sex state and society - diva portal1096587/... · 2017. 5. 18. · k]jn] yk hyjak` [d]jc yf\...

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http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a chapter published in Sex, State and Society: Comparative Perspectives on the History of Sexuality. Citation for the original published chapter : Liliequist, J. (2000) Cross-Dressing and the Perception of Female Same-Sex Desire in Early Modern Sweden. In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand (ed.), Sex, State and Society: Comparative Perspectives on the History of Sexuality (pp. 337-352). Umeå: Nyheternas tryckeri KB i Umeå N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-135087

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Page 1: Sex state and society - DiVA portal1096587/... · 2017. 5. 18. · k]jn] Yk hYjak` [d]jc Yf\ gj_Yfakl Z][Ymk] g^ `]j _gg\ nga[] * Kgn]jlq Yf\ l`] f]]\ lg ^af\ aee]\aYl] kmhhgjl ^gj

http://www.diva-portal.org

This is the published version of a chapter published in Sex, State and Society: ComparativePerspectives on the History of Sexuality.

Citation for the original published chapter :

Liliequist, J. (2000)Cross-Dressing and the Perception of Female Same-Sex Desire in Early Modern Sweden.In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand (ed.), Sex, State and Society: Comparative Perspectives on theHistory of Sexuality (pp. 337-352). Umeå: Nyheternas tryckeri KB i Umeå

N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.

Permanent link to this version:http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-135087

Page 2: Sex state and society - DiVA portal1096587/... · 2017. 5. 18. · k]jn] Yk hYjak` [d]jc Yf\ gj_Yfakl Z][Ymk] g^ `]j _gg\ nga[] * Kgn]jlq Yf\ l`] f]]\ lg ^af\ aee]\aYl] kmhhgjl ^gj

>jgkk)?j]kkaf_ Yf\ l`] K]j[]hlagf g^ A]eYd]NYe])N]p ?]kaj] af @Yjdq Hg\]jf No]\]f

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Df -23/ >Yl`YjafY RYdd]fkl]\l( l`] oa^] g^ Y No]\ak` Yjaklg[jYl l]ddkaf Y d]ll]j lg `]j `mkZYf\ YZgml Y oa^] o`g `Y\ hml gf l`] [dgl`]k

g^ Y ZgYlkoYaf Yf\ oYdc]\ Yjgmf\ oal` Y qgmf_ eYa\ af l`] kgml`]jfhYjlk g^ Nlg[c`gde* O`] eYa\ `Y\ Z]]f j][g_far]\ Zq Y k]jnYfl Yf\[gf^jgfl]\ oal` `ak k]Yj[`af_ im]klagfk Yf\ egj] Yf\ egj] `gklad]Yllalm\]( k`] j]n]Yd]\ l`] ljm] a\]flalq g^ l`] ZgYlkoYaf* < [jgo\ g^h]ghd] `Y\ _Yl`]j]\ Yf\ l`] k]jnYfl afkakl]\ gf ^gddgoaf_ l`] eYa\Yf\ `]j eaklj]kk `ge] lg k]] oal` `ak gof ]q]k o`g l`] \ak_mak]\h]jkgf oYk* >Yl`YjafY ojal]k6 D ogf\]j a^ l`ak ogmd\ fgl Z] Y _j]Ylhmfak`e]fl ^gj kafk* Bg\ hj]k]jn] mk ^jge km[` [gehYfq( al [gmd\kggf Z] [gflY_agmk Yf\ af[al] Yf `gf]kl h]jkgf* -No]\ak` `aklgjaYf@nY ukl]jZ]j_ `Yk [gee]fl]\ gf l`ak ]hakg\]* R`Yl eY\] >Yl`YjafYYf\ `]j [gfl]ehgjYja]k kg mhk]l; RYk al hmllaf_ gf l`] e]f#k [dgl`]kh]j k] gj l`] \Yjaf_ fYlmj] g^ km[` Yf ]fl]jhjak] Yf\ l`] `meadaYlaf_oYq af o`a[` al oYk j]n]Yd]\; ukl]jZ]j_ d]Yfk lgoYj\k l`] dYll]j*.O`]j] Yj] fg j]^d][lagfk af >Yl`YjafY#k d]ll]j gf o`q l`] oa^] `Y\\j]kk]\ Yk Y eYf( d]l Ydgf] Yfq kh][mdYlagfk YZgml l`] oa^]#k k]pmYd\]kaj] Yf\ k]d^)a\]fla^a[Ylagf Yk Y ogeYf* Nm[` caf\ g^ kh][mdYlagfkYj] jYj]dq ^gmf\ af dal]jYjq Yf\ bm\a[aYd Y[[gmflk g^ ^]eYd] [jgkk)\j]k)kaf_ af No]\]f ^jge l`] -3l` Yf\ -4l` []flmja]k* Igl ]n]f o`]f aloYk j]n]Yd]\ l`Yl Y [jgkk)\j]kk]\ ogeYf `Y\ eYjja]\ Yfgl`]jogeYf( \a\ [gmjl g^^a[aYdk k`go Yfq _j]Yl]j afl]j]kl af Y hgkkaZd] ]jgla[j]dYlagf Z]lo]]f log ^]eYd]k*

