session 02_paper 27
DESCRIPTION
Wilkes100 2nd International Conference on Computing Sciences 15-16 November 2013TRANSCRIPT
-
3URFHHGLQJVRI,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ&RPSXWLQJ6FLHQFHV:,/.(6,&&6,6%1
1DQRPDWHULDOVLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQVHFWRUDPLQLUHYLHZ3UHHWLND6KDUPD,QGHUSUHHW.DXUDQG*DXUDY6DSUD
Department of Electrical and Electronics, U.I.E.T. Panjab University,Chandigarh 160014, India Biomolecular Electronics and Nanotechnology Group, C.S.I.O.,Chandigarh 160030, India.
AbstraFW
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
(OVHYLHU6FLHQFH$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG
Keywords: 1DQRPDWHULDOV1DQRWHFKQRORJ\1DQRQHWZRUNV&DUERQ1DQRWXEH&170LFUR(OHFWUR0HFKDQLFDO6\VWHPV0(06
1. Introduction
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
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU3UHHWLND6KDUPD
(OVHYLHU3XEOLFDWLRQV
-
Preetika Sharma, Inderpreet Kaur and Gaurav Sapra
)LJXUH&ODVVLILFDWLRQRI1DQRPDWHULDOV
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
2. Properties of Nanomaterials
1DQRPDWHULDOVKDYH WKHVWUXFWXUDO IHDWXUHV LQEHWZHHQRI WKRVHRIDWRPVDQG WKHEXONPDWHULDOV:KLOHPRVWPLFURVWUXFWXUHG PDWHULDOV KDYH VLPLODU SURSHUWLHV WR WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ EXON PDWHULDOV WKH SURSHUWLHV RIPDWHULDOVZLWKQDQRPHWHUGLPHQVLRQVDUHVLJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKRVHRIDWRPVDQGEXONVPDWHULDOV7KLVLVPDLQO\ GXH WR WKH QDQRPHWHU VL]H RI WKH PDWHULDOV ZKLFK UHQGHU WKHP L ODUJH IUDFWLRQ RI VXUIDFH DWRPVLLKLJK VXUIDFH HQHUJ\ LLL VSDWLDO FRQILQHPHQW LY UHGXFHG LPSHUIHFWLRQV ZKLFK GR QRW H[LVW LQ WKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJEXONPDWHULDOV'XHWRWKHLUVPDOOGLPHQVLRQVQDQRPDWHULDOVKDYHH[WUHPHO\ODUJHVXUIDFHDUHDWR YROXPH UDWLR ZKLFK PDNHV D ODUJH WR EH WKH VXUIDFH RU LQWHUIDFLDO DWRPV UHVXOWLQJ LQ PRUH VXUIDFHGHSHQGHQWPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHV(VSHFLDOO\ZKHQWKHVL]HVRIQDQRPDWHULDOVDUHFRPSDUDEOHWROHQJWKWKHHQWLUHPDWHULDOZLOOEHDIIHFWHGE\ WKHVXUIDFHSURSHUWLHVRIQDQRPDWHULDOV7KLV LQ WXUQPD\HQKDQFHRUPRGLI\ WKHSURSHUWLHVRIWKHEXONPDWHULDOV0DQ\QRYHODSSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHQDQRPDWHULDOVURVHIURPWKHVHQRYHOSURSHUWLHV>@KDYHDOVREHHQSURSRVHG
Optical Properties
