CAD(Computer Aided

Design)By: Justin Dunn

Thesis

CAD is a technological advanced program that allows for the easy completion of project designs in a complete and organized fashion.

Overview

What is CAD?

Models/ drawings

Creating a house Steps Costs Specifications

Foundations

Framing

Construction

Plumbing

Electrical

Design Process

What is CAD?

It is a computerized program that allows detailed designs to be built using a variety of different methods and models

used in art, architecture, engineering and manufacturing

wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

Personal Relevance

Have been in design and building for years

At one time wanted to be an architect

Loves to show my creativeness

Relevance of Topic

Highly used programs

Can assist in the creation of many things

More and more businesses are using CAD programs on a daily basis

Advantage of CAD over hand drawn models

Produced and modified more quickly

Allows designer to try out different colors and textures

Easily shared between locations

Less storage space needed

Better visualizations

It allows for more exact measurements of dimensions

http://www.articlesbase.com/software-articles/advantages-of-cad-services-368566.html

Types of CAD

2D- Orthographic projection in which each view only shows two dimensions

• 3D- Isometric, planometric, oblique and perspective views which show all three dimensions (l, b, h) on a pictorial drawing

•Virtual- a computer generated model is a ‘virtual object’ which can be rotated on screen to be viewed at any angle

Types of 3D Models

Wireframe model- the object is made up using a series of connected lines

Surface model- the model is built up by drawing surfaces of an object

Solid model- the model is built up using simple geometric forms such as cones, cylinders, prisms and cubes

www.turbosquid.com/

Types of Pencils

•Darkest•B pencils•Soft lead

•Lightest•H pencils•Hard lead

•Middle•HB

chestofbooks.com/architecture/.../30-The-Value-Scale.html

Creating a house

Steps to creating a house

1) Set budget

2) Find land

3) Discuss what is to be included

4) Come up with multiply designs

5) Present different ideas

6) Tweak design and make final copy

7) Hire crew to build

Architecture: Drafting and Design

Costs for a new home

Design

Excavation

Materials

Labor

Equipment

Variations in Cost

Size of home

Shape of home

Site preparation

Cost overruns

Inflation and market conditions

About.com:Architecture

Estimating Costs

Square-foot method

Cubic-foot method

Buildings material method

Architecture: Drafting and Design

Specifications

1. General Info.

2. Legal Responsibilities (contractor)

3. Legal Responsibilities (homeowner)

4. Earthwork

5. Concrete and Cement work

6. Carpentry

7. Floors

8. Roofing

9. Sheet material

10. Doors and windows

11. Lath and plaster

12. Dry walls

13. Isulation

14. Electrical needs

15. Plumbing

16. Heating and air conditioning

17. Stone and brick work

18. Built-ins

19. Ceramic tile

20. Paintinghttp://www.ehouseplans.com/blueprints/buildingspecs.html

Specifications con’t

21. Finish hardware

22. Exterior

23. Miscellaneous

http://www.ehouseplans.com/blueprints/buildingspecs.html

Floor Plans

1.Exterior Elevations

2. Detailed Floor

3. Cross Sections

4. Foundation Plans

5. Interior Elevations

6. Roof Plans

7. Schematic Electrical Layouts

8. General Specifications

Steps for Drawing Floor Plan

1) Block in overall dimensions and add thickness to outside walls.

2) Lay out position of interior partitions.

3) Locate position of doors and windows.

4) Darken objects.

5) Add door and window symbols.

6) Add symbols for stairwells.

Foundations

Foundation Members

Footing- Usually concrete

Foundation walls- concrete, brick, stone, or concrete block

Piers and Columns- concrete, brick, steel, or wood

Anchor bolts- spaced approx. 6’ intervals, starting 1’ from each corner

Sills- are fastened with anchor bolts to foundation wall

Posts- wood member www.hometips.com › Design, Plan, Build › Building Materials

Foundation Members con’t

Cripples-often 4x4’s spaced at close intervals

Girders- major horizontal support members

Steel Beams- same as girders but can cover larger area

Joists- placed on girders

www.hometips.com › Design, Plan, Build › Building Materials

Foundation TypesT Foundations

www.hometips.com › Design, Plan, Build › Building Materials

Pier and Column Foundation

www.hometips.com › Design, Plan, Build › Building Materials

Slab Foundation

http://www.ehow.co.uk/about_5533555_types-concrete-slab-designs.html

www.hometips.com › Design, Plan, Build › Building Materials

Framing

Wood Framing

Conventional framing- has many posts and beams that are spread at small intervals

