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SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth Edition © 2009, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Page 1: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games

Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth Edition © 2009, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Page 2: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Pioneers and Progress: 1896-1936

Chapter 14

Page 3: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Origins of Modern Olympic Games

Originated in Athens in 1896Evolved into one of the most significant social forces of the 20th centuryPurpose:

To produce an international athletic festivalBring people together Promote world peace Educate the youth of the world

Page 4: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Modern Games: Athletes

Meet and compete against athletes representing all colors, creeds, and political beliefs Establish communication and dialogue with fellow athletesTest themselves against the best athletes in the world

Page 5: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Modern Olympic Games

Promote ideals of fair playCharacter formation through participation

Games promote idealsPeace, harmony, cooperationTranscend political barriers

Page 6: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Spirit of Olympism

Viable social force Integral part of the modern Olympic Movement “Way of life based on the joy of effort and mutual respect” (Coubertin)Olympic Games are inclusive

Promote peace and understanding throughout world

Page 7: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Spirit of Olympism

Games are the world’s premier international sporting eventSignificant political and social eventsBalancing patriotism with internationalism

Ongoing problem

IOC committed to the spirit of Olympism

Page 8: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Architect of the Modern Olympic Games: Dr. William Penny Brookes

Father of British Physical Education 1850 - the Wenlock Olympic Class

made ceremony and pageantry an important feature of this event1860 - known as Wenlock Olympian Society

Worked with the Zappas family, J. Gennadius, and Pierre de Coubertin to revive Olympic Games in Greece

Page 9: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Architect of the Modern Olympic Games: Baron Pierre de Fredy de Coubertin

Dedicated his life to educational reform:

Focused on improving French pedagogy and revitalize the youth of France

Games were a means to this endInternational travels influenced his plan

Athletic competition would be the catalyst

Promoted athletics throughout France and gained control over amateur sport

Page 10: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Baron Pierre de Coubertin

Page 11: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Reestablishing the Games

June 23, 1894: Coubertin organized Sorbonne International Congress International Olympic Committee (IOC) formed during that Summer

Coubertin elected IOC Secretary General; became IOC President after 1896 Games1924 Olympic Games in Paris were Coubertin’s last as President

Page 12: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The Important Thing in the Olympic Games Is Not to Win but to Take Part

Pierre De

Coubertin

The Important Thing in the Olympic Games Is Not to Win but to Take Part

Pierre De

Coubertin

Page 13: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 1st Olympiad: Athens, 1896 Preparation for the Games

Construction of the stadium MoneyLegitimizing Olympic Games

Participation in the GamesTrack and field, gymnastics, target shooting, and fencing matches311 male athletes from 13 National Olympic Committees (NOC’s)William Sloane of Princeton University assembled and trained the American teamAmerican James Connolly won the first Olympic medal in triple jump

Page 14: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Athens, 1896

Page 15: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 2nd Olympiad: Paris, 1900Governing body of French sport did not cooperate with IOCOfficial and unofficial Olympic events caused controversy1319 athletes from 22 NOCs participatedFemale athletes made their first Olympic appearance in tennis and croquetFirst appearance: Golf, polo, rugby, cricket

Page 16: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 3rd Olympiad: St. Louis, 1904St. Louis wanted Games along with Louisiana Purchase Exposition

Games were originally awarded to ChicagoJames Sullivan and Pres. Roosevelt changedCoubertin refused to attend

Games were primarily American event681 athletes from 12 NOCs participated, including the first Africans to compete in the GamesAmerican women: competed & won all archery events1st and only time American football was an event

Canada—gold; U.S.—silver

Page 17: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 4th Olympiad: London, 1908Games were held in conjunction with the Franco-British Exhibition1,999 athletes from 22 NOCs participated36 women from 4 countries competed Games became involved with political turmoil and nationalism

Flag issuesBritish advocacy of the creed of fair play versus American attempts to devise their own, more favorable scoring systems

Page 18: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 5th Olympiad: Stockholm, 1912 Last Olympiad for Russia until 1952Women's swimming, equestrian, modern pentathlonOlympic trials ensured best American athletes Hosted 2,490 athletes from 28 nations57 women athletes represented 11 nationsCompetitors included Jim Thorpe, Douglas McArthur, George Patton, Avery Brundage

Page 19: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Stockholm, 1912

Members of the 1912 U.S. Olympic squad; Jim Thorpe is wearing a

turtleneck warm-up sweater

Page 20: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Stockholm, 1912

100-meter race, won by Ralph Craig of the United States

Page 21: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Stockholm 1912: Jim Thorpe