2QH RI WKHPRVW IDVFLQDWLQJ DQG XVHIXO DVSHFWV RI QDQRPDWHULDOV LV WKHLU RSWLFDO SURSHUWLHV>@$SSOLFDWLRQVEDVHGRQRSWLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIQDQRPDWHULDOVLQFOXGHRSWLFDOGHWHFWRUODVHUVHQVRULPDJLQJSKRVSKRUGLVSOD\VRODU FHOO SKRWRFDWDO\VLV SKRWRHOHFWURFKHPLVWU\ DQGELRPHGLFLQH>@7KHRSWLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIQDQRPDWHULDOVGHSHQGRQSDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVIHDWXUHVL]HVKDSHVXUIDFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGRWKHUYDULDEOHVLQFOXGLQJGRSLQJDQGLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKWKHVXUURXQGLQJHQYLURQPHQWRURWKHUQDQRVWUXFWXUHV
(OVHYLHU3XEOLFDWLRQV
-
Nanomaterials in Fommunication Vector: D Pini Ueview
Electrical Properties
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
Mechanical Properties
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
Magnetic Properties
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
3. Nanonetworks
1DQRQHWZRUNVLHWKHLQWHUFRQQHFWLRQRIQDQRVFDOHGHYLFHVDUHH[SHFWHGWRH[SDQGWKHFDSDELOLWLHVRIVLQJOHQDQRPDFKLQHVE\DOORZLQJWKHPWRFRRSHUDWHDQGVKDUHLQIRUPDWLRQ7UDGLWLRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVDUH QRW GLUHFWO\ VXLWDEOH IRU QDQRQHWZRUNV PDLQO\ GXH WR WKH VL]H DQG SRZHU FRQVXPSWLRQ RI H[LVWLQJWUDQVPLWWHUVUHFHLYHUVDQGDGGLWLRQDOSURFHVVLQJFRPSRQHQWV$OOWKHVHGHILQHDQHZFRPPXQLFDWLRQSDUDGLJP
(OVHYLHU3XEOLFDWLRQV
-
Preetika Sharma, Inderpreet Kaur and Gaurav Sapra
WKDWGHPDQGVQRYHOVROXWLRQVVXFKDVQDQRWUDQVFHLYHUVFKDQQHOPRGHOVIRUWKHQDQRVFDOHDQGSURWRFROVDQGDUFKLWHFWXUHV IRU QDQRQHWZRUNV 1DQRQHWZRUNLQJ LV D QHZ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SDUDGLJP WKDW FRYHUV YDULRXVFRPPXQLFDWLRQ PHWKRGV WKDW FDQ EH XVHG WR WUDQVPLW LQIRUPDWLRQ EHWZHHQ PLFUR DQGRU QDQRVFDOHPDFKLQHV>@0DQ\ QRYHO QDQRVFDOH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SDUDGLJPV DUH FXUUHQWO\ XQGHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ VXFK DV PROHFXODUFRPPXQLFDWLRQ0&DQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQRYHUFDUERQQDQRWXEHV
Molecular Communication
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
Communication Over Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
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
(OVHYLHU3XEOLFDWLRQV
-
Nanomaterials in Fommunication Vector D Pini Ueview
LY 1DQRVFDOH5)UHFHLYHUV$QRWKHU IXQGDPHQWDO UHVHDUFK SUREOHP LQ QDQRVFDOH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LV DGGUHVVLQJ 1DQRDGGUHVVLQJ IRUFRPPXQLFDWLRQRIDQDQRV\VWHPKDVEHHQDQRXWVWDQGLQJSK\VLFDOFKDOOHQJH5HFHQWZRUNVXJJHVWHGDQRYHOYROWDJH FRQWUROOHG QDQRDGGUHVVLQJ IRU QDQRV\VWHP FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ,W UHOLHV RQ H[WHUQDO YROWDJH LQVWHDG RISK\VLFDOJHRPHWULHVWRGLVWLQJXLVKHDFKQDQRVFDOHGDWDOLQHLQDQDUUD\6LPXODWLRQH[SHULPHQWVVKRZWKDWWKHSURSRVHGWHFKQLTXHLQGHHGDFKLHYHVHIIHFWLYHDGGUHVVLQJZLWKDFFHSWDEOHDFFXUDF\OHYHOV>@
