Semester 1 Review

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates Source of energy for all living things Monomer: monosaccharide (one sugar)

Lipids Long term energy storage

Proteins Enzymes, cell structures, determine traits Help form muscle, skin, hair & nails Monomer: amino acid

Nucleic Acids Genetic material: provides information to your cells DNA & RNA Monomer: Nucleotide

DNA to Protein Proteins are made from the info in DNA Watch video:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3fOXt4MrOM

Remember: Protein chain is determined by the mRNA and

the order and type of amino acids made (be able to use a codon chart and give A.A. from the mRNA strand)

Order and type of A.A. determine type and function of protein

Function of cell determines which part of DNA is used (diff. cells use diff. parts of your DNA); ALL cells in your body have the same DNA)

Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins They speed up chemical reactions by

lowering the amount of energy needed (activation energy)

Enzymes are specific (Ex. Lactase ONLY breaks down the sugar in milk…lactose)

They can also be reused Can be damaged by heat, pH, etc. http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwa

namaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

More Protein Stuff

Pathway of making a protein DNA (nucleus) mRNA (nucleus) tRNA

attaches proper A.A. to codon (cytoplasm and ribosome)

Pathway of protein in a cell Ribosomes eventually assemble protein Ribo’s are made in the nucleolus They leave the nucleus along the E.R. Assemble protein in the cytoplasm Protein is packaged, sorted and shipped out

by the Golgi

Cells!

Know the function of: Nucleus Lysosome Ribosome Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum Cell membrane Mitochondria chloroplast

Cell Transport

Diffusion: Movement of any particle from a high

concentration to a low concentration Osmosis:

Diffusion of water (look at the water content to determine which direction it is going to move

Hypo: water in; cell swells Hyper: water out; cell shrinks Iso: water in AND out; cells stays the same http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeYTodBL

Hno

Photosynthesis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L

gYPeeABoUs Remember

Most life depends on plants for food in the form of carbohydrates

The sugar made during photosynthesis is glucose, a monosaccharide

Cellular Respiration ALL cells respirate…even bacteria! What process does the oxygen you

breathe come from? CR is very important b/c each

process makes 36 ATP’s which is the energy molecule needed to carry on our daily activities

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGRDa_YXXQA

Mitosis & MeiosisCell Division

Body cells (skin, liver, heart, etc.)

Makes 2 new cells from 1

Identical to the original

Gametes! Sex cells Remember….sex is

not a game! Egg, sperm, pollen,

etc. 4 new cells from 1

original Genetically

DIFFERENT from parent cell

Genetics

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVk0twJYL6Y

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qcmdb25Rnyo