - Monte Carlomethods - Probability distributions - Spur gears - Stochastic systemsUncontrolled terms: Dynamic transmission errors - Lower and upper bounds - Manufacturing precision - Method ofmultiple scale - Planetary gear train - Time-varying mesh stiffness - Tooth profile modification (TPM) - Tooth profilemodificationsClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 602 Mechanical Drives and TransmissionsMechanical Drives and Transmissions- 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics - 961 SystemsScienceSystems ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

95. Tooth-meshing-harmonic static-transmission-error amplitudes of helical gearsMark, William D. (1)Source: Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, v 98, p 506-533, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 08883270, E-ISSN:10961216; DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.04.039; Publisher: Academic PressAuthor affiliation: (1) Applied Research Laboratory and Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania StateUniversity, University Park, PA; 16802, United StatesAbstract: The static transmission errors of meshing gear pairs arise from deviations of loaded tooth working surfacesfrom equispaced perfect involute surfaces. Such deviations consist of tooth-pair elastic deformations and geometricdeviations (modifications) of tooth working surfaces. To a very good approximation, the static-transmission-errortooth-meshing-harmonic amplitudes of helical gears are herein expressed by superposition of Fourier transforms ofthe quantities: (1) the combination of tooth-pair elastic deformations and geometric tooth-pair modifications and (2)




fractional mesh-stiffness fluctuations, each quantity (1) and (2) expressed as a function of involute “roll distance.”Normalization of the total roll-distance single-tooth contact span to unity allows tooth-meshing-harmonic amplitudes tobe computed for different shapes of the above-described quantities (1) and (2). Tooth-meshing harmonics p = 1, 2, …are shown to occur at Fourier-transform harmonic values of Qp, p = 1, 2, …, where Q is the actual (total) contact ratio,thereby verifying its importance in minimizing transmission-error tooth-meshing-harmonic amplitudes. Two individualshapes and two series of shapes of the quantities (1) and (2) are chosen to illustrate a wide variety of shapes. Inmost cases representative of helical gears, tooth-meshing-harmonic values p = 1, 2, … are shown to occur in Fourier-transform harmonic regions governed by discontinuities arising from tooth-pair-contact initiation and termination,thereby showing the importance of minimizing such discontinuities. Plots and analytical expressions for all such Fouriertransforms are presented, thereby illustrating the effects of various types of tooth-working-surface modifications andtooth-pair stiffnesses on transmission-error generation. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (55 refs)Main heading: Helical gearsControlled terms: Deformation - Elastic deformation - Error detection - Errors - Fourier transforms - Gear manufacture- Gear teeth - Gears - Harmonic analysis - Mathematical transformations - Spur gears - StiffnessUncontrolled terms: Analytical expressions - Gear transmission errors - Geometric deviations - Harmonic amplitude -Static transmission errors - Tooth meshing - Tooth modifications - Transmission errorClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 921.3 MathematicalTransformationsMathematical Transformations - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods - 951 MaterialsScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

96. Approximated rod-toothed gearsTimofeev, B. (1); Sachkov, M. (1)Source: Mechanisms and Machine Science, v 51, p 419-434, 2018; ISSN: 22110984, E-ISSN: 22110992; DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-60399-5_20; Publisher: Springer NetherlandsAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechatronics, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, RussiaAbstract: The paper considers approximated rod-toothed gears with parallel and intersecting orthogonal operatingaxes. Results of mathematical simulation show that even significant errors in manufacture and assembly cause thevariation of the transmission function which is one order less than its nominal value. © 2018, Springer InternationalPublishing Switzerland. (13 refs)Main heading: GearsControlled terms: Functions - Gear manufacture - ManufactureUncontrolled terms: Assembly error - Mathematical simulations - Nominal values - Operating axes - Toothed gears -Transmission functionClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 921 MathematicsMathematicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

97. Data-driven operation and compensation approaches to tooth flank form errormeasurement for spiral bevel and hypoid gearsShao, Wen (1); Ding, Han (1); Tang, Jinyuan (1)Source: Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, v 122, p 347-357, July 2018; ISSN:02632241; DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2018.03.004; Publisher: Elsevier B.V.Author affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of High-performance Complex Manufacturing, School of Mechanical andElectrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha; 410083, ChinaAbstract: In the actual design and manufacturing of spiral bevel and hypoid gears, the real tooth flank form geometryinevitably deviate from their theoretical or master target one, due to machine tolerances and systematic flexibility,heat treatment distortions, variation of cuttings forces and other noise factors. This deviation in normal direction istooth flank form error which can cause some detrimental effects on tooth contact performances. Particularly, oncethe edge contact or highly concentrated stresses occurs, it will result in noisy operation and premature failure. Thispaper presents an accurate systematic CMM measurement method to prescribe and data-driven control the tooth flankform error. Firstly, the accurate measurement positioning is developed as an important step in whole measurement.And then, a data-driven programming is performed to prescribe a flank grid in CMM measurement. Where, thisprogramming includes: (i) UMC machine settings are used to establish a universal tooth flank model, (ii) NURBS




fitting and stitching approach is employed to accurate explicit flank expression, and (iii) flank parameterization usingthe steepest descent method with Newton step is proposed to identify flank grid points. Moreover, to distinguishwith the conventional methods, a high-order machine setting modification considering residual tooth flank form erroris proposed to get a flexible compensation of tooth flank form error. Given numerical test can verify the proposedmethods. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (36 refs)Main heading: Error compensationControlled terms: Bevel gears - Coordinate measuring machines - Errors - Gear manufacture - Gears - Numericalmethods - Steepest descent methodUncontrolled terms: Accurate measurement - CMM measurement - Contact performance - Conventional methods -Data-driven control - Form errors - Machine settings - Spiral bevel and hypoid gearsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

98. Study of elastic deformation on dimensional accuracy in ironing process of spur gearGao, Yan (1); Zhou, Rui (1); Wu, Yu-Cheng (1); Heng-Li (1); Chen, Wen-Lin (1); Xu, Xiang-Qian (2)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, v 232, n3, p 513-524, February 1, 2018; ISSN: 09544054, E-ISSN: 20412975; DOI: 10.1177/0954405416647318; Publisher:SAGE Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Material Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China (2)Jiangsu Sunway Precision Forging Co., Ltd, Yancheng, ChinaAbstract: The cold ironing process of a warm forged spur gear was applied to investigate the elastic distortionsarising by the behavior of die elastic expansion and gear elastic recovery in this article. An elasto-plastic finite elementsimulation was performed to analyze the elastic behavior characteristics of gear and die. The effects of interferencebetween gear and die on the elastic distortions were investigated through finite element simulation and experiment,respectively. The change of geometrical profile and dimension of the gear tooth were measured; the estimateddimension of ironed gear by finite element simulation was fitted to the experimental results well within the range of 5%relative error. Furthermore, in order to improve the dimensional accuracy of final forged gear, this study proposed adie cavity compensation method to compensate cavity of the ironing die, which was obtained by shrink fitting a outerring into the initial ironing die. The optimum radial interference between stress ring and initial shrink-fitted die wascalculated based on the Lame formula and thick wall cylinder theory. Finally, an experiment according to the proposeddie cavity compensation method was carried out to examine the validity of analytical results and demonstratedthat predicted dimensions could be achieved and dimensional accuracy greatly improved. It was shown that themanufacture gear satisfies the IOS6 class by measuring the iron-forged gear. © 2016, © IMechE 2016. (11 refs)Main heading: Finite element methodControlled terms: Dies - Elastic deformation - Gear manufacture - Spur gearsUncontrolled terms: Analytical results - Cold ironing - Compensation method - Die cavity - Dimensional accuracy -Elastic distortion - Finite element simulations - Thick wall cylinderClassification Code: 534.1 FoundriesFoundries - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 921.6Numerical MethodsNumerical MethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