4. Applications of Nanomaterials in Communication Sector
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
Optical Communication
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
7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH PXOWLTXDQWXP ZHOO ODVHU EDVHG RQ LQGLXP SKRVSKLGH WHFKQRORJ\ ZKLFKRSHUDWHVLQVLQJOHORQJLWXGLQDOPRGHDQGKDVJRRGWKHUPDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
7KHGLVFRYHU\RI WKHHUELXPGRSHGILEUHDPSOLILHUDQG WKHXVHRIQDQRVFDOH ILEUHJUDWLQJV WRSURYLGHXQLIRUPDPSOLILFDWLRQRYHUDVXEVWDQWLDOIUDFWLRQRIWKHORZORVVILEUHZLQGRZ
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
(OVHYLHU3XEOLFDWLRQV
-
Preetika Sharma, Inderpreet Kaur and Gaurav Sapra
KLJK VSHHG PXOWLTXDQWXP ZHOO HOHFWURDEVRUSWLRQ PRGXODWRUV IRU H[WHUQDO PRGXODWLRQ RI WKH ODVHUVRXUFHVVLQFHGLUHFWPRGXODWLRQLVQRWIHDVLEOHDWVXFKKLJKELWUDWHV
PXOWLTXDQWXPZHOOVHPLFRQGXFWRUDPSOLILHUVDQGTXDQWXPGRWVWUXFWXUHV WRDFWDVXOWUDIDVWDOORSWLFDOVZLWFKHV
ILEUH PLFURHQYLURQPHQWV IRU DPSOLILHUV WKDW FDQ RSHUDWH DW ZDYHOHQJWKV LQDFFHVVLEOH WR WKH HUELXPGRSHGILEUHDPSOLILHU
ILOWHUVEDVHGRQILEUHJUDWLQJWHFKQRORJ\DQGSKRWRQLFQDQRVWUXFWXUHVDQG PLFURVFRSLFRSWLFDOEHQFKHVEDVHGRQVLOLFRQPLFURPDFKLQLQJWRKROGWKHRSWLFDOGHYLFHVLQDSUHFLVHUHODWLRQVKLSWRHDFKRWKHU
2WKHU FXUUHQW DGYDQFHV LQ QDQRWHFKQRORJ\ KDYH UHVXOWHG LQ QHZ DSSURDFKHV IRU LPSURYHPHQWV LQ RSWLFDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQV7UDGLWLRQDOHOHFWURQLFGHYLFHVDUHLQFUHDVLQJO\EHLQJUHSODFHGE\RSWRHOHFWURQLFGHYLFHVVXFKDVSKRWRQLFFU\VWDOVDQGTXDQWXPGRWV
Photonic Crystals
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
Quantum Dots
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
(OVHYLHU3XEOLFDWLRQV
-
Nanomaterials in Fommunication Vector: D Pini Ueview
HQFRGLQJDQGVRRQ2WKHUDSSOLFDWLRQJDGJHWVEDVHGRQTXDQWXPGRWVDUHRQWKHYHUJHRIFRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQ
Wireless Communication
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
,QFUHDVHGXVHRI5)VSHFWUXP 6ORZHUSHUIRUPDQFHLPSURYHPHQWRI5)FRPSRQHQWVFRPSDUHGWRGLJLWDOHOHFWURQLFVDQG 'HPDQGIRUFKHDSHUVPDOOHUDQGOHVVSRZHUFRQVXPLQJGHYLFHV
,WKDVEHHQHVWLPDWHGWKDWE\WKHDPRXQWRIGDWDWUDQVIHUUHGYLDZLUHOHVVFRQQHFWLRQVZLOOEHJUHDWHUWKDQWKHGDWD WUDQVIHUUHGYLDZLUHGFRQQHFWLRQV LQ WKH867KLV LVD FKDOOHQJLQJ WDUJHW VLQFH WKH UDGLR IUHTXHQF\VSHFWUXPLVDOLPLWHGQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHZKLFKQHHGVWREHVKDUHGE\PXOWLSOHGLIIHUHQWUDGLRV\VWHPV$OUHDG\PDQ\ RI WKH IUHTXHQF\ EDQGV DUH EHFRPLQJ FURZGHG ZKLFK KLQGHUV DQG VORZV GRZQ WKH GDWD WUDIILF 1HZVSHFWUXPVKDULQJPHWKRGVDQGSURWRFROVDUHEHLQJGHVLJQHGWRDOOHYLDWHWKHSUREOHP
