servicios ambientales en entornos urbanos

Servicios ambientales en entornos urbanos

Restaurando vínculos entre naturaleza y sociedad

IV Workshop Anillo Verde de la Bahía de Santander21 de octubre de 2020, Santander, España

Erik Gómez-BaggethunNorwegian university of Life Sciences and Norwegian Institute for Nature Research

• Introduction

• Ecosystem services in urban areas

Outline

• Linking green spaces and quality of life

• Concluding remarks

• Ecosystem services in urban planning

More than 50% of world population and (more than 75% in Europe and USA) lives in cities. 3.000 additional million of urban dwellers are expected by 2050

• Urban Ecosystem ServicesUrbanization and the extinction of experience


Erik Gomez-Baggethun, EL PAÍS, 8 de noviembre 2017

Source data: US National Centre for Health Research 2016. Source picture: PAUL ROGERS; http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/

• Los adolescentes pasan 8-9 h /día en sus teléfonos, los niños/as pasan 6 h / día• Consumo de pantalla correlacionado con menos tiempo para leer y dormir

Desconexión entre personas y naturaleza

SOURCE: LIVE LEARN EVOLVE

http://livelearnevolve.com/disconnected-from-nature-raping-the-planet/

Desconexión entre personas y naturaleza

Necesidad de una re-alfabetización ecológica

En nuestro era urbana y tecnológica dependemos más que nunca de los ecosistemas

La huella ecológica de las ciudades ocupa 500-1000 veces el tamaño de su propia superficie

Ilustración: Phil Testemale, en Wackernagel and Rees 1997

Ecosistemas en la base de la vida y el bienestar humano

• Introduction


Outline




Courtesy of Thomas Elmqvist

Potential to improve human well-being, promote physical and mental health, and build resilience to cope with climate and other global environmental change

Linking green space and quality of life

Nature-based Solutions: “actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits”.


UN Sustainable Development Goals - https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs


• Introduction


Outline




Food production

Provisioning services

• Agriculture in periurban areas, green roofs, allotments and communitary gardens

• More than 600 million people practive urban agriculture worldwide

Urban agriculture may cover large parts of urban demands for food:

•Dakar 60%; Dar es Salaam 90%; Phnom Penh 7%; Hanoi 58%; Vientiane 100%; (Moustier 2007)

• In Habana: 8.500 ton begetables, 7.5 millions eggs and 3,650 ton meat (Altieri 1999)

Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013, Ecological Economics 86 : 235–245


Specially important for resilience during economic or social crisesFood production

Provisioning services

Urban gardening by the Reichstag, Berlin 1946


Regulating services


• Buffering of urban “heat island effects”

• Regulation of temperatures through shading, evapotranspiration, etc.

• Trees reflect sun radiation and reduces absorption of heat by sealed surfaces

Urban cooling

Noise attenuation• Urban vegetation buffers noise

through absorption, deviation and reflection of sound waves


Regulating services


Buffering aginst climate extremes

• Green infrastructure infrastructure (mangroves, coral reefs, marshlands) act as natural barriers against tsunamis, storms, huricanes, floods…

Runoff mitigation• Vegetation facilitate wáter percolation

• Cities with 50–90% of paved suface lose 40–83% of wáter through runoff


• Recreation: Urban parks, lakes and forests provide multiple benefits for recreation, relaxation, contemplation and exercise

Cultural services

• Aesthetic benefits: Some urban and peri-urban landscapes provide aesthetic benefits for mental health and well-being


• Cognitive development: Urban nature provides multiple opportunities for learning and exploration, especially among children


• Introduction


Outline




Source: own elaboration based on the 3rd edition of the Ecological Map of Barcelona (Burriel et al. 2006)

• Dense city: 1.62 million inhabitants; 10 121 Ha; 160 inhab./Ha

. • Urban green space:

1098 Ha (10.85%); 6.80 m2/inhab.

• Single trees: 158 896 units (98.36 street trees per 1000 inhabitants)

Case Study: Regulating services from urban forests in Barcelona

Ecosystem services in urban areas

Measuring regulating ecosystem services

• i-Tree: State-of-the art, peer-reviewed software suite from the USDA Forest Service

• i-Tree Eco quantifies urban forest structure and functions based on standard inputs of field, meteorological and pollution data.Source: www.itreetools.org

• Carbon sequestration

• Air purification(O3, SO2, NO2, CO, PM2.5 & PM10)

i-Tree Eco Model:

Baró et 2014. Ambio


Monthly and annual air pollution removal by air pollutant (Urban forests of the municipality of Barcelona. year 2008).

