sept. 22, 20101 lecture 5 biogeography and zoogeography & guest presentation by dr. kris...
TRANSCRIPT
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Sept. 22, 2010 1
Lecture 5Biogeography and Zoogeography
&Guest Presentation by Dr. Kris Hundertmark
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Sept. 22, 2010 2
Biogeography = The study of the patterns of distribution of organisms, including both extant and extinct species.
Zoogeography = The study of these distributions in animals, including mammals
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Sept. 22, 2010 3
Why are marsupials in only in Australia and the Americas?
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Sept. 22, 2010 4
Why aren’t non-human primates in North America?
Or maybe they are?
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Sept. 22, 2010 5
How has an individual species distribution changed, and why?
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Sept. 22, 2010 6
Categories of Biogeography• Historical biogeography
– emphasizes the study of changes in species ranges that have taken place over evolutionay time.
• Ecological biogeography – spatial investigation of current distributions and seeks to explain that interaction in terms of community-level interactions.
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Sept. 22, 2010 7
Distribution of Rangifer tarandus
CIRCUMBOREAL AND CIRCUMPOLAR
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Sept. 22, 2010 8
Historical biogeography• Endemism – restriction of a species range to a
circumscribed area.
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Sept. 22, 2010 9
Southeast Alaska
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Sept. 22, 2010 10
Faunal Regions
Based on geographic barriers, geological history, and mammal distribution
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Sept. 22, 2010 11
Plate tectonics & Continental drift
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Sept. 22, 2010 12
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Sept. 22, 2010 13
Palearctic
Families = 42
Endemics = 0
Most species diversity is in the warm wet areas which the palearctic shares with the Ethiopean and Oriental.
Bering land bridge? 50% of the species in P are in Nearctic
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Sept. 22, 2010 14
Nearctic
Families = 37
Endemics = 2
Antilocapridae Aplodontidae
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Sept. 22, 2010 15
Neotropical
Families = 50
Endemics = 22
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Sept. 22, 2010 16
Ethiopian
Families = 52
Endemics = 20
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Sept. 22, 2010 17
Oriental
Families = 50
Endemics = 5
Colugos, tree shrews, hog-nosed bats, gibbons, and tarsiers
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Sept. 22, 2010 18
Australian
Families = 28
Endemics = 20 (71%)
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Sept. 22, 2010 19
Oceanic
Mammals that live on islands remote from continents and those that are fully marine
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Sept. 22, 2010 20
Abiotic ProcessesContinental Drift
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Sept. 22, 2010 21
Abiotic ProcessesIce Ages
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Sept. 22, 2010 22
Abiotic ProcessesLess Severe Climate Change Still Matters
• Tipping points – a change of just a few degrees changes everything
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Sept. 22, 2010 23
Biotic Processes
• Dispersal – can increase species richness– Ecological dispersal
• An individual moving from its natal area to breed elsewhere.
– Species dispersal (biogeographic term)• Passive – hitches a ride• Active – species move by there own locomotion
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Sept. 22, 2010 24
Biotic processes
• Extinction (global) or Extirpation (local) = reduces species richness– Background – incidental loss due to local
factors (habitat change, competition, predation).
– Mass extinction – catastrophic event
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Sept. 22, 2010 25
Local extirpations
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9skxcC2MYg
• http://www.wolfsongalaska.org/news/Alaska_current_events_205.htm
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Sept. 22, 2010 26
Ecogeographic Patterns
• Island Rule• Rapoport’s Rule• Bergmann’s Rule• Allen’s Rule• Gloger’s Rule• Other Patterns
– Latitudinal and Elevation Gradients
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Sept. 22, 2010 27
The term “RULE” is used in the loosest sense. There are exceptions in every case and these “RULES” often overgeneralize.
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Sept. 22, 2010 28
Island rules
• Small mammals are bigger (insular gigantism)• Larger mammals are smaller (insular
dwarfism)• If food is scarce and you're small, for example,
getting bigger can help you travel farther for food and survive longer without eating. If food is scarce and you're large, on the other hand, getting smaller can help you survive on less food.
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Sept. 22, 2010 29
Rapoport’s Rule
• Species ranges in mammals tends to increase from the equator to the poles
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Sept. 22, 2010 30
Bergmann’s Rule
• Body size increases with latitude
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Sept. 22, 2010 31
Allen’s rule
• Animals in colder climates have shorter appendages than their close relatives in warmer climates.– Endothermy?– Overgeneralized?
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Sept. 22, 2010 32
Gloger’s rule
• Mammals with darker colored pelage are in more humid environments.– Humidity?– Snow, ice, and sand
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Sept. 22, 2010 33
Latitudinal
• Species diversity decreases with increasing latitude.
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Sept. 22, 2010 34
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Sept. 22, 2010 35
Elevation
• Decrease in species diversity with increase in elevation.