99. Design and analysis of a worm gear turntable off-axis assembly method in a three-grating monochromatorChen, Jianjun (1, 2); Cui, Jicheng (1); Yao, Xuefeng (1, 2); Liu, Jianan (1, 2); Sun, Ci (1)Source: Applied Optics, v 57, n 10, p 2647-2652, April 1, 2018; ISSN: 1559128X, E-ISSN: 21553165; DOI: 10.1364/AO.57.002647; Publisher: OSA - The Optical SocietyAuthor affiliation: (1) National Engineering Research Centre for Diffraction Gratings Manufacturing and Application,Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin; 130033,China (2) Daheng College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, ChinaAbstract: To solve the problem where the actual grating aperture decreases with an increasing scanning angleduring the scanning of a three-grating monochromator, we propose an off-axis assembly method for the worm gearturntable that makes it possible to suppress this aperture reduction. We simulated and compared the traditionalassembly method with the off-axis assembly method in the three-grating monochromator. Results show that theactual grating aperture can be improved by the off-axis assembly method. In fact, for any one of the three gratings,when the monochromator outputs the longest wavelength in the corresponding wavelength band, the actual grating




aperture increases by 45.93%. Over the entire monochromator output band, the actual grating aperture increased byan average of 32.56% and can thus improve the monochromator's output energy. Improvement of the actual gratingaperture can also reduce the stray light intensity in the monochromator and improve its output signal-to-noise ratio. ©2018 Optical Society of America. (21 refs)Main heading: MonochromatorsControlled terms: Signal to noise ratio - Stray light - Worm gearsUncontrolled terms: Design and analysis - Grating monochromator - Light intensity - Off-axis - Output energy - Outputsignal-to-noise ratios - Scanning angles - Wavelength bandClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 716.1 Information Theory and SignalProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing - 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics - 741.3 Optical Devices andSystemsOptical Devices and SystemsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

100. Multisensor signal denoising based on matching synchrosqueezing wavelet transformfor mechanical fault condition assessmentYi, Cancan (1, 2, 3); Lv, Yong (2, 3); Xiao, Han (2, 3); Huang, Tao (2, 3); You, Guanghui (4)Source: Measurement Science and Technology, v 29, n 4, March 6, 2018; ISSN: 09570233, E-ISSN: 13616501; DOI:10.1088/1361-6501/aaa50a; Article number: 045104; Publisher: Institute of Physics PublishingAuthor affiliation: (1) Engineering Research Center for Metallurgical Automation and Measurement Technology,Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan; 430081, China (2) Key Laboratory ofMetallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education,Wuhan; 430081, China (3) Hubei Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission and Manufacturing Engineering, WuhanUniversity of Science and Technology, Wuhan; 430081, China (4) Zhejiang Institute of Mechanical and ElectricalEngineering, Hangzhou; 310053, ChinaAbstract: Since it is difficult to obtain the accurate running status of mechanical equipment with only one sensor,multisensor measurement technology has attracted extensive attention. In the field of mechanical fault diagnosis andcondition assessment based on vibration signal analysis, multisensor signal denoising has emerged as an importanttool to improve the reliability of the measurement result. A reassignment technique termed the synchrosqueezingwavelet transform (SWT) has obvious superiority in slow time-varying signal representation and denoising for faultdiagnosis applications. The SWT uses the time-frequency reassignment scheme, which can provide signal propertiesin 2D domains (time and frequency). However, when the measured signal contains strong noise components andfast varying instantaneous frequency, the performance of SWT-based analysis still depends on the accuracy ofinstantaneous frequency estimation. In this paper, a matching synchrosqueezing wavelet transform (MSWT) isinvestigated as a potential candidate to replace the conventional synchrosqueezing transform for the applications ofdenoising and fault feature extraction. The improved technology utilizes the comprehensive instantaneous frequencyestimation by chirp rate estimation to achieve a highly concentrated time-frequency representation so that the signalresolution can be significantly improved. To exploit inter-channel dependencies, the multisensor denoising strategyis performed by using a modulated multivariate oscillation model to partition the time-frequency domain; then, thecommon characteristics of the multivariate data can be effectively identified. Furthermore, a modified universalthreshold is utilized to remove noise components, while the signal components of interest can be retained. Thus, anovel MSWT-based multisensor signal denoising algorithm is proposed in this paper. The validity of this method isverified by numerical simulation, and experiments including a rolling bearing system and a gear system. The resultsshow that the proposed multisensor matching synchronous squeezing wavelet transform (MMSWT) is superior toexisting methods. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd. (33 refs)Main heading: Signal denoisingControlled terms: Array processing - Bearings (machine parts) - Failure analysis - Fault detection - Frequency domainanalysis - Frequency estimation - Gears - Numerical methods - Reliability analysis - Roller bearings - Signal analysis -Signal processing - Vibration analysis - Vibrations (mechanical) - Wavelet transformsUncontrolled terms: Fault diagnosis applications - Instantaneous frequency estimation - Modified universal threshold- Multi sensor - Synchrosqueezing - Time-frequency reassignments - Time-frequency representations - WaveletdenoisingClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 716.1 Information Theory and SignalProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing - 921.3 Mathematical TransformationsMathematicalTransformations - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods - 931.1 MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village




101. Numerical Simulation-Based Optimization of Contact Stress Distribution andLubrication Conditions in the Straight Worm DriveHe, Y. (1); Li, G.F. (1, 2); Zhao, Y.P. (3); Sun, Y. (1, 2); Jiang, G.Z. (1, 2)Source: Strength of Materials, v 50, n 1, p 157-165, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 00392316, E-ISSN: 15739325; DOI:10.1007/s11223-018-9955-z; Publisher: Springer New York LLCAuthor affiliation: (1) The Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control of Ministry of Education, WuhanUniversity of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (2) Hubei Key Laboratory of Mechanical, Transmission andManufacturing Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (3) School of Machinery andAutomation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, ChinaAbstract: Tooth contact area optimization/meshing of the straight worm pair is vital for improving its operationefficiency. Geometric parameters of a worm helicoid were derived via the gear meshing theory using the equationsof the instantaneous contact line. The visualization function and powerful computing capability of MATLAB are usedfor the numerical analysis where the instantaneous contact line distribution is simulated for particular worm driveparameters, which yields the induced curvature and slip angle in the direction of the line. The above results are usedfor further optimization of the meshing performance of the straight worm gear and identification of its influencingfactors. A case study of the particular cylindrical worm gear in compliance with the GB 10085-1988 Standard of Chinademonstrate that a reasonable selection of worm gear parameters can extend the contact line and the working range ofthe tooth surface of the worm gear and/or make the contact line distribution along the worm wheel more uniform, thusimproving the local meshing performance. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.(15 refs)Main heading: Worm gearsControlled terms: Computation theory - Lubrication - MATLAB - Optimization - Regulatory complianceUncontrolled terms: Contact lines - Contact stress distributions - Helix angles - Meshing performance - Operationefficiencies - Simulation-based optimizations - Visualization functions - Worm driveDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

