Sirex noctilio – Sirex noctilio – European wood waspEuropean wood wasp

Native to EuropeNative to Europe Discovered in Oswego in 2004Discovered in Oswego in 2004 Attacks pines – red, scots, austrian, white and Attacks pines – red, scots, austrian, white and

many othersmany others Detected in 24 NYS counties by 2006 trapping Detected in 24 NYS counties by 2006 trapping

surveysurvey

Five small understory pines in Oswego, New York produced 900 Sirex noctilio adults.

IdentificationIdentification

Bluish-black with Bluish-black with orange legsorange legs

1” to 1-1/2” long1” to 1-1/2” long Long pointed projection Long pointed projection

at tail - larger ovipositor at tail - larger ovipositor on females on females

Resin beads and Resin beads and bleeding from emerging bleeding from emerging adults and oviposition adults and oviposition sitessites

Round exit holes – 1/8” Round exit holes – 1/8” to 3/8” diameterto 3/8” diameter

Control MeasuresControl Measures

Trial release by APHIS/NYSDAM of Trial release by APHIS/NYSDAM of predatory nematode imported from Australia predatory nematode imported from Australia in fall 2010 (trap trees)in fall 2010 (trap trees)

Full blown release if rearing and distribution Full blown release if rearing and distribution of nematode is successful.of nematode is successful.

These are control measures only, not an These are control measures only, not an eradication efforteradication effort

May have to set up a quarantine to contain May have to set up a quarantine to contain movement of pine wood productsmovement of pine wood products

Trap Trees and resin beadsTrap Trees and resin beads

Asian Long-horned BeetleAsian Long-horned Beetle

Anoplophora glabripennisAnoplophora glabripennisIntroducedIntroduced

Hosts: Hosts: ManyMany hardwoods hardwoodsEspecially Maples Especially Maples Also willows, elms, Also willows, elms,

horsechestnut, birches, poplars, horsechestnut, birches, poplars, ash, London plane, etc...ash, London plane, etc...

Found in NYC and parts of Long Found in NYC and parts of Long IslandIsland

Brief ALB HistoryBrief ALB History

1996 – Brooklyn1996 – Brooklyn 1998 – Chicago 1998 – Chicago 2002 – Jersey City2002 – Jersey City 2004 – Union County NJ2004 – Union County NJ 2007 – Pralls Island (near Staten Island)2007 – Pralls Island (near Staten Island) 2008 – Worcester, Mass – infestation is 2008 – Worcester, Mass – infestation is

estimated to be 8 to 10 years old. Starting estimated to be 8 to 10 years old. Starting eradication efforts – quarantined; cut and chip; eradication efforts – quarantined; cut and chip; insecticidesinsecticides

IdentificationIdentification

Large beetle – about 1”Large beetle – about 1” Glossy black with white Glossy black with white

spotsspots Antennae 1 ½ - 2 ½ its Antennae 1 ½ - 2 ½ its

body lengthbody length Large ( ½ in.) , round exit Large ( ½ in.) , round exit

holes holes Oval wounds/pits in the Oval wounds/pits in the

bark – egg laying sitesbark – egg laying sites Piles of course sawdustPiles of course sawdust

Oviposition Sites

Egg

Egg Recently Hatched

Similar looking native beetle: Similar looking native beetle: Whitespotted sawyerWhitespotted sawyer

Male

Female

Early detection and Early detection and containment are the keycontainment are the key

Could have a devastating impact in Could have a devastating impact in New York State due to our tree New York State due to our tree

species species

Forest Tent CaterpillarForest Tent Caterpillar

Native to NA – many hardwood hostsNative to NA – many hardwood hosts Severe outbreaks last few years in the Tug Hill Severe outbreaks last few years in the Tug Hill

area and Central New York – outbreaks area and Central New York – outbreaks typically last 2-5 years but may be longertypically last 2-5 years but may be longer

Natural predators are present – weather Natural predators are present – weather (temp), viral, fungal and parasitic flies(temp), viral, fungal and parasitic flies

Expected to migrate outward from these areasExpected to migrate outward from these areas We will be monitoring forest stands for We will be monitoring forest stands for

damage – also egg mass survey this fall. damage – also egg mass survey this fall. (survey methods on DEC website)(survey methods on DEC website)

