skills for the labor market in the phillippines

8/7/2019 Skills for the Labor Market in the Phillippines

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fltacuka tamcry fog uoevmrsety gmkrmm fs f scurbm frm jcrm ejpcrtfot eotam smrvebms smbtcrpceoteok tc aekamr tmbaoebfl rmquermjmots, flcok tamleoms ch tam upkrfgeok ch tam smrvebms smbtcr tcwfrg jcrm jcgmro fogsnell-eotmosevm suismbtcrs suba fs bcjjuoebftecos, heofobm, fog iuseomss(smm tfilm F.9).

Rujjeok up, tamsm rfoneoks sukkmst tam ejpcrtfobm ch tam hcllcweok eo ictajfouhfbtureok fog smrvebms0 bcrm snells suba fs bfpfbety tc wcrn eogmpmogmotlyfog bcjjuoebfteco, fs wmll fs prfbtebfl nocwlmgkm fog rmlftmg `ci-spmbeheb wcrn mxpmremobm> prcilmj sclveok> lmfgmrsaep fog uoevmrsety mgubfteco hcr jfofkmrs> tmfjwcrn, tejm jfofkmjmot, fog imttmr krcuogeok eo tamcry hcr

prcgubteco fog sflms stfhh.Rcjm bcrm snellssuba fs bcjjuoebfteco fogletmrfbyfog tamcrmtebfl nocwlmgkm ch tam `ci fog f uoevmrsety mgubftecofrm jcrm ejpcrtfot eo smrvebms tafo jfouhfbtureok. Waes sukkmsts taft aekamr mgubfteco rmquermjmots eo tam smrvebms smbtcr jfy wmll im fsscbe-ftmg weta fo eobrmfsmg ommg hcr scjm spmbeheb aekamr-lmvml fbfgmjeb,kmomreb, fog tmbaoebfl snells.

Eo bcjieofteco weta tam prmvecus heogeoks co mgubfteco lmvmls, tamsm fgge-tecofl heogeoks co snells pceot tc tam ejpcrtfobm taft mjplcymrs fttreiutm tc tam

81 Rnells hcr tam Lficr Jfrnmt eo tam Taeleppeoms

Rcurbm0Taeleppeoms Rnells Rurvmy 9441.

Hekurm 6.69 Nmy Bcrm Rnells iy Rmbtcr

4 = 64 6=

lfokufkmbcjputmr

wreteok

jftaomkctefteco

eoeteftevmletmrfby

lmfgmrsaep

tejm jfofkmjmot

brmftevetybcjjuoebftecoprcilmj sclveok

tmfjwcrn

eogmpmogmot wcrn

4 = 64 6=

bcjputmrwreteok

lfokufkm

jftaeoeteftevm

omkcteftecotejm jfofkmjmot

brmftevety

lmfgmrsaep

letmrfbytmfjwcrn

prcilmj sclveokbcjjuoebfteco

eogmpmogmot wcrn

Jfouhfbtureok Rmrvebms

pmrbmotpmrbmot


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ocofbfgmjeb snells gejmoseco ch mgubfteco fog trfeoeok, sukkmsteok taft burreb-ulf saculg kevm mocuka spfbm tc kmomreb fog wcrn-rmlftmg snellseoblugeok mjpafses co prfbtebfl snells.Imycog mgubfteco, et es flsc blmfr taft mxpmremobmeo tam sfjm hemlg es mxtrmjmly vflumg fs f jmfos tc fbquerm `ci-spmbehebsnells, waeba jfy rfesm sbaccl-tc-wcrn-trfoseteco essums hcr ycuok krfguftms.

Octms

6. [m tafon tam Oftecofl Rtftestebs Chhebm hcr jfneok fvfelfilm tc us tam 655;tc 9448 LHRs, fog tam Fsefo Gmvmlcpjmot Ifon hcr safreok gftf hrcj tam

@foufry rcuogs ch tam LHR hrcj tam 6514s fog 6554s, waeba frm oc lcokmrfvfelfilm hrcj tam Oftecofl Rtftestebs Chhebm eo jfbaeom-rmfgfilm hcrj.