R`q oYk l`ak kg; Jf] hgkkaZd] Yfko]j ak l`Yl Z]^gj] l`] ]e]j_]f[]g^ Y eg\]jf [gf[]hl g^ d]kZaYfake( k]p Yf\ ]jgla[ \]kaj] Z]lo]]f ^]eY)d]k o]j] hggjdq [gf[]hlmYdar]\ Yf\ l`mk `Yj\dq lYdc]\ YZgml Yf\ fglgf h]ghd]#k eaf\k Yk kge]l`af_ ]ph][lYZd]( gj $hml af Y kljgf_]j n]j)kagf ^gddgoaf_ ?]cc]j " nYf \] Kgd% l`Yl k]pmYd ^]]daf_k g^ oge]f

) //3 )

Page 3: Sex state and society - DiVA portal1096587/... · 2017. 5. 18. · k]jn] Yk hYjak` [d]jc Yf\ gj_Yfakl Z][Ymk] g^ `]j _gg\ nga[] * Kgn]jlq Yf\ l`] f]]\ lg ^af\ aee]\aYl] kmhhgjl ^gj

^gj gl`]j oge]f Yf\ k]p oal`gml Y h]fak o]j] f]Yjdq af[gf[]an)YZd] \m] lg Y \geafYlaf_ h`Yddg[]flja[ na]o g^ k]pmYdalq*/<[[gj\af_lg Y k][gf\ daf] g^ Yj_me]flYlagf hjghgk]\ Zq Yegf_ gl`]jk @nYukl]jZ]j_( ]Yjdq eg\]jf kg[a]lq `]d\ Y hjY_eYla[ Yllalm\] lgoYj\kk]pmYd Y[lanalq* Ng[a]lq gfdq j]Y[l]\ o`]f hmZda[ gj\]j Yf\ gmloYj\\][]f[q oYk \aklmjZ]\ Yf\ l`ak hjaf[ahYddq `Yhh]f]\ o`]f k]pmYdY[lanalq j]kmdl]\ af add]_alaeYl] hj]_fYf[a]k Yf\ g^^khjaf_* Df l`akh]jkh][lan] kYe])k]p Y[lanala]k [gmd\ `Yn] Z]]f j][g_far]\ Yk km[`Zml h]j[]an]\ Yk `Yjed]kk Yf\ fgl afl]j^]j]\ oal` Yk dgf_ Yk l`]qo]j] [Yjja]\ gml \ak[j]]ldq( o`ad] ^gjfa[Ylagf Yf\ Y\mdl]jq YdoYqk[Ym_`l Yll]flagf Yf\ [Ydd]\ ^gj d]_Yd e]Ykmj]k Yk hgl]flaYd l`j]Ylk lgkg[a]lq*

D oadd lYc] Y kda_`ldq \a^^]j]fl YhhjgY[` Yf\ Yj_m] l`Yl o`Yl k]]eklg mk Yk Y f]Yjdq af[gf[]anYZd] a_fgjYf[] gj dY[c g^ [mjagkalq `Y\ egj]lg \g oal` Y kljgf_ hj]bm\a[] j]_Yj\af_ o`Yl ^]eYd] [jgkk)\j]kkaf_oYk j]Yddq Ydd YZgml l`Yf Y kmhhgk]\ lgd]jYf[] gj af[gf[]anYZd]f]kkg^ ^]eYd] kYe])k]p \]kaj]( Yf\ l`Yl ^]eYd] kYe])k]p \]kaj] af ^Y[lk]]ek lg `Yn] Z]]f em[` egj] Yjla[mdYl]\ Yf\ aeY_afYZd] af ]Yjdqeg\]jf No]\]f l`Yf eYd])lg)eYd] k]pmYd j]dYlagfk* O`] Yj_me]fl aklg Z]_af oal` Y n]jq kaehd] gf]6 o`Yl ak k]]f \]h]f\k egj] gj d]kk gfo`Yl o] ]ph][l lg k]]( Yf\ l`ak ak af alk lmjf [mdlmjYddq egmd\]\* @p)h][lYlagfk Yf\ hj]bm\a[] Yj] ]kh][aYddq kljgf_ af []jlYaf kl]j]glqh]\kalmYlagfk o`]j] l`]q af[al] mk lg \jYo [gf[dmkagfk j]_Yj\af_ o`Yl ak_gaf_ gf oal`gml Y[lmYddq `Ynaf_ k]]f Yfql`af_( gj af\]]\ hj]n]flmk ^jge k]]af_ o`Yl ak Y[lmYddq _gaf_ gf* O`] caf\ g^ kalmYlagfk Yf\l`] [`YjY[l]j g^ hj]bm\a[] nYjq gn]j lae] Yf\ Z]lo]]f [mdlmj]k* <qgmf_ ^Yje)`Yf\ kf]Ycaf_ YoYq Ydgf] lg l`] [gok`]\ aee]\aYl]dq]ngc]\ k]pmYd Ykkg[aYlagfk af -3l`) Yf\ -4l`)[]flmjq No]\]f o`]j]l`gmkYf\k g^ qgmf_ eYd]k o]j] \]fmf[aYl]\ ^gj Z]klaYdalq*0HYd] nakalklg [gok`]\k af kgdalYjaf]kk j]hj]k]fl]\ Y k]pmYddq dgY\]\ kalmYlagf af]Yjdq eg\]jf No]\]f o`a[` `Yk dgf_ dgkl Ydd alk Y[lmYdalq Yf\ gfdq[ge]k gml Yk Yf ]pgla[ YZkmj\alq g^ l`] mf[anadar]\ hYkl* Og\Yq( YogeYf Yhh]Yjaf_ af e]f#k [dgl`]k gf Y \Yadq ZYkak aee]\aYldq ]ngc]kYkkmehlagfk Yf\ kh][mdYlagfk YZgml l`] [jgkk)\j]kk]\ ogeYf#k k]pmYd\]kaj] Yf\ k]d^)a\]fla^a[Ylagf É af ]Yjdq eg\]jf No]\]f al gZnagmkdq\a\ fgl( Yl d]Ykl fgl af l`] ^ajkl hdY[]

