semiochemicals - welcome to western region ir4 @...

ISCA TECHNOLOGIES CONFIDENTIAL – Do not share without permission

Agenor Mafra-Neto, Ph.D.

ISCA Technologies, Inc. 1230 Spring Street Riverside CA 92507 USA www.iscatech.com

IR4 April 22, 2017

Semiochemicals


OR=Olfactor Receptor


Semiochemicals can be

general or very species specific


Semiochemicals in IPM

Most Semiochemicals are labile compounds


Semiochemical Formulations

• Sprayable – Applied with conventional

equipment – Needs a tractor/ATV – Last days to weeks – Inexpensive

• Hand Applied – Applied by hand – Needs field hands available

at time of application – Last months to Full Season – Expensive

LONGEVITY = EXPENSE Microcapsulates Ropes/Tapes/Saches/Puffers


Pheromones in IPM


the synthetic pheromone creates a cloud that reduce the males’ response by camouflaging of both natural and synthetic plumes

(atmospheric saturation)

OLD FORMULATIONS MATING DISRUPTION


impeding males from finding single pheromone point sources in the field, including the calling females to mate



•Require a lot of pheromone per area •Require consant release of pheromone to cover all the protected area with high enough concentrations •EXPENSIVE, VERY EXPENSIVE



Long lasting MONOLITHIC dispensers are hard to apply mechanically

Pheromone for pest control


Puffer vs Rope: MATING DISRUPTION

Rope 500/ha Puffer 1/ha


Puffer vs Rope: MATING DISRUPTION


CAMOUFLAGE

ATTRACT AND KILL

ADAPTATION/HABITUATION

COMPETITIVE ATTRACTION

INFORMATION IMBALANCE

Camouflage, however, is only one of the mechanisms of MATING DISRUPTION

MATING DISRUPTION


Shortcomings of conventional semiochemical formulations: • Require high doses of semiochemicals per area to protect crops

– Can be cost-prohibitive

• Often require companion insecticide treatments • Must be applied by hand

– Costly, time-consuming, and often ineffective

• Lack of consistency of pest control – Not effective control at high pest densities


CAMOUFLAGE

ATTRACT AND KILL




MATING DISRUPTION

These mechanisms can act individually or together, separately or sequentially, promoting a stronger effect in some situations or a weaker in

others.


CAMOUFLAGE

ATTRACT AND KILL




Miller et al. 2006 indicate that competitive attraction is the most important mechanism of mating disruption

MATING DISRUPTION


Competitive attraction= numerous synthetic plumes compete for the available time of the male against natural plumes

MATING DISRUPTION


Male

female Synthetic plume

Natural plume

competitive attraction Significantly more synthetic plumes = males attracted to synthetic emitters failing

to locate females

MATING DISRUPTION


Specialized Pheromone & Lure Application Technology

TM

UV & Rain protection for active ingredient:

Protects pheromone and/or pesticide

Biologically inert and bio-degradable matrix

Possible to target several pests with formulation mixes of desired semiochemicals

Infinitely Divisible, Multiple Dollop sizes

Monolythic reservoir allows for high A.I. load, long field life

Holds water soluble and oil soluble substances Semiochemicals (pheromone, attractants, repellants, phagostimulants, etc), Insecticides (pyrethroids, spinosad, biologicals, etc)

Flowable quality lends itself to a multitude of application methods: caulk gun, metered back pack sprayer, tractor, aircraft, paintball etc.


Once applied in the field the water of SPLAT evaporates. The SPLAT dollop shrinks and better adheres to the surface.

Releases water

Exposing the molecules over the external surface

With time the molecules migrate from the center to the surface of the dollop

Slowly emitting pheromone


For areas with high pest pressure, the number of point sources can be increased, while the size of each dollop of material is decreased (left). For lower pest densities, the number of point sources can be decreased, while the dollop size is increased (right). In both scenarios, the amount of active ingredient applied remains unchanged. • Allows SPLAT® applications to be tailored by the user to best

match the pest distribution and density within each field.


Semiochemical Formulations

• Sprayable – Applied with conventional

equipment – Needs a tractor/ATV – Last days to weeks – Inexpensive

• Hand Applied – Applied by hand – Needs field hands available

at time of application – Last months to Full Season – Expensive

LONGEVITY = EXPENSE Microcapsulates Ropes/Tapes/Saches


Methods of Application

Hand-Applied Airplane Tractor Paintball Metered Sprayer Caulking Gun


Specialized Pheromone & Lure

Application Technology • Patented, biologically inert matrix for controlled release of

semiochemicals and insecticides • Used in IPM for:

– Monitoring – Mating Disruption – Attract & Kill – Repellency

®


Three effective insect pest management systems that employ SPLAT® technology:

Carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae

Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae

Tephritid fruit flies Bactrocera spp.