TuneableRadiR&RPSRQHWV
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
High Frequency Electronics
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
Wireless Sensors
7KH WUHQG WRZDUGV LQWHOOLJHQW HQYLURQPHQW DQG XELTXLWRXV LQIRUPDWLRQ DFFHVV PHDQV WKDW QHZ W\SHV RIDXWRQRPRXV VHQVRUVZLWKZLUHOHVV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ OLQNVZLOO EH HPEHGGHG LQ HYHU\GD\ REMHFWV 7KH GHYLFHVPXVW EH VPDOO FKHDS DQG FDSDEOH RI RSHUDWLQJ ZLWK SRZHU VXSSOLHG E\ D YHU\ VPDOO EDWWHU\ RU HOHFWULFLW\KDUYHVWHG IURPOLJKW UDGLRZDYHVRU WKHUPDOHQHUJ\1HZQDQRHQDEOHGVHQVRUVFRPELQHGZLWKPLQLDWXUL]HG5)WUDQVFHLYHUVFDQEHXVHGIRUKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJGHYLFHVDQGPRQLWRULQJRIDLUTXDOLW\VRLORUZDWHUSROOXWLRQ>@
(OVHYLHU3XEOLFDWLRQV
-
Preetika Sharma, Inderpreet Kaur and Gaurav Sapra
5),' WDJV DUH YHU\ VLPSOH XVXDOO\ SDVVLYH GHYLFHVZKLFK FDQ EH UHDG XVLQJ D UDGLR IUHTXHQF\ WUDQVFHLYHU)DEULFDWLRQE\SULQWLQJFDQUHGXFHWKHFRVWVRIZLUHOHVVVHQVRUVFRVWVVXEVWDQWLDOO\DQGQDQRSDUWLFOHLQNVFDQEHXVHGWR LQFUHDVH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH SULQWHG GHYLFH5),' WDJV IDEULFDWHGZLWK SULQWHG HOHFWURQLFV DUH DOUHDG\DYDLODEOHDQGQHZQDQRSDUWLFOHLQNVDUHFORVHWRFRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ
Satellite Communication
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
MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS)
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
(OVHYLHU3XEOLFDWLRQV
-
Nanomaterials in Fommunication Vector: D Pini Ueview
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
Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
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
)LJXUH6LQJOHZDOOHGDQG0XOWLZDOOHG&17
5. Advantages and Disadvantages of using Nanotechnology in Communication Sector
Advantages
(OVHYLHU3XEOLFDWLRQV
-
Preetika Sharma, Inderpreet Kaur and Gaurav Sapra
1DQRWHFKQRORJ\ ZLOO HQDEOH PDQXIDFWXUHUV WR SURGXFH FRPSXWHU FKLSV DQG VHQVRUV WKDW DUHFRQVLGHUDEO\VPDOOHUIDVWHUPRUHHQHUJ\HIILFLHQWDQGFKHDSHUWRPDQXIDFWXUHWKDQWKHLUSUHVHQWGD\FRXQWHUSDUWV
&XUUHQW DGYDQFHV LQ QDQRWHFKQRORJ\ KDYH UHVXOWHG LQ QHZ DSSURDFKHV IRU LPSURYHPHQWV LQWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDQGLQIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVLQJ7UDGLWLRQDOHOHFWURQLFGHYLFHVDUHLQFUHDVLQJO\EHLQJUHSODFHGE\RSWRHOHFWURQLFGHYLFHVVXFKDVSKRWRQLFFU\VWDOVDQGTXDQWXPGRWV