102. Increasing the quality of excavators' planetary reduction gearboxes on the basis ofdimensional analysis and geometrical characteristics of tooth wheelsDrygin, M. Yu (1); Kuryshkin, N.P. (1)Source: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, v 944, n 1, January 30, 2018, XI International Scientific andTechnical Conference "Applied Mechanics and Dynamics Systems"; ISSN: 17426588, E-ISSN: 17426596; DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/944/1/012030; Article number: 012030; Conference: 11th International Scientific and TechnicalConference on Applied Mechanics and Dynamics Systems, AMSD 2017, November 14, 2017 - November 16, 2017;Publisher: Institute of Physics PublishingAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Information and Automated Manufacturing Systems, T. F. Gorbachev KuzbassState Technical University, 28 Vesennyaya street, Kemerovo; 650000, RussiaAbstract: The article describes the problem of extending operational electrically driven excavators' reducing gearboxes which break down nearly every six months. The main reason of the function loss is the breakdown of the bearingassembly of one of the pinions. The authors performed kinematic, dynamic and geometric calculation of gearing todetect the breakdown reasons. The main reason is that alignment condition is not provided in the differential part andin the power return gear. All toothed gear wheels must be manufactured with the positive bias of the generating rackprofile, but in fact all pinions and idle gears are manufactured with negative bias. This lead to an intolerable radialclearance in the gearing and skew of the floating master gears. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. (6refs)Main heading: GearsControlled terms: Construction equipment - Excavation - Excavators - Gear manufacture - Machinery - WheelsUncontrolled terms: Bearing assemblies - Dimensional analysis - Geometric calculations - Geometricalcharacteristics - Positive bias - Radial clearance - Reduction gearbox - Toothed gearsClassification Code: 405.1 Construction EquipmentConstruction Equipment - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachineComponentsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village




103. Application of coordination measuring methods for assessing the performanceproperties of polymer gearsDziubek, Tomasz (1)Source: Polimery/Polymers, v 63, n 1, p 49-52, 2018; ISSN: 00322725; DOI: 10.14314/polimery.2018.1.8; Publisher:Instytut Chemii PrzemyslowejAuthor affiliation: (1) Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, al.Powstaców Warszawy 8, Rzeszów; 35-959, PolandAbstract: The research related to the use of coordinate measuring methods for assessing the performance propertiesof polymer gears has been performed. Presented work is a continuation of work on the accuracy of geometry of gearsmanufactured using Rapid Prototyping Methods (RP) [1]. Deformations were assessed for research models madewith 3-Dimensional Printing methods PolyJet, FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) and SLS (Selective Laser Sintering),especially for geometric deviations and shrinkage. Geometrical accuracy verification of models was performedusing the ATOS II Triple Scan touchless optical system. Copyright © 2018 by Instytut Chemii Przemyslowej im. prof.Ignacego Mocickiego. (11 refs)Main heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: 3D printers - Gears - Geometry - Laser heating - Laser recording - Optical systems - Polymers -Scanning - SinteringUncontrolled terms: 3-dimensional printing - Coordinate measuring methods - Fused deposition modeling -Geometrical accuracy - Optical scanners - Performance properties - Polymer materials - Selective laser sinteringClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 741.3 Optical Devices and SystemsOpticalDevices and Systems - 744.9 Laser ApplicationsLaser Applications - 745.1.1 Printing EquipmentPrinting Equipment -815.1 Polymeric MaterialsPolymeric Materials - 921 MathematicsMathematicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

104. Comparison of wavelet based denoising schemes for gear condition monitoring: AnArtificial Neural Network based ApproachAhmed, Rounaq (1); Srinivasa Pai, P. (2); Sriram, N.S. (3); Bhat, Vasudeva (4)Source: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, v 310, n 1, March 3, 2018, InternationalConference on Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Applications, IConAMMA 2017; ISSN: 17578981, E-ISSN:1757899X; DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/310/1/012010; Article number: 012010; Conference: International Conferenceon Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Applications 2017, IConAMMA 2017, August 17, 2017 - August 19, 2017;Publisher: Institute of Physics PublishingAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, VTU, PACE, Mangalore, Karnataka, India (2)Department of Mechanical Engineering, NMAMIT, Nitte, VTU, Karnataka, India (3) Department of MechanicalEngineering, VVIET, VTU, Mysore, Karnataka, India (4) Department of Mechanical Engineering, SIT, VTU, Mangalore,Karnataka, IndiaAbstract: Vibration Analysis has been extensively used in recent past for gear fault diagnosis. The vibration signalsextracted is usually contaminated with noise and may lead to wrong interpretation of results. The denoising of extractedvibration signals helps the fault diagnosis by giving meaningful results. Wavelet Transform (WT) increases signalto noise ratio (SNR), reduces root mean square error (RMSE) and is effective to denoise the gear vibration signals.The extracted signals have to be denoised by selecting a proper denoising scheme in order to prevent the loss ofsignal information along with noise. An approach has been made in this work to show the effectiveness of PrincipalComponent Analysis (PCA) to denoise gear vibration signal. In this regard three selected wavelet based denoisingschemes namely PCA, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Neighcoeff Coefficient (NC), has been compared withAdaptive Threshold (AT) an extensively used wavelet based denoising scheme for gear vibration signal. The vibrationsignals acquired from a customized gear test rig were denoised by above mentioned four denoising schemes. Thefault identification capability as well as SNR, Kurtosis and RMSE for the four denoising schemes have been compared.Features extracted from the denoised signals have been used to train and test artificial neural network (ANN) models.The performances of the four denoising schemes have been evaluated based on the performance of the ANN models.The best denoising scheme has been identified, based on the classification accuracy results. PCA is effective in all theregards as a best denoising scheme. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. (27 refs)Main heading: Signal denoisingControlled terms: Condition monitoring - Failure analysis - Fault detection - Gears - Manufacture - Mean squareerror - Neural networks - Principal component analysis - Signal processing - Signal to noise ratio - Vibration analysis -Vibrations (mechanical) - Wavelet decomposition - Wavelet transformsUncontrolled terms: Adaptive thresholds - Artificial neural network models - Classification accuracy - De-noisedsignals - Empirical Mode Decomposition - Fault identifications - Gear fault diagnosis - Root mean square errors




Classification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory andSignal Processing - 921.3 Mathematical TransformationsMathematical Transformations - 922.2 MathematicalStatisticsMathematical Statistics - 931.1 MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

105. The effect of friction stir processing and post-aging treatment on fatigue behavior ofCa-added flame-resistant magnesium alloyAfrinaldi, Angga (1); Kakiuchi, Toshifumi (2); Itoh, Ren (3); Mizutani, Yoshiki (4); Uematsu, Yoshihiko (2)Source: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, v 95, n 5-8, p 2379-2391, March 1, 2018; ISSN:02683768, E-ISSN: 14333015; DOI: 10.1007/s00170-017-1411-x; Publisher: Springer LondonAuthor affiliation: (1) Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu; 501-1193, Japan(2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu; 501-1193, Japan (3) NabtescoCorporation, 7-9-2 Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo; 102-0093, Japan (4) Industrial Research Institute of GifuPrefecture, 1288 Oze, Seki, Gifu; 501-3265, JapanAbstract: Friction stir processing (FSP) was applied to the microstructural modification of the extruded flame-resistantmagnesium (Mg) alloy, AMX602. The as-received material exhibited microstructure, in which intermetallic compounds(IMCs) were inhomogeneously dispersed in the matrix. FSP broke up some large IMCs and resulted in homogeneousdistribution of IMCs and fine grains of the matrix. The micro hardness of the FSPed material was lower than that of theas-received one because the dislocation density and hardening precipitates decreased due to the heat input duringFSP. The hardness of the FSPed material increased by the post-aging treatment. However, the fatigue strengths of theFSPed and post-aged specimens were lower than those of the as-received ones. The lower fatigue strengths of theFSPed specimens were attributed to the decrease of hardness by FSP. EBSD analyses revealed that strong texturewas developed by FSP. The fatigue cracks of the post-aged specimens initiated at the locations with strong texture, inwhich basal slip planes had an angle about 45° to the fatigue loading direction. The lower fatigue strengths in the post-aged specimens were attributed to the texture-induced fatigue crack initiation mechanism. © 2017, Springer-VerlagLondon Ltd., part of Springer Nature. (23 refs)Main heading: Magnesium alloysControlled terms: Cracks - Fatigue crack propagation - Fatigue of materials - Flame hardening - Friction - Friction stirwelding - Gears - Hardness - Intermetallics - Magnesium - Microhardness - Stainless steel - Textures - TribologyUncontrolled terms: Dislocation densities - Fatigue crack initiation - Fatigue loadings - Flame-resistant - Friction stirprocessing - Hardening precipitates - Homogeneous distribution - Microstructural modificationDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