SPLAT® EC SPLAT® Verb Repel SPLAT® MAT ME


• Carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (EC), is the most damaging insect pest of the US date industry – Also a pest of carob, almond,

pomegranate, and other palm species

• Over the past two decades, EC has caused an estimated 10-40% annual damage to harvestable date crop – $4.1- 16.4 million annually

® EC


• In dates, most damage is done by the larval stage of the moth – Adult female lays eggs in the calyx of

the flower, and the larvae bore into the fruit upon hatching

• Previous methods of control – Malathion dust applications

• Often require frequent applications (every 2 weeks from mid-August to harvest)

® EC


• Attractant in SPLAT® is a synthetic analogue of the EC sex pheromone – Natural pheromone is too volatile to be used for effective

pest control

® EC


• Commercial date gardens – Coachella Valley, California – Dr. Thomas Perring UCR

• Treatments: – SPLAT® EC – Malathion Dust – Untreated control gardens

• Male moth trap-catch, to determine the success of mating disruption for EC

• Presence of webbing in the date calyx, indicative of infestation of the fruit

For Mating Disruption EC ®


Tierra Linda Year 1

Malathion Pheromone Non-treated



Tierra Linda 2007



Year 1

Year 2

Tierra Linda Home Ranch

Non-treated Malathion Pheromone Malathion Pheromone



Conclusions: • Based on trap counts, it was determined that one application of

SPLAT® EC was sufficient to achieve trap shut-down for the duration of the season

• SPLAT® EC suppresses the level of fruit infestation as well or better than conventional insecticide (malathion) treatments



SPLAT® EC was also tested to suppress EC mating in pomegranate orchards of the Balkh province of Afghanistan…

– Untreated orchards suffered a mean loss of 29% in fallen or visibly infested fruit

– SPLAT® EC-treated orchards had a mean loss of only 5% – Overall value of treated crop: $86/ha – Overall value of untreated crop: $53/ha

…and in almonds in Australia.




Data from Williams’ group 2013


® Verb Repel • Dendroctonus ponderosae, the

mountain pine beetle (MPB) is considered the most damaging insect pest to US forests

• Colonizes several pine tree species, including lodgepole, ponderosa, sugar, whitebark & pinyon pines

• Recent MPB outbreaks have been severe and prolonged, resulting in die-offs of millions of trees – 22 million acres of forest affected by

MPB


• MPB is a true predator of pine trees – Colonization typically occurs in such high

numbers, causing such extensive damage to the host’s tissues that the tree cannot survive

• Attack begins when a pioneer female MPB bores into the bark of a suitable tree to create a gallery in which to lay her eggs – Triggers the secretion of a blend of

aggregation pheromones trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin

– Attracts other beetles to the tree and induces them to dig more galleries

• Successful colonization results in girdling of the tree and subsequent tree mortality – Visible as a dead, dry crown (crown fade)

® Verb Repel


® Verb Repel


Strategies to manage MPB • Conventional

– Single trees treated with conventional insecticide, carbaryl

• Cost-prohibitive • Environmentally unsound

® Verb Repel


• SPLAT® Verb Repel relies on the anti-aggregation pheromone verbenone, produced by MPB and other species of bark beetle to prevent overcrowding during a mass attack – Signals attacking MPB that the

verbenone-treated tree is already overcrowded and is therefore an unsuitable host

• Other verbenone applications have typically taken the form of devices, such as pouches and bubblecaps – Inconsistent results due to insufficient

release of verbenone

® Verb Repel


SPLAT® Verb Repel is formulated to release verbenone over a period of 8-12 weeks, long enough to cover the entire MBP flight period • Flowable nature allows for optimized application density/configuration • Unlike pouch verbenone formulations, does not photoisomerize to

chrysanthenone (a chemical with no known effect on MPB behavior) under direct sunlight

® Verb Repel


• Collaboration Dr. Christopher Fettig and Steve Munson of the USDA Forest Service

• Field trials in Wyoming and Idaho > efficacy of SPLAT® Verb Repel in disrupting MPB attack

® Verb Repel


® Verb Repel for Single Tree Protection, 2011

• First study was conducted in Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming – 21 trees were treated with SPLAT® Verb Repel