9. F jcrm mxpfosevm gmheoeteco ch acurly wfkmgevegeok tctfl bfsa fog eo-neogpfy iy tctfl acurs wcrnmg eo hull fog pfrt gfys cvmr tam pfst qufrtmryemlgsfpprcxejftmly sejelfr vflums fs f bflbulfteco taft bcosegmrs coly tctfl acurswcrnmg eo hull gfys wcrnmg.

2. Kevmo tam stfkofot cr mvmo gmbrmfseok safrm ch snellmg wcrnmrs eo Bfjicgeffog Jcokclef.

7. Cobm fkfeo, scjm bfrm ommgs tc im tfnmo eo bcjpfreok Taeleppeoms fisclutmhekurms co safrm ch snellmg lficr tc tacsm ch ctamr Mfst Fsefo bcuotrems imbfusmch gehhmrmot gmheoetecos ch mgubfteco lmvmls.

=. Wam usufl bfvmfts fsscbeftmg weta taes jcgml frm wmll nocwo. Ets eotmrprmtf-teco ch tam bcmhhebemots fs rmprmsmoteok prevftm rftms ch rmturo tc sbaccleok gcmsoct eoblugm kcvmrojmot spmogeok co mgubfteco fog germbt cutlfys iy hfjelems,fog eostmfg fssujms taft hcrkcom mfroeoks rmprmsmot tam iuln ch prevftm bcstseo taes eovmstjmot. Et flsc gcms oct tfnm eotc fbbcuot blfss rmpmteteco, tam qufl-ety ch mgubfteco, cr uocismrvmg fielety ch eogevegufls. Gmspetm tamsm bfvmfts,

tam mstejftms ch prevftm rftms ch rmturo bfo prcvegm usmhul herst eosekats eotc tameotmrfbteco imtwmmo snells gmjfog fog supply, fog eotc bafokms cvmr tejm eotaes snells supply-gmjfog iflfobm.

8. Hcr mvegmobm hrcj Irfzel fog Jmxebc, twc bcuotrems weta lcok tejm-smrems gftfco tam rmturos tc mgubfteco, smm Ilcj, Aclj-Oemlsmo, fog Xmromr (9446). HcrFrkmoteof, smm Kecvfkocle, Heszimeo, fog Tftreocs (944=) hcr mvegmobm coeobrmfseok rmturos tc aekamr lmvmls ch mgubfteco. Hcr Rcuta Fsef, smm Yeicug,Rfvbamonc, fog Wfo (944;), waeba gcbujmots mvegmobm hrcj tam rfpeglykrcweok Eogefo mbcocjy sacweok taft imtwmmo tam mfrly 6554s fog 9447 tamrmturos tc aekamr smbcogfry rcsm hrcj 66 tc 68 pmrbmot, fog rmturos tc tmrte-fry mgubfteco rcsm hrcj 69 tc 65 pmrbmot.

;. Wam smrvebms suismbtcrs bcjpresm waclmsflm fog rmtfel trfgm> trfospcrt fogbcjjuoebftecos> heofobm fog rmfl mstftm> actmls fog rmstfurfots> fog mgubf-teco, amflta, fog scbefl bcjjuoety smrvebms.

Rnells Wrmogs eo tam Taeleppeoms 85


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1. Mxpcrteok smrvebms suismbtcrs eoblugm tam ITC smrvebms, prcvegeok aeots co tamprchelm ch Helepeocs wcrneok fircfg.

5. Eo tam survmys gmheoeteco, jfofkmrs eoblugms prchmssecofls.

64. Blmfrly mgubfteco, trfeoeok, fog mxpmremobm frm flsc f scurbm ch kmomreb fogfbfgmjeb snells, iut wm mxplcrm tamj amrm eo tam bcotmxt ch tamer rmlfteco wetatmbaoebfl snells.

Ymhmrmobms

Fljmegf, Y. 9445. Gcms tam [crnhcrbm eo Mfst Fsef Afvm tam Yekat Rnells3Mvegmobm hrcj Herj Lmvml Rurvmys. (Ymsmfrba pfpmr hcr taes rmpcrt.) Jejmc,

[crlg Ifon, [fsaeoktco, GB.

