sep 2012 lesson 2.2 theory of flight wing design
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sep 2012Lesson 2.2
Theory of Flight
Wing Design
![Page 2: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Reference
From the Ground Up
Chapter 2.1.2:
Design of the Wing
Pages 20 - 23
![Page 3: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction
• There are many different airfoil designs. The type of operation for which an airplane is intended has a direct influence on the design and shape of the wing for that airplane.
• Normally, an airplane designed for slow speed uses a thick airfoil and a thin airfoil is best for high speed.
![Page 4: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Outline
• Camber & Planform• Angle of Incidence• Wingtips and Wing Fences• Wash Out• Flaps & Spoilers
![Page 5: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Wing Design• Conventional Airfoils
– Thick, for stronger structure– Camber is farther rearward, which Increases lifting capability over
more of wing and decreases drag– For larger, slower aircraft (such as cargo planes)– Thickest at 25% chord
![Page 6: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Wing Design• Laminar Flow Airfoils
– Usually thin– Leading edge more pointed and upper and lower surfaces nearly
symmetrical– For smaller, faster aircraft (such as fighter jets)– Thickest at 50% chord
![Page 7: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Planform
• Planform – Shape of wing as seen from above
• Aspect Ratio – Ratio of wing span to Chord (or MAC)
• High Aspect Ratio creates more lift and less induced drag
![Page 8: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Angle of Incidence
• Angle that wing is attached to fuselage
• Angle between wing and longitudinal axis (or the horizontal)
Longitudinal Axis
Longitudinal Axis
Angle of Incidence
![Page 9: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Wing Tip Design
• Different wing tip devices disrupt vortices, thus decreases induced drag. Some devices: – Wing tip tanks– Wing tip plates– Droop wing tip– Winglets
![Page 10: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Wing Fences• Small fin-like surfaces on upper surface of wing
• Control and straighten airflow, reduce wing vortices, and therefore reduce induced drag
• Provide better slow speed handling and stall characteristics
![Page 11: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Wash-Out
• Wash-Out - Twist in the wing so wing tip has smaller angle of incidence than wing root
• Reduces tendency of wing to stall suddenly
• Wing tips stall last, so ailerons remain effective
![Page 12: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Flaps and Spoilers• Slats - Airfoils on leading edge that pull out at
high angle of attacks. They help improve lateral control by smoothing out turbulent airflow
• Slots - Passageways in leading edge. At high angles of attack, air flows through holes smoothing out turbulent airflow
• Leading Edge Flap – Increase camber and increase lift
![Page 13: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Flaps and Spoilers
![Page 14: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Flaps and Spoilers
• Spoilers - Devices fitted into wing that increase drag and decrease lift
• Speed Brakes – Devices on wing or fuselage that increase drag
![Page 15: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Flaps and Spoilers
• Flaps are high lift devices that increase the camber of the wing. Flaps give you:
– Better Take-off Performance– Steeper Approach Angles– Lower Approach/Landing Speeds
![Page 16: Sep 2012 Lesson 2.2 Theory of Flight Wing Design](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649da25503460f94a8f65e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Next Lesson
2.3 - Theory of Flight
Airplane Axes
From the Ground Up
Chapters 2.1.3, 2.1.4:
The Axes of an Airplane, Stability
Pages 23 – 26