• 15 trees received ~32 g verbenone • 6 trees received ~39 g verbenone

– 30 untreated control trees • All trees were inspected prior to treatment and

determined to be un-infested by MPB • Final evaluations of tree mortality were conducted in

June 2012, on basis of crown fade


Killed

Survived

Untreated trees SPLAT® Verb Repel treated trees

28 Dead trees/30 (93.3% mortality)

0 Dead trees/21 (100% protection)



Untreated trees SPLAT® Verb Repel treated trees

Killed

Survived

28 Dead trees/30 0 Dead trees/30



Halo Effect?


untreated SPLAT® Verb Repel treated 61 dead trees

(average 2 extra kills per sampled unit) 0 dead trees

• In addition to single tree protection, a protective “halo effect” was observed during the 2012 study, demonstrating that SPLAT® Verb Repel prevented MPB attack on trees within a 0.1 acre area of the treated tree

® Verb Repel


Area-wide Protection?


Treatments – 1 acre plots x 5 replicates: • (1) untreated control • (2) verbenone pouch-treated

– Conventional verbenone pouches were hand-applied in a 9.1 by 9.1 m grid (125 U/ha) at a height of 2 m to the north side of the nearest tree.

• (3) SPLAT® Verb Repel-treated – SPLAT® Verb Repel was applied from the ground in suitable dollop

sizes to achieve adequate coverage and cumulative application rates of 875 g verbenone per ha.

• One tree was baited at the center of each plot • Every tree in each plot was inspected for signs of MPB mass attack,

and number of mass-attacked trees in all 5 replicates was tallied for each treatment

® Verb Repel for Area-wide Protection


• Results: – (1) untreated control: 50 trees mass attacked – (2) verbenone pouch: 18 trees mass attacked – (3) SPLAT® Verb Repel: 8 trees mass attacked



SPLAT® Verb Repel achieved 84% suppression of mass attacks

64

84

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pouch SPLATverb

Area-wide Disruption of Mass Attacks

Pouch

SPLATverb


% s

uppr

essi

on o

f mas

s at

tack

s


• SPLAT® Verb Repel protects single trees at a 100% level – equivalent to carbaryl – superior to any other semiochemical product ever tested

• SPLAT® Verb Repel creates a 0.1 acre “halo” effect of protection

• SPLAT® Verb Repel suppresses 84% of mass attacks in area-wide applications – 13% less than carbaryl – 20% more than current pouch system

• SPLAT® Verb Repel was granted unconditional registration by the US EPA in August 2013

® Verb Repel


USDA CDFA

• Naled + Methyl Eugenol + Minugel Naled (trade name Dibrom) is an organophosphate


Bait placement on appropriate surfaces

SPLAT-MAT ME™ is sprayable which represents a huge advance over traps in terms of convenience, cost, and the number of attract-and-kill point sources that can be applied per hectare

® MAT ME


• Derived from soil Actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa

• Reduced Risk registration review at US EPA

• Green Chemistry Award from EPA • Low mammalian/environmental

toxicity • Short environmental half-life • Highly effective against Diptera

O O

CH3

CH3 CH3 O O

CH3CH2 O H H

H H

R H

O

O O CH3 CH3 OCH3

OCH3

N

CH3

Spinosad

• Natural ingredient in plants and oils – anise, bananas, cloves, orange

peel, etc. • US FDA - GRAS flavoring agent

(21CFR 172.515) • Selective male fruit fly attractant

(parapheromone) – >20 Bactrocera and Dacus pest

species respond to ME

Methyl Eugenol

® MAT ME


• Large-scale field evaluations conducted in: – Hawaii, US Bactrocera dorsalis, Oriental fruit fly (OFF) – Brazil Bactrocera carambolae, carambola fruit fly (CFF) – Pakistan Bactrocera zonata, peach fruit fly (PFF)

® MAT ME


® MAT ME, Oriental Fruit Fly

• Treatment: – SPLAT® MAT ME was

applied onto removable stations in Papaya fields

– 20 stations per acre • Control:

– Grower insecticide sprays • Results: SPLAT® MAT ME

suppressed extremely high populations of fruit flies in the treated field – From 20,000 flies per trap per

week to close to 0


® MAT ME, Oriental Fruit Fly


® MAT ME, Carambola Fruit Fly

• Treatment: Single application of SPLAT® MAT ME

• “Control”: Eradication program measures – 20 ME + Malathion-treated wood

blocks, replaced every 21 days – Success/GF120 every 21 days

• Monitoring: – Males: Jackson Trap with ME – Males and females: McPhail trap

with Torula bait


Area-wide testing program for control of Carambola fruit fly, Brazil Northern Provinces