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) //4 )

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hYljaYj[`Yd kg[a]lq g^^]j]\ Y dgl g^ hgkkaZd] j]Ykgfk ^gj Y ogeYf lgYhh]Yj af e]f#k [dgl`]k* ?ak_mak]\ Yk Y eYf( Y ogeYf [gmd\ oYdcYjgmf\ egj] ^j]]dq af lgof( ljYn]d kY^]j gf dgf_ bgmjf]qk( ^af\ Y oa\]jjYf_] g^ ghhgjlmfala]k lg eYc] Y danaf_ gj bmkl ]fbgq l`] l`jadd g^ hgkk]k)kaf_ eYk[mdaf] Yml`gjalq Yf\ af\md_af_ af hd]Ykmj]k dac] \jafcaf_(kegcaf_ Yf\ j]n]ddaf_* A]eYd] [jgkk)\j]kkaf_ l`mk `Y\ Y kljgf_ kg[aYd[`YjY[l]j Yf\ [gfklalml]\ o`Yl `Yk Z]]f l]je]\ Zq ?]cc]j Yf\ nYf\] Kgd Yk Y [mdlmjYd ljY\alagf af ]Yjdq eg\]jf @mjgh]*1

>gfn]flagfYd j]Ykgfk Yf\ eglan]kDf ?]cc]j Yf\ nYf \] Kgd#k klm\q g^ egj] l`Yf gf] `mf\j]\ ?ml[`[Yk]k( ^gmj eglan]k Yhh]Yj lg `Yn] Z]]f l`] egkl [geegf( Zgl` Ykegkl ^j]im]fldq e]flagf]\ Zq l`] oge]f l`]ek]dn]k Yf\ Y[[gj\af_lg o`Yl [Yf Z] \]\m[]\ ^jge ^Y[lk Yf\ [aj[meklYf[]k* O`]k] o]j]][gfgea[ $lg kmhhgjl gf]#k danaf_%( hYljagla[ $lg ]fdakl af l`] Yjeq%(jgeYfla[ $lg Z] YZd] lg Y[[gehYfq Y dgn]j gj Y ^Yeadq e]eZ]j af l`]^a]d\% Yf\ [jaeafYd $\ak_mak] ^gj l`] hmjhgk] g^ jgZZ]jq Yf\ ]k[Yhaf_%*<dd ^gmj eglan]k Yj] af eg\a^a]\ n]jkagfk j]hj]k]fl]\ af l`] ^Yj egj]eg\]kl fmeZ]j g^ kge] lo]flq cfgof No]\ak` Y[[gmflk hj]k]jn]\^jge l`] -2l`( -3l` Yf\ -4l` []flmja]k( egkl g^ l`]e \g[me]fl]\ afljaYd j][gj\k* >jgkk)\j]kkaf_ oYk hjgk][ml]\ oal` j]^]j]f[] lg l`]ogj\af_ af ?]ml]jgfgeq ..61 Yf\ [`YjY[l]jar]\ Yk Y caf\ g^ ZdYkh`])eq* >jgkk)\j]kk]jk o]j] Ydkg hjgk][ml]\ ^gj nYjagmk caf\k g^ \][]h)lagf Yf\ k]\m[lagf( Yf\ ^gj eg[c]jq g^ ^gj ]pYehd] l`] gj\]j g^fYlmj] ( l`] hja]kl`gg\ $bdWV[]ap_TWfWf% Yf\ `gdq eYljaegfq $af [Yk]kg^ eYjjaY_]%( Zml fgl af gf] cfgof No]\ak` [Yk] ^gj ^]eYd] kg\geqo`a[` oYk Ydkg ]phda[aldq [gf\]ef]\ Yf\ h]fYdar]\ Yk Y [YhalYd [jae]af KYmd#k d]ll]j lg l`] MgeYfk -6.2 Yk o]dd Yk af l`] B]jeYf aeh]jaYddYo [g\] 8Sda^[`S ^jge -1/. o`a[` oYk o]dd)cfgof lg No]\ak` bmjaklk$Y kaeadYj ^gjemdYlagf gf kg\geq af[dm\af_ ^]eYd] kYe])k]p Y[lk oYkhjghgk]\ Yk No]\ak` dYo af -2,1%*2

HYjaY Eg`Yfk\gll]j lgd\ l`] [gmjl l`Yl k`] `Y\ ^ajkl k]jn]\ Yk YeYa\ Yf\ l`]f ^gj dY[c g^ k]jna[] kmhhgjl]\ `]jk]d^ Zq hdYqaf_ l`]^a\\d] Yf\ `Yjhka[`gj\ Yl lYn]jfk Yf\ affk af Nlg[c`gde( o`]f YeYf o`gk] fYe] k`] \a\f#l cfgo h]jkmY\]\ `]j lg hml gf e]f#k[dgl`]k Z][Ymk]( Yk `] lgd\ `]j( k`] `Y\ _j]Yl]j lYd]fl ^gj eYd] l`Yf^gj ^]eYd] ogjc*3O`ak eYf `Y\ Ydkg ojall]f `]j Y ^Ydk] hYkkhgjl7 Yf\mf\]j l`] fYe] g^ HY_fmk Eg`Yfkkgf( HYjaY `Y\ fg hjgZd]ek ^af)\af_ ]ehdgqe]fl gmlka\] l`] lgof* <^l]j kge] lae] k`] oYk Yhhgafl]\Yk Yhhj]fla[] Zq Y k`g]eYc]j Yf\ ]n]f hjghgk]\ Zq l`] dg[Yd na[Yj lg