106. Conceptual design of planetary gearbox system for constant generator speed in hydropower plantBhargav (1); Parameshwaran, M.A. (2); Sivaraj, S. (2); Venkataram, Nithin (1)Source: MATEC Web of Conferences, v 144, January 9, 2018, International Conference on Research in MechanicalEngineering Sciences, RiMES 2017; E-ISSN: 2261236X; DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201714401004; Article number:01004; Conference: 2017 International Conference on Research in Mechanical Engineering Sciences, RiMES 2017,December 21, 2017 - December 23, 2017; Publisher: EDP SciencesAuthor affiliation: (1) Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Ramaiah University of Applied SciencesBangalore, India (2) MAGTORQ Pvt. Ltd., Hosur, Tamil Nadu, IndiaAbstract: Micro Hydro Power Plant (MHPP) is emerging as one of the most clean, renewable and reliable energytechnology for harnessing power. In MHPP hydro governors are avoided, that results in turbine speed fluctuation.MHPP requires either speed or torque amplification of generator for constant power generation. To achieve this,planetary gear transmission system is explored for MHPP due to its higher efficiency and compact size. A conceptualplanetary gearbox system is developed for MHPP to maintain constant generator speed. The conceptual gearbox isdesigned, modelled and analysed using ADAMS software. Simulation results are found to be in close agreement withanalytical results. Hence, conceptual design of planetary gearbox can be used to govern constant generator speed. Inthis paper, a MHPP which generate constant power of 5 kW at constant generator speed of 1490 rpm is analysed andvalidated. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2018. (7 refs)Main heading: Hydroelectric generators




Controlled terms: Conceptual design - Electric power transmission - Gears - Hydroelectric power - Hydroelectricpower plants - SpeedUncontrolled terms: Analytical results - Generator speed - Higher efficiency - Hydropower plants - Microhydro powerplants - Planetary gear transmission - Planetary gearboxes - Torque amplificationClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 611.1 Hydroelectric PowerPlantsHydroelectric Power Plants - 706.1.1 Electric Power TransmissionElectric Power TransmissionDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

107. Measurement of Instantaneous Angular Displacement Fluctuation and its applicationson gearbox fault detectionLi, Bing (1); Zhang, Xining (1); Wu, Tingting (1)Source: ISA Transactions, v 74, p 245-260, March 2018; ISSN: 00190578; DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2018.01.034;Publisher: ISA - Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation SocietyAuthor affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an;710049, ChinaAbstract: Recently, Instantaneous Angular Speed (IAS) measurement is successfully established and prevalentlyapplied to a wide variety of machines due to the hypothesis that the speed fluctuation of rotating machinery carriesplentiful dynamic responses. Nevertheless, exploration and application based on angular signal are still insufficient.Under the same hypothesis, in this paper, we introduced an extended algorithm named Instantaneous Angular PhaseDemodulation (IAPD), together with the selection of optimal sideband family to extract the Instantaneous AngularDisplacement Fluctuation (IADF) signal. In order to evaluate the performance of IADF signal, an effective approachwas demonstrated using IADF signal to address the fault detection and diagnosis issue. After extracting the IADFsignal, a much effective method was developed to deal with the large amount of data generated during the signalcollection process. Then, we used the well-developed techniques, i.e., empirical mode decomposition (EMD) andenvelope analysis, to undertake the signal de-noising and feature extraction task. The effectiveness and capabilityof the IADF signal were evaluated by two kinds of gearboxes under differentconditions in practice. In particular, theprevalent IAS signal and vibration signal were also involved and testified by the proposed procedure. Experimentalresults demonstrated that by means of the IADF signal, the combination of EMD and envelope analysis not onlyprovided accurate identification results with a higher signal-to-noise ratio, but was also capable of revealing the faultcharacteristics significantly and effectively. In contrast, although the IAS signal had the potential ability to diagnose theserious fault, it failed for the slight crack case. Moreover, the same procedure even its improvements, i.e., ensembleempirical mode decomposition and local mean decomposition, all failed to recognize the faults in terms of vibrationsignals. © 2018 ISA (37 refs)Main heading: Fault detectionControlled terms: Displacement measurement - Gears - Machinery - Signal processing - Signal to noise ratioUncontrolled terms: Angular displacement fluctuations - Angular domain - Gear fault diagnosis - Signal measurement- Speed fluctuationsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

108. Theoretical and experimental analyses of spiral bevel gears with two contact pathsTan, Rulong (1, 2); Chen, Bingkui (1); Liang, Dong (1); Peng, Changyan (1)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science,v 232, n 4, p 665-676, February 1, 2018; ISSN: 09544062, E-ISSN: 20412983; DOI: 10.1177/0954406216686390;Publisher: SAGE Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) The State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing,China (2) College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, ChinaAbstract: This paper investigates the geometrical design principal of the spiral bevel gears with two contact paths fromspatial conjugate curve theory. Differential geometry and gearing kinematics are introduced to derive this model. Inthis process, the calculation method of contact paths and tooth surface generating method are presented. According tothe arguments in this paper, a process of designing the tooth surface of logarithmic spiral bevel gears with two contactpaths is investigated. Then, through this process, the design of a pair of logarithmic spiral bevel gears with two contactpaths is completed. Besides, the prototype is manufactured and the performance experiment is completed. Resultsshow the maximum contact stress of spiral bevel gears with two contact paths is reduced compared to those with one




contact path. Besides, the transmission efficiency of the spiral bevel gears with two contact paths can reach 98.2%. ©2017, © IMechE 2017. (24 refs)Main heading: Bevel gearsControlled terms: Efficiency - Finite element method - Gears - Geometry - Point contactsUncontrolled terms: Differential geometry - Experimental analysis - Logarithmic spiral bevel gear - Performanceexperiment - spatial conjugate curves - Spiral bevel gears - Transmission efficiency - Two-point contactClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 704.1 Electric ComponentsElectricComponents - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.6 NumericalMethodsNumerical MethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

109. Improved analytical models for mesh stiffness and load sharing ratio of spur gearsconsidering structure coupling effectXie, Chongyang (1, 2, 3); Hua, Lin (2, 3); Lan, Jian (1, 2, 3); Han, Xinghui (1, 2, 3); Wan, Xiaojin (1, 2, 3, 4); Xiong,Xiaoshuang (1, 2, 3)Source: Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, v 111, p 331-347, October 2018; ISSN: 08883270, E-ISSN:10961216; DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2018.03.037; Publisher: Academic PressAuthor affiliation: (1) Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan Universityof Technology, Wuhan; 430070, China (2) School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan; 430070, China (3) Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, WuhanUniversity of Technology, Wuhan; 430070, China (4) State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment andTechnology of China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan; 430074, ChinaAbstract: Due to the lack of efficient formulas, fillet foundation stiffness under double tooth engagement has long beena challenging problem for mesh stiffness calculation of spur gears by analytical method. Direct summation of the meshstiffness of each meshing tooth pair overestimates the total mesh stiffness, which may lead to a large calculation error.An improved fillet foundation stiffness calculation method is proposed considering the structure coupling effect, namely,one gear body is shared by two meshing teeth simultaneously. On the basis of the proposed method, a mesh stiffnessmodel and a load sharing model are analytically established. In the mesh stiffness model, fillet foundation stiffnesscorrection factor is introduced to improve the calculation accuracy. Based on the minimum potential energy principle(MPEP), the load sharing ratio is determined by the proposed load sharing model. The accuracy of the proposedmodels is validated by comparing with finite element method (FEM). © 2018 Elsevier Ltd (34 refs)Main heading: Spur gearsControlled terms: Finite element method - Foundations - Gear teeth - Mesh generation - Molecular physics - Potentialenergy - StiffnessUncontrolled terms: Analytical method - Calculation accuracy - Calculation error - Coupling effect - Foundationstiffness - Load sharing - Mesh stiffness - Minimum potential energy principleClassification Code: 483.2 FoundationsFoundations - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 921.4Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set TheoryCombinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory,Set Theory - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular PhysicsAtomic and MolecularPhysics - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

