shedding light on the led hype commercial applications this document was specifically prepared to...
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Shedding Light on the LED Hype
Commercial Applications
This document was specifically prepared to aid utility account managers and their customers. Any other use of this material (in whole or in part) is not allowed without the expressed written consent of Tech Resources, Inc., 2025 Riverside Drive, Columbus, OH 43221.
© 2010 Tech Resources Inc.
Meet Your Panelists
Mike Carter
Mark Farrell
© 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 2
© 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 3
Electric Intensity (kWh/sqft)
Lighting
Cooling
Ventilation
Office Equipment
Miscellaneous
Heating
Cooking
Refrigeration
Water Heating
(4.89)30.4%
LED Webinar Benefits
Cut through the hype Be comfortable speaking with customers Expand knowledge of terms and pros/cons Identify energy-efficiency opportunities
Large Office Building
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Contents
Lighting Fundamentals
LED History
How It Works
Lighting Comparison
Specific Applications• Indoor Lighting
• Exit Signs
• Traffic Lights
• Street Lighting
Best Applications
Osram® OSTAR LightingSource: EERE
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Lighting Fundamentals
Lumens—A measure of the perceived power of light.• Constant output regardless of distance from source
Foot-candle—One lumen of light distributed over a square foot area.• Depends on the distance from the light source• Does not hold for focused fixtures like flood lamps• Can be measured using a light meter
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Lighting Fundamentals
Color Rendering Index (CRI)—A measurement of a light source’s ability to render colors the same as sunlight does.• CRI describes to what degree the light spectrum source
is filled out.
65CRI 92CRI
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Lighting Fundamentals
Color Correlated Temperature (CCT)—The apparent/ perceived color of a light source compared to the color appearance of an ideal incandescent light source at a particular temperature, expressed in degrees Kelvin (K). • <3,200K is visually warm or red/yellow (good for reading)
Incandescent ~2,800K
• >4,000K is visually cool or blue (good for inspection) Sunlight ~5,500K
Source: PHOTOWORKSHOP.COM
Lighting Fundamentals
White light is a mix of many different colors across the visible lighting spectrum.
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Source: EERE
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LED History
Henry J. Round, an assistant to Marconi in England• Published a short note in Electrical World in 1907 reporting a
“bright glow” from a carborundum diode
Oleg Vladimirovich Losev, a Russian research technician• Observed light emission from crystal
rectifier diodes used in radio receivers
• Granted a patent entitled “Light Relay” in 1929
Oleg Vladimirovich LosevSource: Nikolay Zheludev
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LED History
Robert Biard and Gary Pittman, Texas Instruments employees, create "invisible" infrared light-emitting diode (LED) from gallium arsenide (GaAs) in 1961
Nick Holonyak, Jr, a GE employee, creates visible red LED in 1962
Nick Holonyak, JrSource: Wikipedia Commons
How It Works
Semiconductor material acts as a one-way valve• Current only flows from the p-side anode to the n-side cathode
Material doped with “impurities”• Holes created in p-side anode
Boron, aluminum, or gallium
• Free electrons in n-side cathode Antimony, arsenic, or phosphorous
Voltage forces holes and electronsinto the middle p-n junction
Photons of light emitted whenelectrons drop into holes
Direct current (dc) power• Zero mercury content
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Source: Wikipedia Commons
How It Works
Two types of LEDs• Low power
About 0.1 watt
• High powerAround 1 watt
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Source: Philips LumiLEDsTM
How It Works
Material selection determines colors• Different colors require different power
• White is achieved one of two ways Combine RGB (low CRI scores, despite good color rendering) Coat a blue LED with yellow phosphor (high CCT/blue shift)
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Color Wavelength MaterialVoltage at
350 maMin. Flux,
lumensWatts per 100 lumen
Red ? AlGaAs 2.1 30.6-51.7 1.8
Green ? AlGaP 3.4 67.2-100 1.4
Blue ? InGaN 3.2 23.5-30.6 4.2
White mix YAG:Ce 3.2 67.2-114 1.2
Data Source: Cree, Inc. product literature
Lighting Comparison
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90% heat; 10% light
20% heat; 80% light
20% heat; 80% light
Source: ENERGY STAR
Heat loss in LEDs is through conduction, not radiation
Heat is the enemy of performance for LEDs• Tested at 25°C (77°F) but
operated at 60°C (140°F)
• Excessive heat and cold diminish fluorescent performance
Lighting Comparison
Electrical current driver circuit instead of ballast LED efficacy (lpw) decreases with higher CRI or
lower CCT (warm shift)
Frequent switching does not affect rated life for LEDs as it does for fluorescents
Directional nature of LED results in very high luminaire efficacy
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2,700 K 3,500 K 4,000 K 5,000 K
70+ CRI 0.93 Baseline
1.06 1.25
90+ CRI 0.68 0.75 0.81 0.87Source: Prescolite D6LED Specifications
Lighting Comparison
Very compact and low-profile Nothing to “break” No abrupt failure mode Instant on (no warm-up time required) ENERGY STAR qualified LED lights consume 75%
less energy than conventional incandescent lights
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Source: EERE