Ifutestf, B., F. Imrofrgc, fog G. Cbfjpc. 9441. [amo Ymhcrjs Gcot Wrfoshcrj0Ymhlmbtecos co Eostetutecofl Ymhcrjs eo tam Gmpfrtjmot ch Mgubfteco. AGOGesbusseco Tfpmrs Rmrems O.9. [crlg Ifon, [fsaeoktco, GB.

Ge Krcpmllc, M., fog B. Rfnmllfrecu. 9464. Eogustry fog Rnell [fkm Trmjeujseo Mfst Fsef. (Ymsmfrba pfpmr hcr taes rmpcrt.) Jejmc, [crlg Ifon,

[fsaeoktco GB.

Hmrofogms, F., fog Y. Ruogfrfj. 9441. Rnell Gmjfog fog Cpmoomss eoEogcomsef. Jejmc, [crlg Ifon, [fsaeoktco, GB.

Afrresco, F., fog K. Afosco. 6555. [ac Kfeos hrcj Wrfgm Ymhcrj3 RcjmYmjfeoeok Tuzzlms. @curofl ch Gmvmlcpjmot Mbcocjebs=50 69=6=7.

Jersaf, T., fog ]. Nujfr. 944=. Wrfgm Leimrflezfteco fog [fkm Eomquflety0Mvegmobm hrcj Eogef. EJH [crneok Tfpmr 4=/94. [fsaeoktco, GB0Eotmroftecofl Jcomtfry Huog.

Yeicug, J., U. Rfvbamonc, fog A. Wfo. 944;. Wam Nocwlmgkm Mbcocjy fog

Mgubfteco fog Wrfeoeok eo Rcuta Fsef. [fsaeoktco, GB0 Rcuta Fsef Ymkeco, [crlg Ifon.Rfobamz-Tfrfjc, B., fog O. Rbafgy. 9442. Chh fog Yuooeok0 Wmbaoclcky, Wrfgm

fog tam Yeseok Gmjfog hcr Rnellmg [crnmrs eo Lfteo Fjmrebf. Ifbnkrcuogpfpmr hcr Blcseok tam Kfp eo Mgubfteco fog Wmbaoclcky eo Lfteo Fjmrebf.

[fsaeoktco, GB0 [crlg Ifon.

Rfnmllfrecu, B. 9445. Cpmoomss fog tam Gmjfog hcr Rnellmg Lficr eo Mfst Fsef.Jejmc, Gmpfrtjmot ch Mbcocjebs, Ofoyfok Wmbaoclckebfl ]oevmrsety,Reokfpcrm.

[crlg Ifon 9464. Rafrmg Krcwta eo tam Taeleppeoms. Jejmc, [faeoktco, GB.

;4 Rnells hcr tam Lficr Jfrnmt eo tam Taeleppeoms


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;6

Waes bafptmr eovmstekftms tam jfeo grevmrs ch gmjfog hcr snells eo tambcuotry weta fo mjpafses co tam rclm ch mbcocjeb cpmoomss fog tmbaocl-cky. Wam fej es tc gmrevm hurtamr uogmrstfogeok co tam ofturm ch tamgmjfog hcr snells fog waft et bfo motfel hcr tam pfrtebulfr snells ommgmg tcsuppcrt mbcocjeb gmvmlcpjmot. [m lccn ft snells eo tmrjs ch eogermbt foggermbt jmfsurms.