Post and beam construction- increased by popularity of the indoor-outdoor living

House Framing by John D. Wagner

Steel Framing

Similar to post and beam framing

Uses columns, beams, and slabs

Steel Columns provide vertical support

Steel beams support roof or floors

Used in extremely high multiple-story buildings

House Framing by John D. Wagner

Construction

Common items with building codes

Roof construction

Ceiling Height

Lintels

Electric Equipment

Walls and partitions

Window/room areas

Wood Floors

Joists

Heating and air Conditioning

Concrete mix

Foundation

Steel reinforcements

Mortar mix

Brick size

Fireplace

Gas/water lines

Girders

Sanitation

PA Construction Law

Pennsylvania's Home Improvement Consumer Protection Act requires that a long list of disclosures appear in the contract – such as start and finish dates, names and addresses of subs, insurance coverage and a phone number for the Pennsylvania Bureau of Consumer Protection. Any contract which omits these disclosures is void and unenforceable. The Act also makes unenforceable any contract that includes one of eleven clauses commonly found in some home improvement contracts. Failure to comply with the Act is an unfair trade practice and gives an owner the right to recover three times actual damages plus attorney fees. Failure to comply is also a misdemeanor if the contract is for $2,000 or less. If for more than $2,000, violation is a third degree felony. Penalties are higher for repeat violations and if the owner is 60 years old or more. Failure to get a change order in writing carries the same civil and criminal penalties.

www.buildingtradesdir.com/.../construction_law/law_pennsylvania/law_pennsylvania.html

Fines for Illegal Construction Contracts

The Home Improvement Finance Act requires several disclosures, including disclosure of the right of rescission and a statement in 10-point bold type directly above the signature of the owner. A fine of up to $500 can be imposed for a first violation. Second and later violations earn the same fine plus a year in jail. In addition, the district attorney is authorized to seek an injunction against the contractor. Any violation of that injunction carries a penalty of up to $1,000.

Failure to make federal truth in lending disclosures requires restitution of the overcharge.

Failure to include the disclosures required by 12 Code of Federal Regulations § 226.15 extends the right of rescission to three years (rather than three days).

Omitting insulation disclosures required by 16 Code of Federal Regulation § 460 can result in an $11,000 fine.

www.buildingtradesdir.com/.../construction_law/law_pennsylvania/law_pennsylvania.html

Plumbing

Water supply

Supplied from a public water supply or private well

Brought to all plumbing fixtures under pressure

Required to have shut off valve at property line and foundation

Hot water obtained by routing cold water through a water heater

Hot water valve is always on left side as you face fixture

home.howstuffworks.com › ... › Home Improvement › Plumbing

Waste Lines

Discharged by gravity drainage

Lines are much larger due to lack of pressure

Vertical lines are called stacks, horizontal are branches

Fixture traps stop gases released from entering house

Fixture traps are exposed for easy maintenance

Waste stacks carry only water waste

Lines from bathroom are called soil lineshome.howstuffworks.com › ... › Home Improvement › Plumbing

Differences

Dry pipes

Never have water in them

Part of venting system

Waste lines

Carries water with small waste

Only contain water when water is being disposed of

Wet Lines

Full of water under pressure at all times

Soil Lines

Carry water with larger wastes

Only contain water when water is being disposed of

Septic System

When a city sewer is not available, a private sewer, called a septic system is used

Converts solid wastes into liquids using bacterial action

Drainage Field- porous pipes spread over an area to allow distribution of water

Tank size varies according to occupants of house

www.epa.gov/owm/septic/pubs/homeowner_guide_long.pdf

Plumbing Fixtures

Bathroom FixturesWater ClosetsShowersBathtubsLavatories

KitchenSinksLaundry tubsDishwashersHot water heaterWashing machine

www.ebuild.com/plumbing-fixtures.hwx

Electrical

Planning Rules

Main source should be controlled by wall switch

Electrical outlets

Outlets for kitchens

Walls between doors should have an outlet

Each room should have adequate lighting for all visual tasks

Switch Location

Plan what switches are needed

Show location and height of switches

Select type of switch, cover, and finish

Only lamps in room: switch should control outlet

Lights for stairways- controlled from both ends

Bedroom lights- controlled by three-way switch at entrance and next to bedside

Outside lights- controlled with three-way switch from garage and house exit

Switch Location con’t

Basement light- switch and pilot light at top of basement stairs

Pull string switches used in closets

Describe all special controls to be used

Design Process

6 Basic Elements

Form- mass and shape

Space- surrounds form and contained within

Light and Shadow- reflects from surface of form, and shadows where light doesn’t reach