) //5 )

Page 5: Sex state and society - DiVA portal1096587/... · 2017. 5. 18. · k]jn] Yk hYjak` [d]jc Yf\ gj_Yfakl Z][Ymk] g^ `]j _gg\ nga[] * Kgn]jlq Yf\ l`] f]]\ lg ^af\ aee]\aYl] kmhhgjl ^gj

k]jn] Yk hYjak` [d]jc Yf\ gj_Yfakl Z][Ymk] g^ `]j _gg\ nga[] * Kgn]jlqYf\ l`] f]]\ lg ^af\ aee]\aYl] kmhhgjl ^gj gf]#k danaf_ oYk klYl]\ Ykl`] ]phda[al hmjhgk] ^gj hmllaf_ gf eYd] [dgl`]k af Yl d]Ykl gf] gl`]j[Yk]*4@[gfgea[ eglan]k k]]e g^l]f lg `Yn] Z]]f eap]\ oal` gl`]jk*Df `Yd^ g^ l`] [Yk]k( l`] ^]eYd] [jgkk)\j]kk]j ]fdakl]\ af l`] Yjeq Yk Ykgd\a]j( Zml `Yj\dq gj Yl d]Ykl fgl hjaeYjadq ^gj hYljagla[ j]Ykgfk ÉYld]Ykl l`ak oYk f]n]j kh]dd]\ gml af l`] Y[[gmflk* Og ]fdakl Yk Y kgd\a]j[gmd\ gf l`] gl`]j `Yf\ Z] Yf ]Ykq $]n]f l`gm_` k`gjl)ka_`l]\% oYqlg gZlYaf egf]q* GakZ]l`Y Jdk\gll]j j][]an]\ /,, \Yd]j af [ghh]j [gafko`]f k`] oYk j][jmal]\ Y^l]j `Ynaf_ Yhh]Yj]\ af e]f#k [dgl`]k ^gjkge] lae]*5I]n]jl`]d]kk k`] dYl]j [dYae]\ Z]^gj] l`] [gmjl l`Yl k`]`Y\ Z]]f ^gj[]\ lg ]fdakl Zq Y kcahh]j o`g `Y\ _gl lg cfgo YZgml `]jljm] a\]flalq Yk Y ogeYf Yf\ l`j]Yl]f]\ lg mfeYkc `]j* <[[gj\af_lg GakZ]l`Y l`] kcahh]j Ydkg j][]an]\ Y kme g^ egf]q ^gj `ak ljgmZd]kaf hjgna\af_ Y f]o j][jmal* C]j afalaYd j]Ykgf ^gj \j]kkaf_ Yk Y eYfk]]ek Yl ^ajkl _dYf[] lg `Yn] Z]]f egj] mf\akhml]\ ][gfgea[* N`]j]dYl]\ l`Yl k`] `Y\ ^ajkl Z]]f h]jkmY\]\ Zq Y oa^] lg \j]kk Yk Y eYfaf gj\]j lg \][]an] Y kgd\a]j#k oa\go o`g oYk kYa\ lg Z] [jYrq YZgmle]f ( hjgZYZdq lg _Yaf egf]q* GakZ]l`Y( `go]n]j( oYk eYjja]\ `]jk]d^Yf\ `Y\ \]k]jl]\ `]j `mkZYf\ Yf\ log [`ad\j]f É ^gj o`Yl j]Ykgfo] \gf#l cfgo É bmkl Z]^gj] k`] Yjjan]\ af Nlg[c`gde* Kmllaf_ gfeYd] [dgl`]k Yf\ ]fdaklaf_ af l`] Yjeq [gmd\ bmkl Yk o]dd `Yn] Z]]fYll]ehlk lg ]nY\] \]l][lagf Yf\ Z] ^gj[]\ lg j]lmjf lg `]j `mkZYf\*O`ak caf\ g^ eglan] oYk _an]f Zq F]jklaf K]\]jk\gll]j o`g lgd\ l`][gmjl l`Yl k`] `Y\ jmf YoYq ^jge `]j `mkZYf\ Z][Ymk] g^ `ak _j]Yl k]n]jalq Yf\ Z]_mf ljYn]ddaf_ Yjgmf\ af e]f#k [dgl`]k lg_]l`]j oal``]j kl]hZjgl`]j Y kgd\a]j( ^gj ^]Yj g^ `]j `mkZYf\ [geaf_ Y^l]j `]j*-,Cgo]n]j kmkha[agf oYk jYak]\ Zq l`] [gmjl g^ Y hgkkaZd] k]pmYd j]dY)lagf7 Yf\ Yk Zgl` dal]jYjq Yf\ bm\a[aYd kgmj[]k km__]kl( [jgkk)\j]kkaf_k]]e af\]]\ lg `Yn] Z]]f Y kge]o`Yl [gfn]flagfYd e]l`g\ g^ eYkcaf_add]_alaeYl] dgn] Y^^Yajk Yf\ eYcaf_ al hgkkaZd] ^gj Y dgn]j lg ]k[Yh]oal` `ak eaklj]kk af k][j]l*-- Df Yl d]Ykl gf] gl`]j [Yk] ]fdaklaf_ af l`]Yjeq k]]ek lg `Yn] Z]]f Y e]Yfk ^gj Y kgd\a]j#k oa^] lg Y[[gehYfq`]j `mkZYf\*-.