Forest Tent – not Eastern TentForest Tent – not Eastern Tent

Hemlock Woolly AdelgidHemlock Woolly Adelgid

Introduced from AsiaIntroduced from Asia First observed on Western and Mountain Hemlocks First observed on Western and Mountain Hemlocks

in the 1920’s – generally harmless in Asia and out in the 1920’s – generally harmless in Asia and out westwest

Attacks Eastern and Carolina Hemlock (1950 to Attacks Eastern and Carolina Hemlock (1950 to present)present)

Nearest infestation areas are in SE New York and Nearest infestation areas are in SE New York and Eastern PA.Eastern PA.

Recently found on landscape plants in six locations Recently found on landscape plants in six locations near Rochester and in the Finger Lakesnear Rochester and in the Finger Lakes

Recent HWA FindsRecent HWA Finds

IdentificationIdentificationwhite egg sacs resembling the tips of cotton swabs – white egg sacs resembling the tips of cotton swabs –

present year round but most prominent in the springpresent year round but most prominent in the spring

Eradication EffortsEradication Efforts Since these are outlying populations we want to Since these are outlying populations we want to

eradicate themeradicate them Cut, chipped and buried infected trees in Rochester area Cut, chipped and buried infected trees in Rochester area

in 2005in 2005 Planted new trees for homeownersPlanted new trees for homeowners 2009 – had to move to a slow the spread strategy – no 2009 – had to move to a slow the spread strategy – no

money for eradication in Finger Lakes area. Moving to money for eradication in Finger Lakes area. Moving to bio-controls.bio-controls.

Yearly inspections conducted by DECYearly inspections conducted by DEC Need your help – report any sightingsNeed your help – report any sightings

Firewood RegulationsFirewood Regulations

Established temporary regulation in May 2008. Established temporary regulation in May 2008.

Temporary regulation was extended once and Temporary regulation was extended once and was made permanent March 18, 2009was made permanent March 18, 2009

Many other States (PA, Ohio, MI, WI) and Many other States (PA, Ohio, MI, WI) and Federal agencies (USFS, National Parks Federal agencies (USFS, National Parks Service, USDA APHIS) and the Canadian Service, USDA APHIS) and the Canadian Government have already imposed regulations Government have already imposed regulations on the importation and movement of firewoodon the importation and movement of firewood

PurposePurpose

To protect New York’s Forests and treesTo protect New York’s Forests and trees Reduce the spread of destructive insects and Reduce the spread of destructive insects and

diseasesdiseases Eradication and containment efforts are Eradication and containment efforts are

expensiveexpensive Firewood has been shown to be a main vector Firewood has been shown to be a main vector

of human assisted movementof human assisted movement

Summary of ProvisionsSummary of Provisions

Covers wood/timbers that are the size and form Covers wood/timbers that are the size and form appropriate for use as fuelappropriate for use as fuel

Covers all tree speciesCovers all tree species Log-length material is not automatically covered Log-length material is not automatically covered Firewood must be treated – 71 degrees C (160F) Firewood must be treated – 71 degrees C (160F)

at the core for 75 minutes ORat the core for 75 minutes OR Moved less than 50 milesMoved less than 50 miles Illegal to bring untreated firewood into NYIllegal to bring untreated firewood into NY

Self Issued CertificatesSelf Issued Certificates

To state that wood has been treated ORTo state that wood has been treated OR That “source” is less than 50 milesThat “source” is less than 50 miles

PenaltiesPenalties

$250 fine$250 fine Plus $100 civil penaltyPlus $100 civil penalty Up to 15 days in jailUp to 15 days in jail But failure to comply may result in the death But failure to comply may result in the death

of thousands of trees, destruction of of thousands of trees, destruction of campgrounds, loss of tree species, poor wood campgrounds, loss of tree species, poor wood markets, loss of habitat and costly markets, loss of habitat and costly containment/eradication etc. etc.containment/eradication etc. etc.

Regulations on DEC websiteRegulations on DEC website

http://www.dec.ny.gov/regulations/2359.htmlhttp://www.dec.ny.gov/regulations/2359.html Self issued certificate - Self issued certificate -

http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/selfisscert.pdf

Have some handouts here todayHave some handouts here today

Other Insect & Disease IssuesOther Insect & Disease Issues

o Gypsy MothGypsy Motho Beech Bark DiseaseBeech Bark DiseaseoSudden Oak DeathSudden Oak DeathoOak WiltOak WiltoEuropean Oak BorerEuropean Oak BoreroMore to come? More to come?