7KH XVH RI4XDQWXP'RWV KDV UHYROXWLRQL]HG WKH RSWRHOHFWURQLFV DUHD 4'V RIIHU VXSHULRU RSWLFDOSURSHUWLHVKLJKTXDQWXPHIILFLHQF\DQGVL]HWXQHDEOHPLVVLRQ
1DQRWHFKQRORJ\ KDV HQDEOHG PDQXIDFWXULQJ SURFHVVHV WR \LHOG VPDOOHU IDVWHU DQG PRUH HQHUJ\HIILFLHQWHOHFWURQLFSKRWRQLFDQGRSWRHOHFWURQLFGHYLFHV
1HZGHYHORSPHQWVLQQDQRWHFKQRORJ\VHQVRUVKDYHJHQHUDWHGQHZLQWHUHVWLQ0(06EDVHGV\VWHPV6XFK GHYLFHV KDYH DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQV PHGLFDO GLDJQRVLV FRPPHUFH WKH PLOLWDU\DHURVSDFHVDWHOOLWHV\VWHPVDQGZLUHOHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
7KHPDMRUDGYDQWDJHVRI0(06GHYLFHVDUHPLQLDWXUL]DWLRQPXOWLSOLFLW\DQGWKHDELOLW\WRGLUHFWO\LQWHJUDWHWKHGHYLFHVLQWRPLFURHOHFWURQLFV
Disadvantages
5HJXODWRU\DJHQFLHVGRQRW\HWH[LVWWRRYHUVHHWKHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIQDQRSURGXFWVRUWKHLUDFWLRQLQDQDQRGLPHQVLRQ
1RWKRXJKWSURFHVVUHJDUGLQJWKHKDQGOLQJRIQDQRZDVWH 1DQRWHFKQRORJ\ LQ WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV DOVR SRVHV WKH ULVN RI EUHDFKLQJ VHFXULW\ DSSOLFDWLRQV LQJHQHUDODVWKH\DUHVRVPDOOWKDWGHWHFWLRQSRVVLEOHEXJJLQJRIEXLOGLQJPRELOHSKRQHVZRXOGDOPRVWEHLPSRVVLEOH$JDLQLQGXVWU\VWDQGDUGVDQGJRYHUQPHQWVWDQGDUGVODZVQHHGWREHDSSOLHGWRUHGXFHWKLVULVN
6. Conclusions
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
7. Future Scopes
&RPSRQHQWV EDVHG RQ WKH PLFURHOHFWURPHFKDQLFDO V\VWHP 0(06 DQG QDQRHOHFWURPHFKDQLFDOV\VWHP1(06KROGVLJQLILFDQWSURPLVHIRUIXWXUHGHYHORSPHQWVLQZLUHOHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
1DQRWHFKQRORJ\ FDQEH XVHG WR DFKLHYH*LJDELW QHWZRUNVZKLFKZLOO EH KHOSIXO LQ KDQGOLQJYDVWDPRXQWVRIYRLFHLPDJHDQGYLGHRGDWDEHLQJFUHDWHG
1DQRWHFKQRORJ\LVOHDGLQJWRWKHIDEULFDWLRQRIGHYLFHVWKDWDUHFOHDQHUVWURQJHUOLJKWHUDQGPRUHSUHFLVH
7KHLPSDFWRIQDQRWHFKQRORJ\RQWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVLVLQPDQ\ZD\VHQDEOLQJFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDFURVVQRWRQO\SK\VLFDOERUGHUVEXWDOVRDFURVVWKHFXOWXUDOFXUWDLQVRIORQJHVWDEOLVKHGHFRQRPLFSROLWLFDOFXOWXUDODQGHYHQUHOLJLRXVEDUULHUV
(OVHYLHU3XEOLFDWLRQV
-
Nanomaterials in Fommunication Vector: D Pini Ueview
$V QDQRWHFKQRORJ\ PDNHV FRPSXWLQJ FDSDELOLWLHV LQFUHDVLQJO\ VPDOOHU DQG PRUH HIILFLHQWFROOHFWLQJ VWRULQJ VKDULQJ DQG SURFHVVLQJ ODUJH DPRXQWV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ ZLOO EHFRPH HDVLHU DQGFKHDSHU
1DQRWHFKQRORJ\KDV WKHFDSDELOLW\RIGUDPDWLFDOO\ LPSURYLQJVXUYHLOODQFHGHYLFHV WKXV OHDGLQJ WRDQLQFUHDVHLQLQFHQWLYHVWRSULYDWHFRPSDQLHVSURGXFLQJVHFXULW\QDQRWHFKQRORJ\
References
>@ 9DOHQWLQL ) &DUERQH03DOOHVFKL* &DUERQQDQRVWUXFWXUHG PDWHULDOVIRUDSSOLFDWLRQV LQ QDQRPHGLFLQH FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH DQGHOHFWURFKHPLFDOELRVHQVRUV$QDO\WLFDODQG%LRDQDO\WLFDO&KHPLVWU\SS