< jgeYfla[ eglan] af Y egj] [dYkka[Yd klqd] oYk hj]k]fl]\ Zq <ffY@d]gfgjY @c]dz^* C]j [Yk] Ydkg lmjfk gml lg Z] gf] g^ l`] egkl kh][)lY[mdYj* >gf^jgfl]\ oal` l`] im]klagf o`q k`] `Y\ hml gf eYd] [dgl`]k(<ffY j]dYl]\ l`Yl k`] `Y\ Z]]f ]f_Y_]\ lg Y k]j_]Yfl af Bgl`]fZmj_(HY_fmk NYf\Z]j_( Zml kaf[] l`]aj hYj]flk \a\ fgl Yhhjgn] g^ l`]aj]f_Y_]e]fl( l`]q `Y\ \][a\]\ lg e]]l k][j]ldq af IgjoYq f]Yj l`]No]\ak` Zgj\]j klYlagf HY_f]Zjg af QwjedYf\ lg _]l e Yjja]\*-/

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N`gjldq Y^l]j <ffY Yjjan]\ Yl l`] Zgj\]j af HYj[` -321( k`] `Y\ Z]]fY\nak]\ Zq Y jmfYoYq No]\ak` ZYc]j af Y Igjo]_aYf naddY_] lg\ak_mak] `]jk]d^ Yk Y eYf o`ad] k`] oYk oYalaf_ ^gj `]j ^aYf[y lg Yjjan]*O`] ZYc]j Ydkg hjgna\]\ `]j oal` kge] e]f#k [dgl`]k* <ffY kggfhj]k]fl]\ `]jk]d^ lg l`] h]ghd] af l`] naddY_]k Ydgf_ l`] Zgj\]j Yk l`]qgmf_ [gmfl Yf\ g^^a[]j >Yjd @c]ZdY\ o`g `Y\ Z]]f ^gj[]\ lg d]Yn]`ak [gmfljq Z][Ymk] g^ Y eafgj af[a\]fl Yf\ fgo oYk oYalaf_ lgj]lmjf Yk kggf Yk l`] Faf_ `Y\ _jYfl]\ `ae kY^] [gf\m[l* Pf\]j l`akfYe] Yf\ a\]flalq k`] kggf j][jmal]\ Y _jgmh g^ ^gddgo]jk o`g kmhh)da]\ `]j oal` ^gg\ Yf\ gl`]j l`af_k* =ml l`ak oYk fgl ]fgm_`* <^l]j Yegfl`( \mjaf_ Y nakal lg l`] No]\ak` [mklge)`gmk] af HY_f]Zjg( k`]km\\]fdq lgd\ l`] Ykk]eZd]\ nakalgjk l`Yl `]j j]Yd a\]flalq oYkBmklYnmk( l`] No]\ak` [jgof hjaf[]( Yf\ l`Yl `] `Y\ [ge] lg l`]ZgYj\]j Y^l]j Y [gf^da[l oal` l`] [gmf[ad g^ l`] j]Yde Yf\ l`] ]klYl] g^l`] fgZadalq( af gj\]j lg egZadar] l`] h]ghd] Y_Yafkl l`]aj Yjaklg[jYla[ghhj]kkgjk Yf\ eYc] `ae l`] kgn]j]a_f g^ l`] [gmfljq* O`ak `Y\ af^Y[l Y []jlYaf [j]\aZadalq É Yf Yll]ehl]\ jgqYdakla[ [gmh Y_Yafkl l`]hYjdaYe]fl `Y\ Z]]f j]n]Yd]\ kge] l]f q]jk ]Yjda]j Yf\ <ffY hdYq]\kcad^mddq gf l`] `aklgja[Yd ljY\alagf g^ jgqYd h]jkgfk Yf\ YkhajYflkljYn]ddaf_ Yjgmf\ af[g_falg af l`] [gmfljq lg egZadar] eadalYjq kmh)hgjl ^jge l`] h]ghd]* Nge] h]ghd] [gflafm]\ lg Z]da]n] ]n]f l`ak e]lY)egjh`gkak( Zml l`] kh]][` ]n]flmYddq d]\ lg `]j Yjj]kl Yf\ l`] j]n]Ydaf_g^ `]j k]p lg l`] Yml`gjala]k* @n]f l`]f k`] eYfY_]\ lg [gfnaf[] gf]g^ l`] _mYj\k g^ `]j ljm] a\]flalq Yf\ h]jkmY\] `ae lg d]l `]j dggk]*