Average Number of Male Carambola Fruit Fly (Bactrocera carambolae) Captures Jackson Traps

Application SPLAT-MAT™ Spinosad ME 300 g/ha Product

SPLAT-MAT™ SPINOSAD ME Malathion + ME Blocks every 20 days

10/5/2007 11/5/2007 12/5/2007 1/5/2008 2/5/2008 9/5/2007

® MAT ME, Carambola Fruit Fly


® MAT ME, Peach Fruit Fly • Treatment:

– SPLAT® MAT ME: 1 application, 300 g/ha, 1 g per dollop

• Control: – Dipterex: 4 applications, 250

g/100 L H2O/ha

• Monitoring: – McPhail traps with hydrolized

protein – Inspections for fruit damage – Count of larvae per fruit


(50) [54]

(18) [0]

( ) = % Fruit Damage [ ] = Number of maggots in Fruit

® MAT ME, Peach Fruit Fly


Conclusions: • SPLAT® MAT Spinosad ME is persistent and

effective in controlling fruit flies attracted to ME – Controls Bactrocera carambolae (Carambola FF) – Controls Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental FF) – Controls Bactrocera zonata (Peach FF)

• Applications of SPLAT® MAT ME results in rapid reductions in fruit fly populations

SPLAT/STATIC MAT SPINOSAD ME sold worldwide by DOW Agrosciences and ISCA Tech

® MAT Spinosad ME


Democratizing Semiochemical Tools

• Facile application • Same price as conventional insecticides


Low Cost Active Ingredients


Application Hand-Applied Airplane Tractor Paintball Metered Sprayer Caulking Gun


Semiochemical Attract and Kill

ISCA TECHNOLOGIES CONFIDENTIAL – Do not share without permission Confidential – Do not use without permission



• Effective monitoring tool ($) • Effective control tool

– Mating Disruption – Sex Pheromones ($$$) – Exclusion – Repellants ($$) – Attract and Kill

• Para-pheromones + Phagostimulants + Insecticide ($$) • Food Attractants + Phagostimulants + Insecticide ($)

• Can be tailored to your needs

Semiochemicals


1230 Spring Street Riverside, California 92507 USA Tel : 951 686 5008 Fax : 815 346 1722 E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.iscatech.com

A NIST, NIH, USDA, NSF, US Army and Vodafone Americas Foundation Research & Development Award Recipient

company


• Extract – Real Time Actionable Intelligence (milliseconds delay)

• Predict – Population Outbreak Before it’s Too Late (>95% accuracy)

• Reduce – Containment Cost: Reduce Cost, Improve Health

We can accurately monitor multiple flying insects: species and gender

All while being inexpensive and low-power (Full season battery life)

9

Next Generation Monitoring

Confidential – Do not use without permission



1. Proprietary Hardware Sensor

2. Machine Learning Algorithm WingBeat Frequency + External Features ( eg. Temperature, Humidity, Time of day (circadian rhythms), etc.)

3. Predictive Capabilities



Confidential – Do not use without permission


Monitoring

Attractants


Monitoring is Cumbersome • Surveillance is done with 1950’s analog technology:

– Inaccurate Low trap density, subject to human error/subjectivity – Expensive Cost of transportation, experts, identification, tabulation, etc. – Has a long time lag Information may be too old to be actionable

• Surveillance should be digital

Some of the 1960’s analog technologies used today include are sweep nets, sticky and light traps, vacuums- none are highly accurate and all are mostly worthless without highly trained personnel. Reliable data requires many hours and trained manpower sifting through the “insect soup” collected (often unrecognizable due to compaction damage, rain, etc).


Autonomous Bug Sensors (ABS) Digital Detection

ABS Bayesian classifier: real-time detection and classification of

flying mosquitoes

[a] This is just one physical realization of our sensor, which is polymorphic and be adapted to any shape/size/design

A mosquito flying across the laser beam

400 800 1200 0

Wingbeat frequency at 354 Hz

Amplitude Spectrum

Laser Source

Phototransistor Array


ABS: Reliable Insect Taxonomy


ABS: Reliable Insect Taxonomy Bayesian classifier that produces astonishing accuracies:

semiochemicals - welcome to western region ir4 @...

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