Bcrrmlftms ch Eogustry fog Mgubfteco Trmjeujs

Imycog tam pcsseilm mhhmbts ch tam 655; mbcocjeb breses co rmgubeok tam rmlm-vfobm ch wetaeo-eogustry fog wetaeo-cbbupfteco gmjfog hcr snells, waft strub-turfl hfbtcrs frm greveok eogustry fog mgubfteco wfkm prmjeujs, fog tc waft mxtmot gc tamy rmhlmbt tam ejpfbts ch eobrmfseok klcifl eotmkrfteco3Wamrm es fkrcweok letmrfturm co tam mhhmbts ch eobrmfseok trfgm cremotfteco co eobrmfs-eok pfy eomquflety imtwmmo snellmg fog uosnellmg wcrnmrs. Wam rmlftevmeobrmfsm eo snells gmjfog es grevmo, et es frkumg, iy tam gehhuseco fog fgcp-teco ch snell-iefsmg tmbaoclckems eotmrjmgeftmg iy hcrmeko germbt eovmst-jmot (HGE), ejpcrts ch jfbaeomry fog mquepjmot mjicgyeok omw (fogrmlftevmly snell-useok) tmbaoclcky gmvmlcpmg eo aeka-eobcjm bcuotrems,mxpcrts tc hcrmeko jfrnmts, fog leons weta hcrmeko jfrnmts fog iuymrs(smm, hcr mxfjplm, Imrjfo, Icuog, fog Jfbaeo 6551).

B A F T W M Y 9

Grevmrs ch Gmjfog hcr Rnells


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Wam prmpcogmrfobm ch mjperebfl mvegmobm fppmfrs tc suppcrt tamaypctamses taft trfgm leimrflezfteco (fog HGE) eobrmfsms wfkm eomqufletyimtwmmo snellmg fog uosnellmg wcrnmrs (Afrresco fog Afosco 6555>Rfobamz-Tfrfjc fog Rbafgy 9442). Acwmvmr, jcrm rmbmot rmsmfrba suk-kmsts taft taes es oct flwfys tam bfsm. Klcifl eotmkrfteco eo gmvmlcpeokbcuotrems bfo metamr eobrmfsm tam rmlftevm gmjfog hcr (fog wfkms ch)snellmg wcrnmrs, mspmbeflly eh et es fbbcjpfoemg iy tam fgcpteco ch snell-useok tmbaoclckems, cr et bfo lmfg tc eotmroftecofl spmbeflezfteco (prmgebtmgiy trfgm tamcry) fog tam eobrmfsmg usm ch tam rmlftevmly fiuogfot lcwmr-snellmg wcrnhcrbm. Eo smvmrfl bcuotrems, tam mvegmobm smmjs tc suppcrt tamlfttmr prmgebteco. Hmrofogms fog Ruogfrfj (9441) heog taft mxpcrteokherjs eo Eogcomsef tmogmg tc usm jcrm lmss-snellmg wcrnmrs> Jersaf fogNujfr (944=) flsc hcuog f omkftevm bcrrmlfteco imtwmmo trfgm leimrflezf-teco fog wfkm eomquflety eo Eogef. Mstejfteok tam rmlftecosaep imtwmmotrfgm cpmoomss fog wfkm eomquflety jfy flsc im bcjplebftmg iy tam prms-mobm ch eogustry-spmbeheb wfkm gehhmrmotefls brmftmg iy pcletebfl-mbcocjyhfbtcrs (smm Rfnmllfrecu 9445).

Hcllcweok Kclgimrk fog Tfvboen (944=), wm pccl tam brcss-smbteco fog

tejm smrems ch ocrjflezmg eogustry fog mgubfteco wfkm prmjeujs, ET fogRT rmspmbtevmly, fog rmkrmss tamj fkfeost smvmrfl mxplfoftcry vfrefilms, fseo mqufteco (9)0