O`] [Yk] g^ <ffY @c]dz^ `a_`da_`lk l`] hj]\ge afYfldq kg[aYd[`YjY[l]j g^ [jgkk)\j]kkaf_* C]j km[[]kk af hj]k]flaf_ `]jk]d^ ^ajkl Yk YeY\]egak]dd] Yf\ l`]f Yk Y [gmfl Yf\ g^^a[]j \]h]f\]\ gf l`] [gf)n]flagfYd a\]Y l`Yl [jgkk)\j]kkaf_ É eYd] Yk o]dd Yk ^]eYd] É oYk\gf] hjaeYjadq ^gj hjY[la[Yd Yf\ kg[aYd j]Ykgfk Yf\ fgl Yk Yf ]phj]kkagfg^ Y h]jkgf#k ljm] aff]j ^]]daf_k Yf\ \]kaj]k* O`mk( Yk kge] g^ l`] dg[Ydaf`YZalYflk ]phdYaf]\ Z]^gj] l`] [gmjl( al \a\ fgl k]]e af[j]\aZd] l`YlY qgmf_ eYf Yf\ g^^a[]j `Y\ \ak_mak]\ `aek]d^ af ^]eYd] [dgl`]k lg_]l gml g^ l`] [gmfljq kY^]dq oal`gml Z]af_ \]l][l]\( Yf\ l`]f Yl l`]Zgj\]j( Y^l]j kge] lae] j]n]Yd]\ `ak ljm] a\]flalq* O`] klgjq YZgml l`]Yhhgafl]\ e]]laf_ oal` l`] ^aYf[y k]]ek lg `Yn] Z]]f gja_afYddq [gf)kljm[l]\ ^gj hj]k]flaf_ `]jk]d^ Yk Y eY\]egak]dd] af ogjf)gml dgo]j)[dYkk [dgl`]k gf l`] jmf ^jge hYj]flYd Yml`gjalq* Nm[` caf\ g^ \][]hlagfk]]ek lg `Yn] Z]]f <ffY#k kh][aYdalq É al oYk j]n]Yd]\ \mjaf_ l`]ljaYd l`Yl k`] `Y\ hj]k]fl]\ `]jk]d^ Zgl` Yk Y eY\]egak]dd] Yf\ Yk YdY\q \ak_mak]\ af dgo]j)[dYkk [dgl`]k k]n]jYd lae]k Z]^gj]* Dl eYq ]n]fZ] l`Yl kge] g^ `]j [dgk]kl ^gddgo]jk `]d\ l`ak afalaYd klgjq lg Z] ljm]

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Yf\ af ^Y[l Ykkakl]\ <ffY af o`Yl k`] [`YjY[l]jar]\ Yk fgl`af_ egj]l`Yf hdYq)Y[laf_ ^gj l`] kgd] hmjhgk] g^ _]llaf_ da^]#k f][]kkala]k ^jgel`] kaehd])eaf\]\ [jgo\ o`ad] k`] oYk oYalaf_ ^gj `]j Z]dgn]\k]j_]Yfl lg [ge]* O`ak oYk af lmjf af daf] oal` l`] hj][gf[]an]\ gha)fagf g^ ^]eYd] [jgkk)\j]kkaf_ Yk Y e]Yfk ^gj ][gfgea[ _Yaf( [Yegm)^dY_] Yf\ \][]hlagf* @n]f l`gm_` l`] [gmjl \gmZl]\ f]Yjdq ]n]jq \]lYadaf `]j klgjq( l`] eYl]jaYdakla[ fYlmj] g^ `]j eglan]k oYk f]n]jim]klagf]\ af khal] g^ l`] \g[me]fl]\ [dgk] j]dYlagf oal` @e]jYflaYN[`jz\]j Él`] oa^] g^ l`] dg[Yd [gfklYZd] Yf\ `]j [dgk]kl ^gddgo]j Éoal` o`ge k`] `Y\ kh]fl em[` lae] \Yf[af_ Yf\ Yemkaf_ `]jk]d^*=ml km[` Y\nYf[]k Yk o]dd Yk l`] `]Ynq \jafcaf_( l`] af[]kkYfl keg)caf_ Yf\ ko]Yjaf_ Yf\ l`] `Yjk` ja\af_ k`] ]fl`mkaYkla[dq af\md_]\af( [gmd\ Z] [gfka\]j]\ hYjl g^ l`] _Ye] lg _Yaf [j]\aZadalq Yk Y eYfYf\ qgmf_ g^^a[]j* Cgo]n]j( km[` eYk[mdaf] hj]jg_Ylan]k Ydkg k]]elg `Yn] Z]]f hYjl g^ l`] hgl]flaYd YlljY[lanf]kk g^ Yhh]Yjaf_ Yk Y eYfo`a[` oYk km[` Y ogjjq lg >Yl`YjafY RYdd]fkl]\l É <ffY oYk fglYdgf] af gn]jY[laf_ l`ak hYjl g^ l`] jgd]*