110. Effectiveness of particle and mass impact damping on tool vibration during hardturning processPaul, P Sam (1); Raja, Prashanth (1); Aruldhas, Philip (1); Pringle, Sam (1); Shaji, Elvin (1)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, v 232,n 5, p 776-786, April 1, 2018; ISSN: 09544054, E-ISSN: 20412975; DOI: 10.1177/0954405416660995; Publisher:SAGE Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karunya University, Coimbatore, IndiaAbstract: In the machine tools, tool vibration is an undesirable phenomenon which affects tool life, quality of machinedsurface and produces irritating noise. This tool vibration is due to the interaction between metal cutting process andforces acting on the machine tool. In this investigation, an attempt was made to reduce tool vibration during turning ofhardened steel using particle and mass impact dampers. A mass impact damper used in this investigation consists ofa concentrated mass made of copper mounted on the bottom of the tool holder and particle damper consists of copper




particles of 3.5 mm diameter positioned along the axis of the tool holder. Particle size and its location were designedusing computational analysis and impact hammer–based modal testing was performed for both dampers. When thesedampers were mounted on the tool holder, particles will collide with each other and subdue the vibration producedin the tool holder. Cutting experiments were conducted to study the influence of mass and particle damping on toolvibration and cutting performance during turning of hardened AISI4340 steel using hard metal insert with sculpturedrake face. From the results, it was observed that the use of mass impact and particle dampers enhances the rigidity ofthe tool holder which, in turn, reduces tool vibration and improves the cutting performance. Among the two dampers,it was found that the presence of mass impact damping provides superior cutting performance when compared toparticle damping. © 2016, © IMechE 2016. (24 refs)Main heading: Cutting toolsControlled terms: Copper - Damping - Gears - Hardening - Machine tools - Metal cutting - Modal analysis - Particlesize - Particle size analysisUncontrolled terms: Hard turning - Mass impact - Modal testings - Particle dampers - Tool vibrationsClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 544.1 CopperCopper - 601.2Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 603.1 Machine Tools, GeneralMachine Tools, General - 603.2 MachineTool AccessoriesMachine Tool Accessories - 604.1 Metal CuttingMetal Cutting - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 931.1MechanicsMechanics - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

111. Influence of Pressure Angle on Tooth Surface Contact Stress of the Asymmetric Gearwith Double Pressure Angles Meshing Beyond the Pitch PointLi, Xiulian (1, 2, 3); Yang, Jiangxin (2); Xu, Xusong (1, 2); Liu, Wei (1); Shi, Xiaofang (1); He, Qing (1)Source: Mechanisms and Machine Science, v 55, p 253-259, 2018, Advances in Mechanical Design - Proceedings ofthe 2017 International Conference on Mechanical Design, ICMD 2017; ISSN: 22110984, E-ISSN: 22110992; ISBN-13:9789811065521; DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6553-8_17; Conference: International Conference on Mechanical Design,ICMD 2017, October 13, 2017 - October 15, 2017; Publisher: Springer NetherlandsAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou; 213001,China (2) Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Hangzhou; 310027, China (3)The State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing; 400044, ChinaAbstract: Advantages of asymmetric gear include larger load carrying capacity, smaller vibration and longer life.Vibration of the gear system due to the change of the direction of the friction force can be avoided when gears drivemeshing beyond the pitch point. In this paper, the basic theory of the asymmetric gear with double pressure anglesdriving system meshing beyond the pitch point is developed. And the influence of gear pressures on the contact stressof driving gear of asymmetric increasing-speed spur gear drive system meshing in front of the pitch point is analyzed.Results show that the contact stress of asymmetric increasing-speed gear meshing in front of the pitch point can beeffectively reduced by tuning the pressures on the driving side. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018. (18 refs)Main heading: Vibrations (mechanical)Controlled terms: Friction - GearsUncontrolled terms: Asymmetric gear - Contact Stress - Double pressure angle - Driving systems - Pitch point -Pressure angles - Spur gear drives - Tooth surface contactsClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 931.1 MechanicsMechanicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

112. A load distribution model for planetary gear setsHu, Y. (1); Talbot, D. (1); Kahraman, A. (1)Source: Journal of Mechanical Design, Transactions of the ASME, v 140, n 5, May 1, 2018; ISSN: 10500472; DOI:10.1115/1.4039337; Article number: 053302; Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)Author affiliation: (1) Gear and Power Transmission Research Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus; OH;43210, United StatesAbstract: A load distribution model of planetary gear sets presented is capable of simulating planetary gear setshaving component- and system-level design variations such as component supporting conditions, different kinds ofgear modifications and planetary gear sets with different numbers of equally or unequally spaced planets as wellas different gear set kinematic configurations while considering gear mesh phasing. It also accounts for classes ofplanetary gear set manufacturing and assembly related errors associated with the carrier or gears, i.e., pinhole position




errors, run-out errors, and tooth thickness errors. Example analyses are provided to indicate the need for a model ofthis type when studying load distribution of planetary gear sets due to unique loading of the gear meshes associatedwith planetary gear sets. Comparisons to measurements existing in the literature are provided. © 2018 by ASME. (29refs)Main heading: Epicyclic gearsControlled terms: Electric power plant loads - Errors - Gear manufactureUncontrolled terms: Gear meshes - Kinematic configuration - Load distributions - Planetary gear sets - Position errors- Supporting conditions - System level design - Tooth thicknessClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine ComponentsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

113. Polymer spur gears behaviors under different loading conditions: A reviewSingh, Akant Kumar (1); Siddhartha (1); Singh, Prashant Kumar (1)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, v 232, n 2,p 210-228, February 1, 2018; ISSN: 13506501, E-ISSN: 2041305X; DOI: 10.1177/1350650117711595; Publisher:SAGE Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, HimachalPradesh, IndiaAbstract: The significance of polymer gears to transmit power and motion is increasing continuously due to theirinherent characteristics. Polymer gears have established themselves as attractive alternatives to traditional metal gearsin plethora applications. They are light in weight, have lower inertia, and run noiseless than their metal counterparts.This article presents a comprehensive review of the research on polymer spur gears operating under low (0–8 Nm)and moderate (>8 and ≤17 Nm) loading conditions. Different polymers and polymer composites used till date for thefabrication of such gears are included along with different operating conditions. Various design features of polymergears and tooth modification techniques for the improvement of the performance and durability of these gears havealso been included in this review. The aspects of the modeling and simulation studies of the polymer gears are alsoemphasized in this paper for completeness of the review. The concept of hybrid gears is discussed along with theirtribological properties. Various methods of manufacturing of polymer gears and their failure modes are discussed so asto make the article useful for researchers. © 2017, © IMechE 2017. (126 refs)Main heading: Spur gearsControlled terms: Gear manufacture - Gears - PolymersUncontrolled terms: Different operating conditions - Inherent characteristics - Loading condition - Model andsimulation - Performance improvements - Polymer composite - Tooth modifications - Tribological propertiesClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 815.1 Polymeric MaterialsPolymericMaterialsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