>@$OLYLVDWRV3(OHFWULFDOVWXGLHVRIVHPLFRQGXFWRUQDQRFU\VWDOFROORLGV056%XOOHWLQ9RO1RSS)HEUXDU\>@6PDOOH\5(1DQRWHFKJURZWK5'0DJD]LQH9RO1RSS-XQH>@&KHQ77KDGKDPL1DQG +DPSLNLDQ - 7KHHIIHFWVRIQDQRVWUXFWXUHRQ WKH VWUHQJWKHQLQJRI1L$O+LJK 7HPSHUDWXUH2UGHUHG
,QWHUPHWDOOLF$OOR\V6\PSRVLXP9,,,0DWHULDOV5HVHDUFK6RFLHW\6\PSRVLXP3URFHHGLQJV 9RO 0DWHULDOV5HVHDUFK6RFLHW\3LWWVEXUJK3HQQV\OYDQLD
>@6LOEHUJOLWW51DQRPDWHULDOV1HZ7UHQGVLQ(QF\FORSHGLDRI1DQRVFLHQFHDQG1DQRWHFKQRORJ\7D\ORU)UDQFLV>@*XVHY$,1DQRPDWHULDOV1DQRVWUXFWXUHVDQG1DQRWHFKQRORJLHVLQ5XVVLDQ)L]PDWOLW0RVFRZSS>@6PDOOH\5(1DQRWHFKQRORJ\DQGWKHQH[W\HDUV3UHVHQWDWLRQWRWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI'DOODV%RDUGRI&RXQFLORUVKWWSFQVWULFHHGX
'HFHPEHU>@6LHJHO%5LFKDUG:(YHO\Q+X0LKDLO&1DQRVWUXFWXUH6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\$:RUOG:LGH6WXG\5'6WDWXVDQG7UHQGVLQ
1DQRSDUWLFOHV 1DQRVWUXFWXUHG 0DWHULDOV DQG 1DQRGHYLFHV 1DWLRQDO 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ &RXQFLO 167& &RPPLWWHH RQ7HFKQRORJ\ DQG 7KH ,QWHUDJHQF\ :RUNLQJ *URXS RQ 1DQR6FLHQFH (QJLQHHULQJ DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ ,:*1 'RUGUHFKW.OXZHU$FDGHPLF
>@ :RQJ ( 1DQRVFDOH VFLHQFH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU WKH WZHQW\ILUVW FHQWXU\ 7HVWLPRQ\ EHIRUH WKH 86 +RXVH RI5HSUHVHQWDWLYHV&RPPLWWHHRQ6FLHQFH-XQH
>@6PDOOH\5(1DQRWHFKQRORJ\7HVWLPRQ\EHIRUHWKH86+RXVHRI5HSUHVHQWDWLYHV&RPPLWWHHRQ6FLHQFH-XQH>@&RRQW]5REHUWDQG6]XURPL3,VVXHVLQQDQRWHFKQRORJ\VSHFLDOLVVXHRQQDQRWHFKQRORJ\6FLHQFH9RO1RSS
1RYHPEHU>@0LQROL'1DQRWHFKQRORJ\DSSOLFDWLRQVWR7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDQG1HWZRUNLQJ-RKQ:LOH\6RQV,QF>@5HLVV 3 3URWLH0 DQG/L/ &RUH6KHOO 6HPLFRQGXFWRU1DQRFU\VWDOV 6PDOO -RXUQDO:LOH\9&+9HUODJ*PE+&R .*D$
:HLQKHLP9RO1RSS>@)ODWWH0(6SLQWURQLFV,(((7UDQV(OHFWURQ'HYLFHV9RO1RSS>@/XH-3K\VLFDO3URSHUWLHVRI1DQRPDWHULDOV(QF\ORSHGLDRI1DQRVFLHQFHDQG1DQRWHFKQRORJ\$PHULFDQ6FLHQWLF3XEOLVKHUV9RO
;SS>@ .HOO\ ./ &RURQDGR ( HW DO 7KH 2SWLFDO 3URSHUWLHV RI 0HWDO 1DQRSDUWLFOHV 7KH ,QIOXHQFH RI 6L]H 6KDSH DQG 'LHOHFWULF
(QYLURQPHQW-RXUQDORI3K\VLFDO&KHPLVWU\>@ /L - =KDQJ = 2SWLFDO SURSHUWLHV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV RI K\EULG VHPLFRQGXFWRU QDQRPDWHULDOV &RRUGLQDWLRQ &KHPLVWU\ 5HYLHZV
(OVHYLHU9ROXPH,VVXHV3DJHV'HF>@%DR:67XQQHOLQJUHVLVWDQFHDQGLWVHIIHFWRQWKHHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\RIFDUERQQDQRWXEHQDQRFRPSRVLWHV-RXUQDORI $SSOLHG