>jgkk)\j]kkaf_ Yk kg[aYd eYkim]jY\]Ca]jYj[`a[ _]f\]j kljm[lmj] g^^]j]\ Y ^ajkl \][akan] _jgmf\ ^gj l`] hj])nYadaf_ kg[aYd [`YjY[l]j g^ ^]eYd] [jgkk)\j]kkaf_* Df Y kg[a]lq o`]j]e]f o]j] _jYfl]\ kmh]jagjalq gn]j oge]f Zq dYo( j]da_agf Yf\ ljY\a)lagf( [`Yf_af_ [dgl`]k Yf\ Z][geaf_ Y eYf oYk Yf ghlagf o`a[`hjgeak]\ _j]Yl]j ^j]]\ge Yf\ Y oa\]j jYf_] g^ ghhgjlmfala]k* Df l`akh]jkh][lan] l`]j] oYk fgl f][]kkYjadq Yfql`af_ g\\ gj k]pmYd YZgmlY ogeYf#k \][akagf lg \j]kk Yk Y eYf ]n]f l`gm_` al [gmd\ Z]ZdYe]ogjl`q af \a^^]j]fl oYqk* O`] YlljY[lagf g^ eYd] ^j]]\ge Yf\hjanad]_]k oYk l`] eYaf hgafl af l`] [gee]flk gf [jgkk)\j]kkaf_ Zql`] No]\ak` hja]kl Jdg^ Fgdeg\af* C] [`YjY[l]jar]\ ^]eYd] [jgkk)\j]kk)]jk Yk ZdYkh`]e]jk Y_Yafkl l`]aj gof k]p6 O`gk] oge]f k`gmd\ Z]ZYff]\ ^jge `meYfcaf\ o`g Yj] Yk`Ye]\ g^ l`]aj gof k]p Yf\ hmlgf e]f#k [dgl`]k af `gh] g^ _Yafaf_ egj] ^j]]\ge Yf\ h]j`Yhk[geeallaf_ ]nad \]]\k o`]f l`] khajal egn]k l`]e *-0O`] imglYlagfj]hj]k]flk l`] [gfl]ehgjYjq na]o g^ ^]eYd] [jgkk)\j]kkaf_ af Yfmlk`]dd* Kmllaf_ gf e]f#k [dgl`]k oYk Y eYkim]jY\] ^gj hjY[la[YdYf\ afkljme]flYd j]Ykgfk( Y e]Yfk ^gj kg[aYd _Yaf Yk o]dd Yk ^gj [ge)eallaf_ ]nad \]]\k* Df kg ^Yj Yk k]pmYdalq oYk Y[lmYdar]\( al oYk l`][gfkmeeYlagf g^ `]l]jgk]pmYd jgeYfla[ dgn] gj Yf Y\mdl]jgmk j]dY)lagf oal` Y dgn]j o`a[` [Ye] ^ajkl lg eaf\* Nm[` hj][gf[]an]\ ]ph][)lYlagfk ^gje]\ Y n]ad gn]j [aj[meklYf[]k o`a[` gl`]joak] [gmd\ `Yn]

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Og Y eg\]jf gZk]jn]j [gmjlaf_ gl`]j oge]f ogmd\ k]]e lg `Yn]Z]]f km^^a[a]fl ^gj \akjmhlaf_ l`] [gfn]flagfYd ha[lmj]* >gmjlk`ah Yf\ ^ggd]ja]k oal` eYa\k Yf\ qgmf_ oge]f [gmd\ hYkk( `go]n]j( YkhYjl g^ l`] hdYq)Y[laf_ _Ye]( Yf\ l`] [gmjl oYk af l`ak j]kh][l n]jq]Ykq lg kYlak^q* HYjaY Eg`Yfk\gll]j `Y\ Yk HY_fmk Eg`Yfkkgf Z]]ffglgjamk ^gj `]j Y\nYf[]k lg eYa\k* N`] lgd\ l`] [gmjl l`Yl ]n]f l`gm_`k`] `Y\ \][a\]\ f]n]j lg dgn] e]f( k`] [gmd\ _dY\dq dgn] Z]Ymla^md_ajdk kaf[] k`] oYk Y _ajd `]jk]d^ Yf\ [gmd\ fgl \g l`]e Yfq `Yje *R`]f l`] [gmjl Ykc]\ o`Yl k`] e]Yfl Yf\ a^ k`] `Y\ hjghgk]\ lg

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Emkl Yk af l`] ?ml[` eYl]jaYd( gmlja_`l im]klagfk YZgml mffYlmjYd\]kaj] o]j] Ykc]\ gfdq af l`gk] [Yk]k o`]j] l`] [jgkk)\j]kk]\ ogeYf`Y\ eYjja]\ Yfgl`]j ogeYf* O`ak( gf] ogmd\ l`afc( k`gmd\ Z] Yd)egkl af]nalYZd] kaf[] l`] eYjalYd Z]\ j]hj]k]fl]\ l`] n]jq hdY[] o`]j]k]pmYd afl]j[gmjk] oYk ]ph][l]\ lg `Yhh]f( Zml ]n]f l`]f l`] [gmjloYk kdgo lg lYc] mh Yf\ ima[c lg \jgh l`] akkm]* Df l`] [Yk] g^ <ffYEzjYfk\gll]j $Eg`Yf CYjalm% k]n]jYd [aj[meklYf[]k khgc] Y_Yafkl Yfqkmkha[agf g^ Y k]pmYd j]dYlagf* <ffY `Y\ k]jn]\ Yk Y kgd\a]j ^gj f]YjdqY q]Yj o`]f ÉYk k`] lgd\ l`] [gmjl É k`] `Y\ Z]]f h]jkmY\]\ Zq Y^]eYd] affc]]h]j lg o`ge k`] go]\ kge] egf]q( lg eYjjq Y \Ym_`l]jg^ Y k][gf\ da]ml]fYfl( HYbY Fa`d* <ffY#k ljm] k]p oYk \ak[dgk]\ Y^l]jY ^]o fa_`lk( Zml HYbY `Y\ j]eYaf]\ kad]fl* Dl kggf lmjf]\ gml l`Ylk`] oYk hj]_fYfl Yf\ <ffY j]Ydar]\ l`] ljm] j]Ykgf Z]`af\ l`] eYj)jaY_]* @n]flmYddq <ffY `Y\ d]^l ^gj l`] ZYlld]^a]d\ f]n]j lg j]lmjf Y_Yaflg `]j oa^]* O`] [gmjl Ykc]\ `go l`]q `Y\ Z]`Yn]\ af l`] eYjalYdZ]\* <ffY Yfko]j]\ l`Yl k`] `Y\ YdoYqk lmjf]\ `]j ZY[c lg HYbY(Yf\ oal` l`ak Yfko]j l`] [gmjl oYk hd]Yk]\*