Lighting Comparison
Comparison with traditional lighting
DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and Reporting (CALiPER) program benchmarks LED products
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TypeRated Life,
hoursLumens per Watt CRI
Lumen Maintenance
LED 50,000 25-80 70-90 95-98%*
Incandescent 750-1,500 10-17 100 95%
Fluorescent 10,000-20,000 60-100 80-86 90-95%
*At 40% fluorescent rated life; 70% to 90% at 50,000 hours
Incandescent A-Lamp Replacement
CALiPER tested A-lamps (25, 40, and 60 watts) against ten A-lamp LEDs and five decorative LEDs (0.7 to 14 watt)• CFLs perform better
• LEDs $25 to $50 each
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Type (tested) Watts Lumens LPW CRI PF
A-lamp 40 387 9.9 100 1.0
LED (2) 14 425 30 50 0.60
CFL 11 660 60 82 0.60
A-lamp 25 181 7.5 100 1.0
LED (4) 5 192 38 75 0.45
CFL 5 250 50 82 0.60
Linear Fluorescent Replacement
CALiPER tested four different “drop-in” 4-foot retrofit LED products• Poor LED lumens per watt output• Very narrow LED light distribution• Over $50 per LED lamp
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Type (tested) Watts Lumens LPW CCT (K) CRI PF
LED (3) 21 974 46 7,939 74 0.60
T8 32 3,081 96 3,932 81 0.99
T12 39 3,101 80 2,884 84 0.89
MR16 Reflector Lamp Replacement
CALiPER tested ten different MR16 LED products• Requires 3 LED lamps for 1 halogen for equal lumens
• Compatibility with low-voltage transformers can be an issue
• LED cost is $15 to $20 compared tohalogen cost of $4 to $6
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Source: NIST
Type (tested) Watts Lumens LPW CCT (K) CRI PF
LED (10) 4 90 25 3961 78 0.63
Halogen (6) 29 263 13 2862 99 1.0
Recessed Downlights
Competition from reflector-rated CFLs from 15 to 26 watts that deliver 720 to 1,300 lumens Directional nature of LEDs is an advantage Removing heat from the can
is a real challenge for R-CFLsand LEDs
Cree LED Lighting LR6 6" LED Recessed Downlight at 12 watts and 650 lumens costs around $100
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Source: EERE
Recessed Downlights
LED performance generally matches R-CFLs
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65W BR-30Flood*
15W R-30 CFL
LED*
Luminaire light output, initial (lumens) 570 675 730
Luminaire wattage (W) 65 15 12
Luminaire efficacy (lm/W) 9 45 60
CCT (Kelvin) 2,700 K 2,700 K 2,700 K
CRI 100 82 95
Center beam candlepower (candela) 510 cd 200 cd 280 cd
Beam angle (degrees) 55° 120° 105°
Average luminance at 45° (cd/sq meter) 27,267 17,500 16,439
Dimmable Y N Y
*Data Source: EERE
Exit Signs
Annual cost of ownership for LED exit signs is much less than for fluorescent exit signs
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Wattage
Rated Life, yrs
Initial Cost
Annual Energy
Cost
Annual Maintenance
Cost
Total Annual
Ownership Costs
Incandescent
40 0.5 $6 $25 $10 $47
Fluorescent 11 1-1.5 $22 $7 $5 $30
LED 5 6-10 $22 $3 0 $6
Sources: Stock Exchange and DOE
Incandescent Fluorescent LED
Traffic Lights
Typically replace red and green lights• Yellow is illuminated only 3% of the time
LEDs consume 8 to 15 watts compared to 70 to 150 watts for incandescents• LEDs cost $80 to $170 compared to $3 for bulbs
• Minimum five year simple payback
Very directional visibility• However, colored lenses for incandescents blocks much of the light
Adapts to battery backup during outages
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Source: Stock Exchange
Street Lighting
Lumen maintenance higher for LEDs vs HID lighting Color rendering and uniformity for LEDs are better than HPS
• Minimum illuminance levels equal to HPS
• LEDs are Dark Skies compliant
Simple payback of 3 to 10 years minimum• Capital cost of $850 for LED vs $250 for HPS or CMH cobra head
• Energy savings of 30% to 50%
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Data Source: EERE
LED (left) vs HPS (right)Source: Beta Lighting & EERE
Street Lighting
LED performance matches HPS and CMH
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150W HPS 150W CMH LED
Luminaire (system) watts 183W 167W 153W
CCT 2,000 K 3,000 K 6,000 K
CRI 22 80 75
Rated lamps lumens, initial 16,000 11,900 n/a
Downward luminaire efficiency 70% 81% n/a
Downward luminaire lumens, initial
11,200 9,639 10,200
Luminaire efficacy (lumens per watt)
61 lpw 58 lpw 67 lpw
Data Source: EERE
ENERGY STAR LED Criteria
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Omnidirectional Decorative Directional
CRI ≥ 80 ≥ 80 ≥ 80
Power Factor (>5W) ≥ 0.7 ≥ 0.7 ≥ 0.7
Efficacy (lpw)
<10W ≥ 50 lpw ≥ 40 lpw ≥ 40 lpw (≤20/8˝Ø)
≥10W ≥ 55 lpw ≥ 40 lpw ≥ 45 lpw (<20/8˝Ø)
Lumens (min.) at replacement wattages
10W -- 70 100
25W 200 150 250
60W 800 500 600
100W 1,600 -- 1,000
Lumen Maintenance@ 25,000 hours
≥ 70% ≥ 70% ≥ 70%
Best LED Applications
Undercabinet lighting In-cabinet accent lighting Adjustable task lighting Refrigerated case lighting Outdoor area lighting Elevator lighting Recessed downlights Art display lighting
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Accent lights Step and path lighting Cove lighting Spaces with occupancy
sensors Food preparation areas Retail display cases
Source: EERE
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Questline
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Tech Resources2025 Riverside DriveColumbus, OH [email protected]
This document was specifically prepared to aid utility account managers who are working with commercial and industrial customers. Any other use of this material (in whole or in part) is not allowed without the expressed written consent of Tech Resources, Inc., 2025 Riverside Drive, Columbus, OH 43221.