Texture- varies with each material

Line- produce a sense of movement or greater sense of length or height

Color- either part of material or added using other techniques

HTTP://WWW.DONGARDNER.COM/

6 Basic Principles

Unity

Repetition

Rhythm

Variety

Emphasis

Balance

HTTP://WWW.DONGARDNER.COM/

Application

I made the blue prints for a new home that includes:The layout of roomsSwitch locationsAppliance locationsDimensions of the layoutA material and finish schedule (chart)

Conclusion

While completing this project I learned all of the hardships that occur when designing a house. While designing a house there is lots of factors that must be taken into account. Also, making each room an appropriate size to fit everything that is needed to be included in the room makes laying out the house even more tidiest.

Class Activity

To complete this proportional drawing you must hold your pen or pencil at a full arms length in front of you. Then close one eye. With the eye closed, use your other eye to line the top of the pen/pencil up with an end point of the object. Then use your thumb and place it at the very end of an adjacent point. Then draw the line on the paper the size from the tip to your finger. Then continue this process for all points and you will have yourself a proportional drawing.

*note: Each persons picture will look different due to angle and distance from object

Works Cited

"Architecture." Encyclopedia. World News Digest. Facts On File News Services, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. http://www.2facts.com/article/xar134300a

Blackburn, Carol "Exploring Career Options: Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Exhibit Design” Johns Hopkins University Press. March/April 1996 pp. 16-18

Hepler, Donald E., and Paul I. Wallach. Architecture: Drafting and Designing. Second ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971. Print.

Home Planners. 650 Home Designs. Arizona: Home Planners, LLC, 2002. Print.

Municode. Municipal Code Corporation, 2009. Web. 24 Nov. 2009.http://www.municode.com.

Compinfo. The Computer Information Center, 2002. Web. 22 Nov. 2009.http://www.compinfo-center.com/tpcad-t.htm.

Works Cited Cont’d

Schwartz, Al. "Code Shack." Reeves (June 2009): 20. JSTOR. Web. 21 Nov. 2009.

“Basic Electric Wiring.” Findoha. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2010. <http://www.findoha.com/ Articles/ Electricity/ basic-electric-wiring.htm\>.

“Foundations and Site Work.” PATH. N.p., 7 Aug. 2006. Web. 4 May 2010. <http://www.pathnet.org/ sp.asp?id=16754>.

Heldmann, Carl. “Cost to Build a House.” Build Your Own House. N.p., 2010. Web. 4 May 2010. <http://www.byoh.com/>.

“Plumbing Basics.” How Stuff Works. Fix-It-Club, n.d. Web. 4 May 2010. <http://home.howstuffworks.com/ home-improvement/ plumbing/ plumbing-basics-ga.htm>.

Images used

http://www.southbank.net/blogs/subjects/westminster_tech/iso.gif

http://www.aversis.be/tutorials/rhinoceros/images/rhino_2d/start01small.jpg

http://www.postmixing.com/mixing%20forum/images/r300%20impeller-5.jpg

http://www.we-r-here.com/cad_07/tutorials/level_3/images/extra_3-002.gif

http://www.cadsoftsolutions.co.uk/store/software/shark/shark/files/page124_6.jpg

http://truetex.com/micad47.jpg

http://www.sherwinarnott.org/wp-content/gallery/illustration/pencilgradingchart.png

http://www.islecare.org/images/inver-foundations.jpg

http://www.foundationsupportworks.com/images/smart-jack-pdf.jpg

http://www.kyvietnammemorial.net/gallery/FoundationSlab.jpg

http://www.phys.ufl.edu/~liz/cadhouse.jpg

Images used cont’d

http://samus.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/dollar-sign.jpg

http://www.zamorehomes.com/images/flowchart.png

http://www.huahinhorizon.com/images/ROOF-PLAN-AL.jpg

http://www.thegarageexpert.net/images/t-shaped_foundation.jpg

http://plumbers-directory.info/yabb/Attachments/Plumbing.gif