>aj[meklYf[]k o]j] em[` egj] [gehjgeakaf_ af l`] [Yk] g^ Pd)jacY Nlxd`YeeYj* PdjacY `Y\ Zgl` [gmjl]\ Yf\ hjghgk]\ lg `]jhjgkh][l]\ oa^]* R`ad] k`] k]jn]\ Yk Y kgd\a]j mf\]j l`] fYe] g^Rad`]de @ckl]\l( k`] `Y\ ^]dl Y kljgf_ ^]]daf_ g^ dgn] ^gj l`] eYa\HYjaY Gzl`eYf* O`ak dgn] `Y\] ^ajkl Yhh]Yj]\ lg `]j af Y \j]Ye( k`]kYa\* N`gjldq Y^l]j( k`] `Y\ hjghgk]\ lg HYjaY( o`g Y[[]hl]\ Y^l]jkge] [gfka\]jYlagf* Jfdq log o]]ck Y^l]j l`] o]\\af_ k`] `Y\ Zmjklaflg l]Yjk Yf\ lgd\ HYjaY l`Yl k`] oYk fgl Y [gehd]l] eYf * HYjaY`Y\ ^ajkl Z]]f j]hjgY[`^md Zml kggf hjgeak]\ lg Z] kad]fl* HYjaY\][dYj]\ Z]^gj] l`] [gmjl l`Yl kaf[] l`]f k`] `Y\ ^]dl ]n]f kljgf_]j^gj PdjacY l`Yf Z]^gj]* N`] `Y\ \][a\]\ f]n]j lg j]n]Yd l`ak lg Yfqgf]Yf\ hjYq]\ lg Bg\ l`Yl l`]aj k][j]l ogmd\ f]n]j Z] mf[gn]j]\ (Yf\ l`Yl PdjacY k`gmd\ Z] YoYq gf eadalYjq k]jna[] Yk dalld] Yk hgkkaZd]kg l`Yl l`]q [gmd\ Z] lg_]l`]j mflad \]Yl` k]hYjYl]\ l`]e YhYjl * Dfl`ak oYq l`]q `Y\ dan]\ Yk eYf Yf\ oa^] ^gj l]f q]Yjk*

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<[[gj\af_ lg ?]cc]j Yf\ nYf \] Kg`d( Y hj]nYadaf_ h`Yddg[]flja[na]o g^ k]pmYdalq eY\] k]p oal`gml Y h]fak f]Yjdq af[gf[]anYZd] Yf\e]Yfl l`Yl k]p Z]lo]]f e]f oal` h]fak]k oYk ^Yj egj] [gf[]anYZd]l`Yf k]p Z]lo]]f oge]f oal`gml h]fak]k*/0Cgo]n]j( ]Yjdq eg\]jf_]f\]j a\]gdg_q Ydkg [`YjY[l]jar]\ ^]eYd]k Yk Yf ]Yka]j hj]q ^gjhYkkagfk Yf\ hgl]flaYddq egj] dmkl^md Yf\ d][`]jgmk l`Yf e]f*/1O`]aehjgh]j Z]`Ynagmj Yf\ ^gjfa[Ylagf Z]lo]]f ^]eYd]k o]j] kYa\ lg`Yn] [Ye] YZgml Z][Ymk] g^ Yf mfZja\d]\ d][`]jq Yf\ dmkl^mdf]kk *Rge]f o]j] Ydkg kge]lae]k jmegmj]\ Yk `Ynaf_ eY\] \ad\gk ^gjl`]aj gof kYlak^Y[lagf*/2O`] [gff][lagf Z]lo]]f d][`]jq Yf\ l`] ^]e)Yd] k]p ak ^mjl`]j j]^d][l]\ af l`] hghmdYj mkY_] g^ l`] ogj\ ]h[`e]$ogeYfak`% af No]\ak` Yk Y \]ka_fYlagf ^gj Y d][`]jgmk eYf* O`]h]j[]an]\ [gff][lagf Z]lo]]f hjgklalmlagf gj [geegf d]o\f]kk Yf\^]eYd] kYe])k]p \]kaj] o`a[` ?ml[` `aklgjaYf O`]g nYf \]j H]]jj][g_far]k Z]`af\ l`] ljaYdk ^gj ^]eYd] kYe])k]p Y[lk af dYl] -4l`)[]flmjq CgddYf\( ak gZnagmk af l`] No]\ak` kgmj[] eYl]jaYd*/3 Df[gff][lagf oal` Y eYjalYd [gf^da[l Z]lo]]f <ffY <f\]jk\gll]j Yf\`]j `mkZYf\( <ffY oYk ^ajkl kdYf\]j]\ Z]af_ Y o`gj] Yf\ Yk `Ynaf_jmf Y o`gj]`gmk] af l`] lgof( Yf\ dYl]j Yk `Ynaf_ \Yf[]\ fYc]\Yf\ Z]`Yn]\ aehjgh]jdq oal` log g^ `]j eYa\k o`g Ydkg `Y\ Z]]ffYc]\* O`] >gfkaklgjq oYk [gfkmdl]\ Zq l`] k][mdYj [gmjl Yk lgo`]l`]j l`ak Z]`Ynagmj [gmd\ Z] [gmfl]\ Yk Y kh][a] kg\geaY */4

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