114. A fuzzy transition based approach for fault severity prediction in helical gearboxesCerrada, Mariela (1, 2); Li, Chuan (3); Sánchez, René-Vinicio (2); Pacheco, Fannia (2); Cabrera, Diego (2); Valente deOliveira, José (4)Source: Fuzzy Sets and Systems, v 337, p 52-73, April 15, 2018; ISSN: 01650114; DOI: 10.1016/j.fss.2016.12.017;Publisher: Elsevier B.V.Author affiliation: (1) CEMISID, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela (2) GIDTEC, Mechanical EngineeringDepartment, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Cuenca, Ecuador (3) National Research Base of IntelligentManufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing; 400067, China (4) Universidadedo Algrave, Faro, PortugalAbstract: Rotating machinery is an important device supporting manufacturing processes, and a wide research worksare devoted to detecting and diagnosing faults in such machinery. Recently, prognosis and health management inrotating machinery have received high attention as a research area, and some advances in this field are focusedon fault severity assessment and its prediction. This paper applies a fuzzy transition based model for predictingfault severity conditions in helical gears. The approach combines Mamdani models and hierarchical clustering toestimate the membership degrees to fault severity levels of samples extracted from historical vibration signals. Thesemembership degrees are used to estimate the weighted fuzzy transitions for modelling the evolution along the faultseverity states over time, according to certain degradation path. The obtained fuzzy model is able of predicting the one




step-ahead membership degrees to the severity levels of the failure mode under study, by using the current and theprevious membership degrees to the severity levels of two available successive input samples. This fuzzy predictivemodel was validated by using real data obtained from a test bed with different damages of tooth breaking in the helicalgears. Results show adequate predictions for two scenarios of fault degradation paths. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. (84 refs)Main heading: Fault detectionControlled terms: Computer aided diagnosis - Forecasting - Helical gears - Industrial research - Machinery - RotatingmachineryUncontrolled terms: Fault detection and diagnosis - Fault severities - Fuzzy prediction - Fuzzy transition - Hier-archical clustering - Manufacturing process - Membership degrees - Predictive modelingClassification Code: 461.1 Biomedical EngineeringBiomedical Engineering - 601.1 Mechanical DevicesMechanicalDevices - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering ResearchDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

115. Effect of process factors on the rabbit ear based on numerical simulation andexperimental study in gear rollingLi, Jin (1); Wang, Guangchun (1); Wu, Tao (1)Source: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, v 94, n 9-12, p 4055-4064, February 1, 2018;ISSN: 02683768, E-ISSN: 14333015; DOI: 10.1007/s00170-017-1092-5; Publisher: Springer LondonAuthor affiliation: (1) Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry ofEducation, Shandong University, Jinan; 250061, ChinaAbstract: The “rabbit ear” defect, which is the protrusion on the tooth top of the blank, is a typical deformationcharacteristic in gear rolling and severely influences the forming quality of the formed gear. The main factors affectingthe rabbit ear formation, including rolling feed of the gear roller, friction condition, and number of teeth on the gearroller, are demonstrated through analyzing the gear rolling process condition. In order to quantitatively describe therabbit ear volume, a quantitative evaluation index of the rabbit ear volume was given. The effects of rolling feed ofthe gear roller, friction condition, and number of teeth on the gear roller on the rabbit ear volume were numericallysimulated by Deform software. The effect of different rolling feeds of the gear roller on the rabbit ear volume wasstudied experimentally, which verified the reliability of the finite element simulation. The results can provide scientificevidences for establishing reasonable process parameters, and improving the forming quality in gear rolling. © 2017,Springer-Verlag London Ltd. (14 refs)Main heading: GearsControlled terms: Finite element method - Friction - Gear teeth - Rollers (machine components)Uncontrolled terms: Deformation Characteristics - Experimental study - Finite element simulations - Frictionconditions - Process parameters - Quantitative evaluation - Rabbit ear - Scientific evidenceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

116. Matching synchrosqueezing transform: A useful tool for characterizing signals withfast varying instantaneous frequency and application to machine fault diagnosisWang, Shibin (1, 2); Chen, Xuefeng (1); Selesnick, Ivan W. (2); Guo, Yanjie (1); Tong, Chaowei (1); Zhang, Xingwu (1)Source: Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, v 100, p 242-288, February 1, 2018; ISSN: 08883270, E-ISSN:10961216; DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.07.009; Publisher: Academic PressAuthor affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an;710049, China (2) Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 Metrotech Center, NY; 11201, United StatesAbstract: Synchrosqueezing transform (SST) can effectively improve the readability of the time-frequency (TF)representation (TFR) of nonstationary signals composed of multiple components with slow varying instantaneousfrequency (IF). However, for signals composed of multiple components with fast varying IF, SST still suffers from TFblurs. In this paper, we introduce a time-frequency analysis (TFA) method called matching synchrosqueezing transform(MSST) that achieves a highly concentrated TF representation comparable to the standard TF reassignment methods(STFRM), even for signals with fast varying IF, and furthermore, MSST retains the reconstruction benefit of SST.MSST captures the philosophy of STFRM to simultaneously consider time and frequency variables, and incorporatesthree estimators (i.e., the IF estimator, the group delay estimator, and a chirp-rate estimator) into a comprehensiveand accurate IF estimator. In this paper, we first introduce the motivation of MSST with three heuristic examples.Then we introduce a precise mathematical definition of a class of chirp-like intrinsic-mode-type functions that locallycan be viewed as a sum of a reasonably small number of approximate chirp signals, and we prove that MSST does




indeed succeed in estimating chirp-rate and IF of arbitrary functions in this class and succeed in decomposing thesefunctions. Furthermore, we describe an efficient numerical algorithm for the practical implementation of the MSST, andwe provide an adaptive IF extraction method for MSST reconstruction. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of the MSSTin practical applications for machine fault diagnosis, including gearbox fault diagnosis for a wind turbine in variablespeed conditions and rotor rub-impact fault diagnosis for a dual-rotor turbofan engine. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (71 refs)Main heading: Group delayControlled terms: Chirp modulation - Engines - Estimation - Failure analysis - Fault detection - Frequency estimation -Functions - Gears - Numerical methods - Turbofan engines - Wind turbinesUncontrolled terms: Dual rotors - Gearbox - Instantaneous frequency - Machine fault diagnosis - Reassignment -Synchrosqueezing - Time frequency analysisClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code611 )Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 653.1 Aircraft Engines, GeneralAircraft Engines, General - 703.1Electric NetworksElectric Networks - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and TelevisionTelecommunication; Radar,Radio and Television - 921 MathematicsMathematics - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical MethodsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

117. Accurate modification methodology of universal machine tool settings for spiral beveland hypoid gearsZhou, Zhen-Yu (1); Tang, Jin-Yuan (1); Ding, Han (1)Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, v 232, n2, p 339-349, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 09544054, E-ISSN: 20412975; DOI: 10.1177/0954405416640173; Publisher:SAGE Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, School of Mechanical andElectrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaAbstract: Universal machine tool settings with higher-order motion coefficients are developed to make accuratemodification considering the actual machine geometric error compensation for spiral bevel and hypoid gears. First,the universal machine tool settings are exploited for the identification of the real tooth flank form error. Furthermore,the error sensitivity analysis method and an improved Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm with a trust-region strategy areutilized to obtain the solution of modification amount. Finally, a higher-order modification methodology for the universalmachine tool settings is proposed which mainly covers three vital parts: (a) optimized selection of the modificationsettings, (b) modification of universal machine tool settings, and (c) machine geometric error compensation. Especially,a higher-accuracy fitting method for the form error tooth flank is investigated. Some numerical examples verify thatthe tooth flank form error after higher-order modification can reach less than 0.5 µm or even a smaller one, and theposition error after compensating process spindle can be reduced from 0.0044861° to 0.0009232°. In addition, givenexperimental result can validate the feasibility of the proposed methodology. © 2016, © IMechE 2016. (30 refs)Main heading: Machine toolsControlled terms: Bevel gears - Error compensation - Errors - Gears - Geometry - Sensitivity analysisUncontrolled terms: Error sensitivity analysis - Higher-order - Marquardt algorithm - Optimized selection - Positionerrors - Spiral bevel and hypoid gears - Tooth flank - Universal machinesClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 603.1 Machine Tools, GeneralMachineTools, General - 921 MathematicsMathematicsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