Won both pentathlon and decathlonAccused of playing semipro baseball less than one year after StockholmThorpe admitted to playing baseball and being naïve about amateur rulesStripped of medals by USOC and IOC1983: medals restored posthumously

Page 22: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 7th Olympiad: Antwerp, 1920

Games initiated tradition of Olympic oath and five-ring Olympic flagPaavo Nurmi, distance runner from Finland, made Olympic history

One of greatest distance runners of all time

Page 23: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Participation of Women

Coubertin not in favor of women competingMme. Millait established Federation Feminine Sportive Internationalle (FSFI)

Organized First Women's Olympic Games 1922

1920 Olympiad - 27 women from 13 nations competed

Page 24: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 8th Olympiad: Paris, 1924

2,956 athletes from 44 nations; 136 women athletesPaavo Nurmi won four gold medalsFights in the standsBooing during national anthemsFriction between British and American teams caused distractions

Page 25: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

1st Winter Olympics: Chamonix, 1924

Featured speed, figure skating, cross-country skiing, bobsledding, ice hockey258 athletes from 16 nations competed; 13 women athletes

Page 26: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 9th Olympiad: Amsterdam, 1928

2,724 athletes from 46 nations competed; 219 women athletesU.S. won 55 medals and Germany won 37

Page 27: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 2nd Winter Olympics: St. Moritz, 1928

464 athletes competed from 25 nations; 26 women athletesNorway continued to dominate

Page 28: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Issue of AmateurismImportant topic before 1932 Olympics

In 1913, Jim Thorpe was stripped of his 1912 pentathlon and decathlon gold medals for playing one summer of semipro baseball

IOC opposed outright payments to athletesFailed to define “compensation for loss of salary”Abuse of the amateur ideal

Coubertin did not support an “amateurs only” rule

Page 29: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 10th Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1932

The most grandiose athletic festival in modern history1281 athletes from 37 nationsSpirit of Olympicism and cooperation

Page 30: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Los Angeles, 1932

Page 31: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 3rd Winter Olympics: Lake Placid, 1932

252 athletes competed from 17 nationsFirst Winter Olympics held in U.S.Everyone would have to compete under American rules

Page 32: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 11th Olympiad: Berlin, 1936

Politicians used Games for blatant political purposesHitler tried to undermine ideal of Olympism

Used games to send message of Nazi superiority

American athletes threatened boycott Wanted Nazis to allow other races to compete

Page 33: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 11th Olympiad: Berlin, 1936

Torch run was initiated in the opening

ceremonies3,738 athletes competed from 49 nations; 328 women athletesAmerican Jesse Owens was a superstarAmericans collected 56 medals

Page 34: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Berlin, 1936

Page 35: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

The 4th Winter Olympics: Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936

668 athletes from 28 nations80 women from 28 nations competed in figure skating and skiing

Page 36: SECTION V: A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth

Olympic Interim

Next Olympic Games not until 1948Coubertin dies in 1936

Count Henri de Baillet Latour successorDies suddenly

J. Sifried Edstrom was elected IOC president during 1946 London meeting


R.a. 9344 Details

Mechikoff Tektegrity

R.A. 10645 FINAL

Sumer, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica Chapter 2 Mechikoff & Estes, A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fourth Edition © 2006, The

The Cold War Olympics, 1948- 1988 Chapter 15 Mechikoff & Estes, A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fourth Edition © 2006, The McGraw-Hill

R.a sterilization & disinfection

R.A. No. 5921

R.a.9520 (Presentation)

R.A. POINTS

Chapter 6 The Renaissance and the Reformation: 1300-1600 Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth Edition © 2009,

R.A. 10022

R.A. 9003 (REPORT)

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Omar ( R.A )

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PCSO RELEASES Php1.3B IN MANDATORY CONTRIBUTIONS … · Cross R.A. 3867 and R.A. 10072, Girl Scouts of the Philippines R.A. 620, National Council on Disability Affairs R.A. 4564,

After the Cold War: 1992-2004 Chapter 16 Mechikoff & Estes, A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fourth Edition © 2006, The McGraw-Hill

Roe R.A 1995

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Sawaneh Maulana Room R.a by Shaykh Allama Shibli Nomani R.A

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R.A. No. 10142

Alboom Group R.A. Z.A. O.H. R.A. Z.A. O.H. Pearls Ports

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Rome Chapter 4 Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fifth Edition © 2009, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

tbinternet.ohchr.org · R.A. 7610 R.A. 7877 R.A. 8353 R.A. 8505 R.A. 9262 R.A. 9775 R.A. 9995 R.A. 9208 as amended by R.A. 10364 Anti-Mail Order Spouse Law of 2016. Special Protection

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