Methods● Electroencephalograph

● MRI

● BrainSPECT

Electroencephalograph

MRI

Brain SPECT

Hindbrain - Brain Stem

● Survival● Breathing, Heartbeat

Damage =

Hindbrain - Cerebellum

● Movement● Motor memory - bike riding, swimming

Damage effects depend on where the damage is

Cerebellar Damage

Subcortical Structures - Thalamus

All Sensory Input (except smell)

Thalamus

An example of Thalamic damage: Central Pain

Syndrome

Excruciating, chronic pain

The Thalamus can no longer regular sensory

input to the brain

Frequent;y due to stroke

Subcortical Structures - Hypothalamus

● The boss of the organs● The Boss of the hormones● Blood pressure, body temp, sleep, wake,

and just about every other body function under the sun

Hypothalamic Damage

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001202.htm

Subcortical Structures: Amygdala

Fear, AnxietyLearn to avoid danger and pain

Memory

This is why you learn never to put your hand in fire

Cerebral Cortex

All of that complex, rational thought

Different areas = Different functions

Right side controls left Body

Left Side Controls Right Body

Occipital Lobe

Visual Processing

Damage = BlindnessEVEN IF THE EYES WORK

Parietal Lobe

Touch

Includes the Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Right Parietal lobe: Touch on the left of the body…..and vice versa

Damage = Difficulty with touch sensitivity

Frontal Lobe

Planning and Movement

Includes the Primary Motor Cortex

Right Frontal lobe: Movement on the left of the body…..and vice versa

Damage = Difficulty with movement

PreFrontal Lobe

Critical and Rational Thought

Sense of Self

Guilt and Empathy

Psychopaths have different and damaged pre-frontal lobes.

PreFrontal Lobe Damage

Temporal Lobe

Primary Auditory Cortex

Facial recognition

Memory

Damage - trouble recognizing people; trouble processing hearing (even if the ears are fine); loss of short term memory

CorpusCallosum

Millions of Axons

Connects the left and right hemispheres

So that the left hand knows what the right hand is doing

Brain - Body Communication

1. Somatic Nervous System

2. Autonomic Nervous System

3. Endocrine System

Somatic Nervous System

Detect and Respond

Somatic Nervous System

Detect and Respond

Somatic Nervous System

Receptors: Action PotentialsAction Potentials to ThalamusThrough Thalamus to Brain

Somatic Nervous System

Brain: OuchBrain: Arm, pull finger awayCerebellum: Orders finger to pull away

Autonomic Nervous System

Homeostasis

Stimulates Glands

So you know your belly is full, or that you are seasick and need to throw up

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic NS - Prep for danger

Parasympathetic NS - Back to normal

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic NS - Prep for dangerincreased heart rate, breathing, fight/flight

Parasympathetic NS - Back to normaldecreased heart rate, breathing, end of fight, flight, shaking

http://youtube.com/v/HHjJOAdcODE

Endocrine System

Glands

Endocrine System

Glands

Pineal (Sleep), Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Testes/Ovaries

Hormones

Endocrine System

Endocrine System

● TESTOSTERONE

● GROWTH HORMONE

● ESTROGEN

● EPINEPHRINE

● NOREPINEPHINE

● MELATONIN

Nature vs Nurture

Genes and Predispositions

Twin Studies

Brain Plasticity

Predispositions

● We’re all born with a predisposition to something

● Whether it shows or not depends on environment

Genes and Predispositions:

Alcoholism

Twin Studies

Study biological twins reared apart (Nature?)

and

Study unrelated adoptive siblings reared together (Nurture?)

http://youtube.com/v/GL8aY3E2rto

But what if…..

Biological twins, reared together are significantly different?

http://youtube.com/v/1xht0hw3nMA

Brain Plasticity

● The brain can re-arrange itself

● The environment helps plasticity

● The brain treats its own damage

Brain Plasticity