118. Instantaneous speed jitter detection via encoder signal and its application for thediagnosis of planetary gearboxZhao, Ming (1, 2); Jia, Xiaodong (2); Lin, Jing (3); Lei, Yaguo (3); Lee, Jay (2)Source: Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, v 98, p 16-31, January 1, 2018; ISSN: 08883270, E-ISSN:10961216; DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.04.033; Publisher: Academic PressAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; 710049, China (2) NSF/UCRC Center for Intelligent Maintenance Systems, University of Cincinnati, OH; 45221, United States (3) State KeyLaboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; 710054, ChinaAbstract: In modern rotating machinery, rotary encoders have been widely used for the purpose of positioningand dynamic control. The study in this paper indicates that, the encoder signal, after proper processing, can bealso effectively used for the health monitoring of rotating machines. In this work, a Kurtosis-guided local polynomial




differentiator (KLPD) is proposed to estimate the instantaneous angular speed (IAS) of rotating machines based onthe encoder signal. Compared with the central difference method, the KLPD is more robust to noise and it is able toprecisely capture the weak speed jitters introduced by mechanical defects. The fault diagnosis of planetary gearboxhas proven to be a challenging issue in both industry and academia. Based on the proposed KLPD, a systematicmethod for the fault diagnosis of planetary gearbox is proposed. In this method, residual time synchronous timeaveraging (RTSA) is first employed to remove the operation-related IAS components that come from normal gearmeshing and non-stationary load variations, KLPD is then utilized to detect and enhance the speed jitter from the IASresidual in a data-driven manner. The effectiveness of proposed method has been validated by both simulated dataand experimental data. The results demonstrate that the proposed KLPD-RTSA could not only detect fault signaturesbut also identify defective components, thus providing a promising tool for the health monitoring of planetary gearbox.© 2017 Elsevier Ltd (30 refs)Main heading: Fault detectionControlled terms: Failure analysis - Gears - Health - Jitter - Machinery - Rotating machinery - Signal encoding -SpeedUncontrolled terms: Central difference method - Differentiators - Health monitoring - Instantaneous angular speed -Instantaneous speed - Non-stationary loads - Planetary gearboxes - Synchronous time averagingClassification Code: 461.6 Medicine and PharmacologyMedicine and Pharmacology - 601.1 MechanicalDevicesMechanical Devices - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 716.1 Information Theory and SignalProcessingInformation Theory and Signal ProcessingDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

119. Experimental investigation on the effect of shot peening on contact fatigue strength forcarburized and quenched gearsLi, Wei (1); Liu, Bingshu (1)Source: International Journal of Fatigue, v 106, p 103-113, January 2018; ISSN: 01421123; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.09.015; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 XueyuanRoad, Haidian District, Beijing; 100083, ChinaAbstract: Contact fatigue is one of the main failure modes of the gear. The contact fatigue test of gear is not onlyan important way to understand the capacity of gear, but also the data base in product design. In order to obtain thecontact fatigue characteristics of 20CrMnMo carburized and hardened gears with or without shot peening, this paperpresents a method combined with up-down test method and the grouping test method for contact fatigue test of gears.The optimal configuration scheme of gears is also given to obtain experimental data with the least specimens. The R-S-N curves considered confidence level is fitted by the lognormal distribution, to obtain the fatigue limiting stress valuesunder different reliability, which provides the basic test data for the finite life design and high reliability design of thecontact fatigue of the gears. The experimental results show that the shot peening treatment can significantly improvethe contact fatigue strength of the gear, thus improving the service life. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd (34 refs)Main heading: GearsControlled terms: Chromium alloys - Fatigue testing - Manganese alloys - Molybdenum alloys - Product design - Shotpeening - Ternary alloysUncontrolled terms: Carburized and quenched gears - Contact fatigue strength - Contact fatigues - Experimentalinvestigations - Gear transmissions - Limit stress - Log-normal distribution - S-N curveClassification Code: 539 Metals Corrosion and Protection; Metal PlatingMetals Corrosion and Protection; MetalPlating - 543 Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Tantalum, Tungsten, Vanadium and AlloysChromium, Manganese,Molybdenum, Tantalum, Tungsten, Vanadium and Alloys - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 913.1Production EngineeringProduction EngineeringDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

120. EBSD-assisted fractography of sub-surface fatigue crack initiation mechanism in theultrasonic-shot-peened #eta-type titanium alloyUematsu, Y. (1); Kakiuchi, T. (1); Hattori, K. (2)Source: Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 2018; ISSN: 8756758X, E-ISSN: 14602695;DOI: 10.1111/ffe.12812; Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Article in Press




Author affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan (2)Toyo Seiko Co., Ltd. 3-195-1 Umaganji Yatomi 490-1412Aichi JapanAbstract: β−type titanium alloy was surface treated by an ultrasonic shot peening (USP) process. Rotating bendingfatigue tests were conducted to investigate the effect of USP on the fatigue properties. Fatigue strengths wereimproved by USP in the finite life region (105-107cycles) owing to the high hardness and compressive residual stressin the surface layer. However, the fatigue strengths of the as-received and USPed specimens were nearly comparablein very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime around 108cycles. The similar fatigue strengths in both specimens in VHCFregime were attributed to the sub-surface crack initiation in the USPed specimen. The crack initiation site near thecenter of fisheye was flat, and inclusions were not observed. Phase analyses by EBSD showed that the microstructureof the as-received material consisted of α−phase rich and α−phase poor β grains. Sub-surface crack initiated atthe α−phase rich β grain, and consequently the sub-surface crack initiation without inclusions was attributed to theinhomogeneity of microstructure. © 2018 Wiley Publishing Ltd.Main heading: CracksControlled terms: Bending tests - Crack initiation - Fatigue of materials - Fatigue testing - Fractography - Gears -Microstructure - Residual stresses - Shot peening - Surface defects - Titanium alloysUncontrolled terms: Beta-type titanium alloys - Compressive residual stress - Crack initiation sites - Fatigueproperties - Rotating bending fatigue tests - Subsurface cracks - Ultrasonic shot peening - Very high cycle fatigueClassification Code: 422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and MethodsStrength of Building Materials;Test Equipment and Methods - 539 Metals Corrosion and Protection; Metal PlatingMetals Corrosion and Protection;Metal Plating - 542.3 Titanium and AlloysTitanium and Alloys - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 951Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

121. Residual stress interaction on gear manufacturingRego, Ronnie (1); Löpenhaus, Christoph (2); Gomes, Jefferson (1); Klocke, Fritz (2)Source: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, v 252, p 249-258, February 2018; ISSN: 09240136; DOI:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.09.017; Publisher: Elsevier LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA), Competence Center in Manufacturing (CCM), PraçaMarechal Eduardo Gomes 50, São José dos Campos; 12228-900, Brazil (2) Rheinisch-Westfälische TechnischeHochschule (RWTH Aachen), Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL), Steinbachstraße 19,Aachen; 52074, GermanyAbstract: The contribution of the entire manufacturing chain to the final residual stress state cannot be neglected. In-between processes, the stress redistribution has to satisfy the equilibrium principle. An investigation was conductedon the manufacturing processes of gears. A convergent approach isolated the effects of the final production step.The processes’ interaction is understood by a model of springs, into a self-equilibrated potential energy concept.The influence of early production stages is revealed as the residual stress integral along the depth range mostlysubjected to relaxation. Named as Unstable Area of Residual Stress (UARS), it was verified between machining andheat treatment, and between shot peening and grinding. The interaction is relevant to the gear fatigue behavior. Failuremode and lifetime correspond to the depth where the interaction effects were mainly observed. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.(38 refs)Main heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: Chains - Fatigue of materials - Gears - Grinding (machining) - Manufacture - Potential energy -Residual stresses - Shot peeningUncontrolled terms: Convergent approach - Gear manufacturing - Interaction - Manufacturing chain - Manufacturingprocess - Residual stress state - Stress interaction - Stress redistributionClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 539 Metals Corrosion andProtection; Metal PlatingMetals Corrosion and Protection; Metal Plating - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachineComponents - 602.1 Mechanical DrivesMechanical Drives - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachining Operations - 951Materials ScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