3K\VLFV9RO,VVXH0D\>@ 6DZD\D 6 $NLWD 6 DQG 1DND\DPD @:DQJ063HQJ/0HWDO 6KDSLQJFDUERQQDQRWXEHVDQG WKHHIIHFWVRQ WKHLUHOHFWULFDODQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV$GY )XQFW
0DWHU9ROSS-XO\>@0DOOLFN./RZWHPSHUDWXUHPDJQHWLFSURSHUW\RISRO\PHUHQFDSVXODWHGJROGQDQRSDUWLFOHV -RXUQDORI$SSOLHG 3K\VLFV9RO
,VVXH2FW>@.XOUL\D3.0HKWD%5HWDO*LDQWHQKDQFHPHQWLQIHUURPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVRI3GQDQRSDUWLFOHLQGXFHGE\LQWHQWLRQDOO\ FUHDWHG
GHIHFWV-RXUQDORI$SSOLHG3K\VLFV9RO,VVXH>@$N\LOGL],)%UXQHWWL)DQG%OD]TXH]&1DQRQHWZRUNV$QHZFRPPXQLFDWLRQSDUDGLJP&RPSXWHU1HWZRUNV(OVHYLHU-RXUQDO
9RO1RSS$XJXVW>@$N\LOGL],)DQG-RUQHW-0(OHFWURPDJQHWLFZLUHOHVVQDQRVHQVRUQHWZRUNV1DQR&RPPXQLFDWLRQ1HWZRUNV(OVHYLHU-RXUQDO9RO
1RSS0DUFK>@+L\DPD60RULWDQL@$WDNDQ%DQG2]JXU%2Q&KDQQHO&DSDFLW\DQG(UURU&RPSHQVDWLRQLQ0ROHFXODU&RPPXQLFDWLRQ/HFWXUH1RWHVLQ&RPSXWHU
6FLHQFH6SULQJHU,QN9ROSS
(OVHYLHU3XEOLFDWLRQV
-
Preetika Sharma, Inderpreet Kaur and Gaurav Sapra
>@ 6XGD 7 0RRUH 0 1DNDQR 7 (JDVKLUD 5 (QRPRWR $ ([SORUDWRU\ 5HVHDUFK RQ 0ROHFXODU &RPPXQLFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ1DQRPDFKLQHV*HQHWLFDQG(YROXWLRQDU\&RPSXWDWLRQ&RQIHUHQFH*(&&2:DVKLQJWRQ'&86$
>@ $WDNDQ % $NDQ 2% $Q ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7KHRUHWLFDO $SSURDFK IRU 0ROHFXODU &RPPXQLFDWLRQ $&0 %,21(7,&6 %XGDSHVW+XQJDU\
>@0RRUH0(QRPRWR$1DNDQR7(JDVKLUD56XGD7.D\DVXJD$.RMLPD+6DNDNLEDUD+2LZD.$'HVLJQRID0ROHFXODU&RPPXQLFDWLRQ6\VWHPIRU1DQRPDFKLQHV8VLQJ0ROHFXODU0RWRUV,(((3(5&20:,WDO\SS
>@.XUDQ06@*LQH/3DQG$N\LOGL],)0ROHFXODUFRPPXQLFDWLRQRSWLRQVIRUORQJUDQJHQDQRQHWZRUNV&RPSXWHU1HWZRUNV9ROSS
>@%XVK6/L
-
Index
C
CNT. see Communication over carbon nanotube (CNT)
Communication over carbon nanotube (CNT), 198199 Communication sector in nanomaterials
optical communication, 199200 photonic crystal, 200
quantum dot (QD), 200201 satellite communication, 202203 wireless communication, 201202
I
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), 196
M
Micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), 202203 Molecular communication (MC), 198
N
Nanomaterials, 195
in communication sector, applications, 199203 properties of, 196197
Nanonetworks, 197
CNT, 198199 molecular communication (MC), 198
Nanotechnology, 195
classification of, 196
P
Properties of nanomaterials
electrical properties, 197
magnetic properties, 197
mechanical properties, 197
optical properties, 196
S
Satellite communication
advantages and disadvantages of, 203204 carbon nanotubes (CNT), 203
-
MEMS, 202203
W
Wireless communication
high frequency electronics, 201
tuneable radio componets, 201
wireless sensors, 201202