Invasive PlantsInvasive Plants Tree of Heaven -Tree of Heaven -Ailanthus altissima Ailanthus altissima Native to ChinaNative to China Grows anywhereGrows anywhere Prolific seeder – documented 300,000/treeProlific seeder – documented 300,000/tree Leaves compound 11-41 leaflets - with Leaves compound 11-41 leaflets - with

‘thumb’ at base‘thumb’ at base

Garlic Mustard – Garlic Mustard – Alliaria petiolataAlliaria petiolata Native to EuropeNative to Europe Compete with spring ephemeralsCompete with spring ephemerals Inhibits mycorhizal tree fungiInhibits mycorhizal tree fungi Lower leaves kidney shaped with Lower leaves kidney shaped with

triangular upper leavestriangular upper leaves Up to 3,000 seeds per plantUp to 3,000 seeds per plant

Multiflora Rose – Multiflora Rose – Rosa multifloraRosa multiflora Native to AsiaNative to Asia Reproduces by seed, root Reproduces by seed, root

sprouts, layeringsprouts, layering Alternate, compound with Alternate, compound with

5-11 leaflets5-11 leaflets Rigid, recurved thornsRigid, recurved thorns seed bank up to 20 yearsseed bank up to 20 years Often requires repeat Often requires repeat

sprayingspraying

Honeysuckle – Amur, Tartarian & Honeysuckle – Amur, Tartarian & JapaneseJapanese

Non natives are erect shrubs – Non natives are erect shrubs – natives are vine-likenatives are vine-like

Exotics have yellow, orange or red Exotics have yellow, orange or red berriesberries

Leaves oppositeLeaves oppositeTartarian

Amur Japanese

Swallow-wort – black and paleSwallow-wort – black and pale Native to Europe – pale Native to Europe – pale

introduced to Canada in early introduced to Canada in early 1900’s1900’s

Thrives in sun or shadeThrives in sun or shade Leaves opposite, dark green, Leaves opposite, dark green,

shinyshiny Needs repeated treatmentNeeds repeated treatment

pale

black

Other problem plantsOther problem plants• Oriental bittersweetOriental bittersweet• Mile-A-Minute weedMile-A-Minute weed• Japanese barberryJapanese barberry• Autumn oliveAutumn olive• Japanese knotweedJapanese knotweed• Giant hogweed – health hazard – Giant hogweed – health hazard – DEC control crewsDEC control crews• Common buckthornCommon buckthorn• Etc etc etcEtc etc etc

DiseasesDiseases

Dutch elmDutch elm Butternut cankerButternut canker Oak wiltOak wilt Sudden Oak deathSudden Oak death Beech bark diseaseBeech bark disease Etc etc etcEtc etc etc Many diseases have insect vectorsMany diseases have insect vectors

The White-tailed DeerThe White-tailed Deer Most widespread big game Most widespread big game

animal in U.S.animal in U.S. Inhabits all areas of NY with Inhabits all areas of NY with

western NY having the most western NY having the most Extremely adaptable to different Extremely adaptable to different

habitats and human densitieshabitats and human densities Prolific breeders, capable of Prolific breeders, capable of

expanding from a pair to expanding from a pair to 64 or 64 or more more in six yearsin six years

Second only to man in their Second only to man in their ability to alter their environment ability to alter their environment

Deer per Square Mile

Faw

n P

roduct

ion

Low

Low High

Deer Impact Their Habitat

Lose songbird species diversity;habitat declines; lose shrub layer,shrub species diversity

Lose adequate seedlingsurvival; ferns dominateunderstory

Large racks, high bodyweight, great deer condition

Medium racks,average condition

Optimum sustained yield of deer.Obvious browse line; only browse-resistant saplings left

Start to lose preferred herband seedlings; songbird abundancedeclines

Herbs, shrub, seedlingsgone; only heavily-browsedresistant plants remain

Tiny racks, poordeer condition

Deer starveto death

Solution? – 3 choices – shoot them, shoot them or shoot them