122. A Novel Method for Producing a Conical Skiving Tool with Error-Free Flank Faces forInternal Gear ManufactureShih, Yi-Pei (1); Li, Yun-Jun (1)




Source: Journal of Mechanical Design, Transactions of the ASME, v 140, n 4, April 1, 2018; ISSN: 10500472; DOI:10.1115/1.4038567; Article number: 043302; Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)Author affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology,No. 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei; 106, TaiwanAbstract: Power skiving for internal gears has drawn increased industry attention in recent years because it has higherprecision and productivity than gear shaping or broaching. Yet even though the commonly adopted conical skivingtool has better wear resistance than the cylindrical one, when known design methods are used, the tool geometryis still subject to profile errors. This paper therefore proposes a novel design method for the conical skiving tool andestablishes a mathematical model of error-free flank faces. These faces are formed by conjugating the cutting edgeson the rake faces - derived from a group of generating gears with progressively decreasing profile-shifted coefficients- with the work gear. A mathematical model of the work gear tooth surfaces produced by the cutting edges (over flankfaces) of tool at different resharpened depths is then adopted to examine the tooth surface deviations produced withtheir theoretical equivalents. The results verify the correctness of the mathematical models. © 2018 by ASME. (9 refs)Main heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: Broaching - Cutting tools - Design - Errors - Gear cutting - Gears - Wear resistanceUncontrolled terms: Cutting edges - Flank face - Gear tooth surface - Internal gear - power skiving - Profile error -Tool geometry - Tooth surfaceClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 603.2 Machine Tool AccessoriesMachineTool Accessories - 604.1 Metal CuttingMetal Cutting - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachining Operations - 931.2Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

123. The solution design of hobbing worm milling cutters face teeth undercutMilsimerová, Aneta (1)Source: Materials Science Forum, v 919, p 59-67, 2018; ISSN: 02555476; DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.919.59; Publisher: Trans Tech Publications LtdAuthor affiliation: (1) University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department ofMachining Technology, Univerzitní 8, Pilsen; 301 00, Czech RepublicAbstract: Face teeth grinding of special tools such as hobbing worm milling cutters is a complex operation withrespect to achieving the necessary accuracy and shape geometry. The grinding wheel shape, its size and the controlhelix angle of the hobbing worm are the primary factors which influence the groove accuracy during the face teethsharpening process. An inappropriate combination of these parameters causes undercutting of this surface and anegative impact on the required accuracy. The main aim of the solution is to find a variable and to create a parametricmathematical model to calculate the appropriate grinding wheel shape according to the input factors which affect thisissue – the hobbing worm and the grinding wheel parameters. This system will be used to create the initial grindingwheel surface and a helix groove undercut calculation program. The graphical user interface of this programme will bea further benefit. © 2018 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. (12 refs)Main heading: Milling cuttersControlled terms: Gears - Graphical user interfaces - Grinding (machining) - Grinding wheels - Milling (machining) -WheelsUncontrolled terms: Calculation programs - Complex operations - Face teeth undercut - Helical grooves - Hobbing -Parametric equation - Primary factors - Solution designsClassification Code: 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components - 603.1 Machine Tools, GeneralMachineTools, General - 604.2 Machining OperationsMachining Operations - 722.2 Computer Peripheral EquipmentComputerPeripheral EquipmentDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

124. Gear manufacturing using power-skiving method on six-axis CNC turn-mill machiningcenterTsai, Chung-Yu (1); Lin, Psang Dain (2)Source: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, v 95, n 1-4, p 609-623, March 1, 2018; ISSN:02683768, E-ISSN: 14333015; DOI: 10.1007/s00170-017-1154-8; Publisher: Springer London




Author affiliation: (1) Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering, National Formosa University,64 Wunhua Road, Huwei; Yunlin; 632, Taiwan (2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng KungUniversity, Tainan; 70101, TaiwanAbstract: Power-skiving is an efficient method for the manufacturing of high accuracy gears, particularly internalgears. However, dedicated power-skiving machine tools are normally very expensive. Accordingly, the presentstudy proposes a simple methodology for automatically and systematically generating the NC code required tomanufacture gears using the power-skiving method on a conventional six-axis CNC turn-mill machining center. Themain factors determining the linear cutting speed of the power-skiving tool are analyzed and a modified D-H notationis used to evaluate the error characteristics of the machine tool system. The validity of the proposed methodology isdemonstrated by machining an internal gear on a DMG MORI NTX1000 six-axis CNC turn-mill machining center. Theresults confirm that the proposed approach provides a simple yet effective method for implementing the power-skivingtechnique on a conventional six-axis CNC turn-mill machining center. © 2017, Springer-Verlag London Ltd. (18 refs)Main heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: Cutting - Gear cutting - Gears - Machine tools - Machining centers - Manufacture - SiliconcompoundsUncontrolled terms: Cutting speed - Error characteristics - Gear manufacturing - High-accuracy - Involute gear -Machine tool systems - Power-skiving - Six-axisDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village

125. Capabilities evaluation of WSEM, milling and hobbing for meso-gear manufacturingChaubey, Sujeet Kumar (1); Jain, Neelesh Kumar (1)Source: Materials and Manufacturing Processes, p 1-10, March 29, 2018; ISSN: 10426914, E-ISSN: 15322475; DOI:10.1080/10426914.2018.1453156; Publisher: Taylor and Francis Inc., Article in PressAuthor affiliation: (1) Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, MP, IndiaAbstract: This paper describes manufacturing capabilities evaluation of wire spark erosion machining (WSEM), millingand hobbing to manufacture meso straight bevel gear (MSBG) and meso helical gear (MHG) made of SS 304 usingmicrogeometry, macrogeometry, flank surface topology, surface finish, microstructure, microhardness, manufacturingtime and cost, and gear material loss. Experiments were conducted using the parameters of WSEM, milling andhobbing processes optimized through trial experiments. This study reveals that WSEM manufactured MSBG and MHGpossess better microgeometry (DIN 5-7), macrogeometry (29, 33, and 46 µm deviation in span, tooth thickness andoutside diameter for MHG), topology, higher microhardness, superior microstructure, lower manufacturing time (25 and20 min, respectively) and cost ($ 4 for both), smaller loss of gear material but poor surface finish (1.07 and 6.60 µm asaverage and maximum surface roughness for MHG and 1.04 and 6.16 µm for MSBG) than milled MSBG and hobbedMHG. Microstructure study showed presence of burrs and marks of the cutting tool on the flanks of the best qualityhobbed MHG and milled MSBG. It proves that WSEM is a superior, economical, material efficient, and environmentfriendly process to manufacture meso-sized cylindrical and conical gears of higher accuracy and better quality withexcellent repeatability. © 2018 Taylor & FrancisMain heading: Gear manufactureControlled terms: Bevel gears - Cutting tools - Finishing - Gears - Manufacture - Microhardness - Microstructure -Milling (machining) - Surface roughness - TopologyUncontrolled terms: Capabilities - Hobbing - macrogeometry - meso - Micro geometry - MSBG - WSEMClassification Code: 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes - 601.2 MachineComponentsMachine Components - 603.2 Machine Tool AccessoriesMachine Tool Accessories - 604.2 MachiningOperationsMachining Operations - 813.1 Coating TechniquesCoating Techniques - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics,Includes Graph Theory, Set TheoryCombinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 931.2Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 MaterialsScienceMaterials ScienceDatabase: CompendexCompilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.Data Provider: Engineering Village


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