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Muhaimin Rifai, PhD., Med.Sc

[email protected]

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BERENANGBERENANG

Problem gravitasi lebihProblem gravitasi lebih

rendah dibandingkan denganrendah dibandingkan dengancara pergerakan yang laincara pergerakan yang lain

Problem pada densitas airProblem pada densitas air

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TERBANGTERBANG

Problem GravitasiProblem Gravitasi

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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JALAN, LARIJALAN, LARI

Problem GravitasiProblem Gravitasi


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Otot, Skeleton, Syaraf,

bentuktubuh disesuaikan

denganhabitathidup

Penentu Gerak

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1. Body movement

2. Maintenance ofposture

3. Respiration4. Production of body heat

5. Communication

6. Constriction oforgan

and vessels7. Heart beat

Major Function of Muscle

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Bone FunctionBone Function

Support the bodySupport the body

Protect internal structuresProtect internal structures

Store mineralsStore minerals

Produce blood cellsProduce blood cells

Aid in movementAid in movement

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LocomotionLocomotion Skeletal andSkeletal and

Muscular SystemsMuscular Systems Movement isMovement is

based on Musclesbased on Muscles

acting on a rigidacting on a rigidskeletonskeleton

All animalsAll animalsemploy the use ofemploy the use ofmusclesmuscles

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Types of SkeletonsTypes of Skeletons

HydrostaticHydrostaticFluid filled cavity encircled by muscleFluid filled cavity encircled by musclefibersfibers

SoftSoft--bodied invertebratesbodied invertebrates

ExoskeletonExoskeleton

Body encased in hard shell chitinBody encased in hard shell chitin

most be shed for growthmost be shed for growth

limits body size as exoskeleton has tolimits body size as exoskeleton has togrow increasingly thicker and heaviergrow increasingly thicker and heavier

EndoskeletonEndoskeleton

rigid internal skeleton of bonerigid internal skeleton of bone

From The World Book (TM) Multimedia Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World

Book, Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago, IL 60661. All rights reserved.

Foott, Bruce Coleman Ltd.

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Exoskeleton and EndoskeletonExoskeleton and Endoskeleton10


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Classification of Joints (articulations)Classification of Joints (articulations)

JointsJoints places where 2 bones are attachedplaces where 2 bones are attached

TYPESTYPES

Immovable jointsImmovable joints dense connective tissuedense connective tissue -- littlelittle

movementmovement -- suturessutures

Slightly movable jointsSlightly movable joints held together by cartilageheld together by cartilageSome flexibility not much (intervertebral andSome flexibility not much (intervertebral and

symphyses)symphyses)

Freely movableFreely movable

JointsJoints

Capsule withCapsule with

fluidfluid

Cartilage end capsCartilage end caps

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Types of JointsTypes of Joints

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Types of JointsTypes of Joints13


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Types of JointsTypes of Joints14


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Bone & Joint ConditionsBone & Joint Conditions

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

Bones lose mineral densityBones lose mineral density

Creates fragile bonesCreates fragile bones

OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis

Cartilage covers articulating ends of bonesCartilage covers articulating ends of bones

Makes movement painfulMakes movement painful


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Levers for movementLevers for movement

Muscles attach to bone toMuscles attach to bone toallow movementallow movement contractioncontraction= movement= movement

OriginOrigin nonmovingnonmoving

InsertionInsertion movingmoving Attach via tendonsAttach via tendons

Muscles oppose each otherMuscles oppose each other AntagonisticAntagonistic

Muscles that cause the sameMuscles that cause the same

action synergistsaction synergists

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Flexor and Extensor MusclesFlexor and Extensor Muscles16


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Control of Muscle ContractionControl of Muscle Contraction

Nerves stimulate contractionNerves stimulate contraction

Somatic motor neurons stimulate skeletalSomatic motor neurons stimulate skeletalmuscles.muscles.

Axon extends from neuron cell body andAxon extends from neuron cell body andbranches to make synapses with a number ofbranches to make synapses with a number of

muscle fibers.muscle fibers.

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Control of Muscle ContractionControl of Muscle Contraction Somatic motor neuron stimulates contraction:Somatic motor neuron stimulates contraction:

releasing acetylcholine neurotransmitter (ACh).releasing acetylcholine neurotransmitter (ACh).

impulses spread along membrane and carried intoimpulses spread along membrane and carried intothe muscle fibers through the T tubulesthe muscle fibers through the T tubules

T tubules conduct impulse toward theT tubules conduct impulse toward the

sarcoplasmic reticulum, which releasesCasarcoplasmic reticulum, which releases

Ca

++++

ExcitationExcitation--contraction couplingcontraction coupling

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Structure and Function ofStructure and Function of

Vertebrate SkeletalVertebrate Skeletal

Muscle.Muscle.

The sarcomereThe sarcomere is theis the

functional unit offunctional unit of

muscle contraction.muscle contraction.Thin filamentsThin filaments consistconsist

of two strands of actinof two strands of actin

and one tropomyosinand one tropomyosin

coiled about each other.coiled about each other.

Thick filamentsThick filaments

consist of myosinconsist of myosin

molecules.molecules.

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What for theWhat for the

calcium ions?calcium ions?

Action potential.Action potential.

CaCa2+2+ is released.is released.

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Review of skeletal muscle contraction.Review of skeletal muscle contraction.22

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At rest tropomyosin blocks the myosinAt rest tropomyosin blocks the myosin

binding sites on actin.binding sites on actin.

When calcium binds toWhen calcium binds tothe troponin complexthe troponin complex

a conformational changea conformational change

results in the movementresults in the movementof the tropomyosinof the tropomyosin--

tropinin complex andtropinin complex and

exposure of actinsexposure of actins

myosin binding sites.myosin binding sites.

Calcium ions and regulatory proteins controlCalcium ions and regulatory proteins control

muscle contractionmuscle contraction

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The slidingThe sliding--filament model of musclefilament model of muscle

contraction.contraction.

Interactions between myosin and actinInteractions between myosin and actin

generate force during muscle contractionsgenerate force during muscle contractions

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Atrophy

Disuse atrophy

Dinervation atrophy

Muscular dystrophy

X-linked

Fibrosis-----connective tissue

Fibrositis-----inflammation ct

Cramps----lactic acid-reflex contraction

Muscle Tissue Disorders26

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