Air purification

Biophysical accounts Monetary values

Baró et 2014. Ambio


CONTRIBUTION OF URBAN TREES AND SHRUBS ON AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION (BARCELONA MUNICIPALITY, 2008)

Air pollutant

Removal biophysical

value

(t year-1)

Removal monetary

value

(USD year-1)

City-based emissions

(t year-1)

Background pollution influence

(%)

Ecosystem Service contribution relative to (%)

City-based emissions

City-based emissions & background

pollution

PM10 166.01 1 097 964 743.77 88.10 22.32 2.66

NO2 54.59 540 745 10 412.94 18.70 0.52 0.43

CO2eq 19 036 123 6214 053 766

84 403*N/A

0.4722.55*

N/A

*Note: considering CO2eq emissions from services and activities directly managed by the City Council (“Covenant of Mayors” policy target baseline emissions, year 2008).

Icons: Jan Sasse for TEEB (2010)


BARCELONA CITY AND METROPOLITAN REGION Montseny

Penedès

Collserola

Llobregat delta

Total area: 3,243 km2

“Green” covers: 77.2%

Total area: 101.4 km2

“Green” covers: 26,8%

Ecosystem services in urban planning

Air purification maps

Baró et al., forthcoming


Recreation maps

Baró et al. 2016. Land Use Policy, 57: 405–417


URBAN-RURAL GRADIENTS (50 km)

Icons: Jan Sasse for TEEB (2010)Baró et al. 2016. Land Use Policy, 57: 405–417


Berlin

Rotterdam

Salzburg

Stockholm

Barcelona

Mapping urban ecosystem services

Baro et al. 2015. Icons: Jan Sasse for TEEB (2010)


• Introduction

• Social benefits of urban green space

Outline




Concluding remarks

• Protecting, enhancing and restoring green infrastructure offers multiple opportunities for improving well-being, health and resilience in cities

• But ecosystem services are still poorly incorporated in urban policy and planning.

“In situ” or “user movement related”

“Directional”

“omnidirectional“

Icons: Jan Sasse for TEEB (2010) Baró et al. 2016. PhD dissertation

•Effective design of green infrastructure policies involve clear understanding of the scales at which ecosystem services are produced and the scales at which their benefits accrue

Concluding remarks

Concluding remarks

• Not all nature-based solutions are equally effective. Sometimes more effective to act on sources than on sinks (e.g. air pollution)

• Policy mix to govern green infrastructure, including prescriptive policy regulations (car free zones, pollution caps) and economic incentives, (taxes on emissions and private transport, subsidies to low emitting transport)

Modified from Allen (2014)Baró et al. 2016. PhD dissertation

•Ecosystem services are produced across multiple scales

•Importance of multilevel governance approaches for governing green infrastructure

Concluding remarks

[email protected]

Literature cited

• Baró, F., Chaparro, L., Gómez-Baggethun, E. … Terradas, J. 2014. Contribution of Ecosystem Services to Air Quality & Climate Change Mitigation Policies: The Case of Urban Forests in Barcelona, Spain. Ambio 43:466–479.

• Baró, F., Haase, D., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Frantceskaki, N. 2015. Mismatches between ecosystem services supply & demand in urban areas: A quantitative assessment in five European cities. Ecological Indicators 55: 146–158.

• Baró, F., Haase, D., Palomo, I., Vizcaino, P., Zuliang, G., Gómez-Baggethun, E. 2016. Mapping ecosystem service capacity, flow and demand for landscape and urban planning: A case study in the Barcelona metropolitan region. Land Use Policy, 57: 405–417.

• Camps-Calvet, M., Langemeyer, J. Calvet-Mir, L., Gómez-Baggethun, E. 2016. Ecosystem services provided by urban gardens in Barcelona, Spain: Insights for policy and planning. Environmental Science & Policy 62: 14–23.

• Elmqvist, T., Setälä, H., Handel, S., van der Ploeg, S., Aronson, J., Blignaut, J.N., Gómez-Baggethun, E. et al. 2015. Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 14:101–108.

• Gómez-Baggethun, E., de Groot, R. 2010. “Natural capital and ecosystem services: The ecological foundation of human society”. In: R. E. Hester and R. M. Harrison (eds.), Ecosystem services: Issues in Environmental Science and Technology 30, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp. 118-145.

• Gómez-Baggethun, E., Barton, D.N., 2013. Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning. Ecological Economics 86: 235–245.

• Gómez-Baggethun, E., Gren, Å., Barton, D. et al. 2013. “Urban ecosystem services”. In Elmqvist, T. et al. (eds.) Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities. Springer, pp 175-251.

• Gómez-Baggethun, E., Barton, D., Berry, P., Dunford, R., Harrison, P. 2016. "Concepts and methods in ecosystem services valuation". In: Potschin et al. (eds.) Handbook of Ecosystem Services. Routledge, London and New York.

• Haase, D., Larondelle, N., Artmann, M., Borgström, S., Breuste, J., Gómez-Baggethun, E., et al. 2014. A quantitative review of urban ecosystem services: Concepts, models and implementation. Ambio 43:413–433.

• Langemeyer, J. Baró, F., Roebeling, P., Gómez-Baggethun, E. Contrasting values of cultural ecosystem services in urban areas: The case of park Montjuïc in Barcelona. 2015. Ecosystem Services 12: 178–186.

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