Segregation and Discrimination

Ch. 8, Sec. 3

1. What are CIVIL RIGHTS?2. Are they protected? If so, how?

CIVIL RIGHTS

Despite the passing of 13th, 14th, 15th amendments, blacks in South still fought racial discrimination

Voting restrictions imposed in South: ◦ literacy test (had to be able to read)- questions difficult, reading in foreign language

◦ poll tax- annual tax paid to qualify to vote (hurt blacks and poor whites)

◦Grandfather clause- would over ride other restrictions if ancestor voted pre-1867

JIM CROW laws: Laws passed in Southern states that allowed for segregation of blacks and whites in public and private facilities. Effected schools, parks, hospitals, transportation, restaurants, theaters, restrooms.

Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896 case that went to Supreme Court. Homer Plessy arrested for being in white RR car in New Orleans (part of plan by black organization). Case tested the constitutionality of segregation and went to Supreme Court. Court upholds SEPARATE BUT EQUAL (segregation)- no violation of constitution/amendments. ◦POLITICAL equality did not equal SOCIAL equality.

Majority opinion:“A statute which implies merely a legal

distinction between the white and colored races -- has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races. ... The object of the Fourteenth Amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either.“ –Justice Henry Brown

Minority opinion:"Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither

knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. ... The present decision, it may well be apprehended, will not only stimulate aggressions, more or less brutal and irritating, upon the admitted rights of colored citizens, but will encourage the belief that it is possible , by means of state enactments, to defeat the beneficent purposes which the people of the United States had in view when they adopted the recent amendments of the Constitution.“ –Justice John Harlan

HOT QUESTION: A (287)Analyzing Effects

How did the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling affect the civil rights of African Americans?

5 min.

Racial etiquette- customs that regulated relationships b/t black and white. Usually reinforce second-class status of blacks.

Booker T. Washington earned white support advocating whites and blacks working together for social progress. He saw gradual approach to long-term gains through economic opportunities.

W.E.B. Du Bois demanded FULL social and economic equality TODAY. His Niagara Movement became National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples (NAACP) in 1909.

HOT QUESTION: B (288)Summarizing

What were Booker T. Washington’s views about establishing racial equality?

5 min.

W.E.B. Dubois Reading and Questions17-20 min.

Blacks who did not follow the social etiquette were met by violence from whites. LYNCHING a typical response by white southerners. 1882-1892: More than 1,400 black men and women shot, burned, hung without trial.

Blacks also face discrimination in the north. Many move there for better paying jobs and social equality. Many forced into segregated neighborhoods, face discrimination in workplace. Many labor unions don’t allow black members.◦New York City Race Riot (1900): young black

man killed policeman who he thought was mistreating his wife. Word spread- whites retaliate by killing blacks.

HOT QUESTION: C (288)Contrasting

How did conditions for African Americans in the North differ from their circumstances in the

South?5 min.

Primary Source reading & questions:Ida B. Wells, “Lynching and the Excuse for It”

17-20 min.

Discrimination also occurred through the West and Southwest regions. Many African-Americans, Mexicans, Asians, and Native Americans faced this issue.

Mexicans hired in the late 1800s to work on rail lines. Were paid less than other groups for grueling labor. Mexicans were important to development of agriculture and mining. Many forced into DEBT PEONAGE- bound laborers into slavery to work off debt. (1911 declared unconstitutional)

Ch. 8, Sec. 3WRAP-UP

Worksheet

The Rise of Pop CultureCh. 8, Sec. 4

Many Americans sought to escape city congestion and dull industrial work by new LEISURE activities◦Amusement parks◦Bicycling◦Theater◦Sports

Amusement Parks- Green space set aside for people to enjoy (playgrounds, playing fields). Trolley car companies build amusement parks on outside of city to increase passengers.◦1st rollercoaster- Coney Island, New York(1884)◦Ferris Wheel- World’s Columbian Exposition

(Chicago, 1893)

Bicycling: First bikes have large front wheel- very challenging. 1885 “safety version” with smaller wheels, air filled tires. Also appeals to women.◦ To ride, women abandoned corsets, wore shirtwaists (tailored

blouses), and “split” skirtsCollege Football: modified sport of soccer and rugby. First

game in 1869 between College of New Jersey (Princeton) and Rutgers (won 6-4).

Baseball: 1845- Alexander Cartwright formed Knickerbocker Base Ball Club in NYC. Cincinnati Red Stockings are 1st team in 1869. ◦ National League formed in 1876 and American League in 1901.◦ First World Series in 1903: Boston Pilgrims beat Pittsburgh Pirates◦ African-Americans formed own Negro Leagues because of racial

discriminationBasketball: 1891- Dr. James Naismith nailed peach baskets

to 10 ft. high balcony in YMCA gym (Mass). 1893- Vanderbilt fields a men’s team.

New snacks and brand names: Hershey chocolate bar (1900), Coca-Cola (coca leaves/cola nuts-1886)

MASS CULTURE: Literacy increases and art galleries, libraries, museums, books bring new culture into lives.

Newspapers: Use SENSATIONAL headlines to attract readers◦Joseph Pulitzer- New York World. Introduced

Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage, women’s news. “Sin, Sex, Sensationalism.”

◦William Randolph Hearst- New York Morning Journal, San Francisco Examiner. Exaggerated tales of scandal, cruelty, hypnotism.

Popular fiction: Dime novels sold for 10 cents. Told adventure tales of the West. Also see characters relevant to “average American” and authors who write with humor and more realistic outlook of life

Cleveland, Ohio- 1890: 4 levels of merchandise (jewelry, leather, stationary), live band on Sundays. Early retail shopping leads to modern department store.

Marshall Field (Chicago, 1865) opened store catered to women with specialized departments and bargain goods.

Chain stores: Retail stores offering the same merchandise under the same ownership. Sold goods for less by buying high quantity. 1870s- F. W. Woolworth◦ If offered an item at low price, “the consumer would

purchase it on the spur of the moment” because “it was only a nickel.”

Montgomery Ward, Sears Roebuck take retail merchandise to small towns through catalogs. USPS introduced RURAL FREE DELIVERY (RFD)- packages directly to homes.