ET `t i W `t f LT `t m `t (9)RT `t i W `t f LT `t m `t

wamrm ` eogmxms eogustry fogt tejm, W es f vmbtcr ch cpmoomss-rmlftmg vfre-

films, LT es lficr prcgubtevety, fog m es fo mrrcr tmrj. Wam cpmoomss vfre-film es jmfsurmg iy tam safrm ch ejpcrts fog mxpcrts fs f prcpcrteco ch krcss vflum-fggmg eo tam eogustry.6 Wamsm trfgm jmfsurms, acwmvmr, frmfvfelfilm coly hcr tam jfouhfbtureok smbtcr. Eo fggeteco tc trfgm, wmeoblugm fo fkkrmkftm lficr prcgubtevety vfrefilm hcr mfba eogustry, jmfs-urmg fs tam lckfretaj ch krcss vflum-fggmg (eo bcostfot 651= pmscs)gevegmg iy tctfl mjplcyjmot, fs wmll fs f tejm trmog vfrefilm. Jcocpclyrmots, pcletebfl-mbcocjeb hfbtcrs, fog tam usm ch bfpetfl-eotmosevm prcgub-teco jmtacgs (waeba eobrmfsms tam jfrkeofl prcgubt ch lficr) jfy eoaeiet mquflezfteco fbrcss smbtcrs ch lficr prcgubtevety. Wc tam mxtmot taft tamsmhfbtcrs fg`ust coly slcwly cvmr tejm, eotmreogustry gehhmrmotefls eo lficrprcgubtevety (fog amobm tam fielety tc pfy wfkm prmjeujs) jfy pmrsest cvmr tejm.



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Mqufteco (9) es mstejftmg iy CLR hcr fll 92 smbtcrs eo fkrebulturm,eogustry, fog smrvebms bcjieomg, fog smpfrftmly iy trfgmg fog ocotrfgmgsmbtcrs (oct rmpcrtmg amrm, smm fppmogex tfilm F.68). [m eoblugm f (6,4)eogebftcr vfrefilm hcr ocotrfgmg eogustrems, waeba fbts fs f bcotrcl vfre-film hcr tam lfbn ch mxpcrt fog ejpcrt gftf eo tam ocotrfgmg eogustrems.Wam rmsults frm rmpcrtmg eo tfilm 9.6.

Eogustry prmjeujs frm pcsetevmly bcrrmlftmg weta ejpcrt pmomtrfteco fog eotmreogustry gehhmrmobms eo lficr prcgubtevety.Wam rmsults co eogustry prm-jeujs frm ircfgly sejelfr hcr jcgmls mstejftmg useok metamr snell gmheoe-teco (smbcogfry mgubfteco fog ficvm cr scjm tmrtefry mgubfteco fogficvm). Wamy sukkmst taft eogustry prmjeujs (preobepflly eo jfouhfbtur-eok) frm sekoehebfotly aekamr tam krmftmr tam ejpcrt pmomtrfteco, waelmtamrm es oc fsscbefteco imtwmmo eogustry prmjeujs fog mxpcrt safrms. Wamrmsults flsc sukkmst taft eotmreogustry gehhmrmobms eo lficr prcgubtevetyafvm fo eogmpmogmot ejpfbt co eogustry prmjeujs, bcotrclleok hcr tammhhmbts ch trfgm vfrefilms. Eogustrems weta ficvm-fvmrfkm lficr prcgubtev-ety frm sekoehebfotly jcrm lenmly tc pfy aekamr wfkm prmjeujs, ctamrtaeoks imeok mqufl. Waes rmsult tmogs tc sukkmst taft ft lmfst pfrt ch tam

Grevmrs ch Gmjfog hcr Rnells ;2

Wfilm 9.6 Bcrrmlftms ch Eogustry fog Mgubfteco [fkm Trmjeujs

EogustryTrmjeuj6

EogustryTrmjeuj9

Mgubfteco[fkm Trmjeuj6

Mgubfteco[fkm Trmjeuj9

Ejpcrt safrm 4.477* 4.471** 4.468 4.428*(9.47) (2.65) (4.;2) (9.2=)

Mxpcrt safrm 4.467 4.466 4.462 4.469(4.=2) (4.86) (4.75) (4.82)

Gujjy uotrfgmg smbtcrs 4.488 4.4=7* 4.466 4.491(6.;1) (9.41) (4.24) (6.47)

Lck(lficr prcgubtevety) 4.4==*** 4.4;4*** 4.42=** 4.445(7.;8) (1.;;) (2.4=) (6.41)

Wejm 4.446 4.442* 4.44;*** 4.449(4.98) (6.5;) (2.2;) (6.91)

Bcostfot 4.921*** 4.994*** 4.49 4.49=(2.1;) (=.62) (4.22) (4.=8)

Oujimr ch cismrvftecos 921 921 921 921Y-squfrmg 4.69= 4.299 4.418 4.4=7

Rcurbm0Taeleppeom Lficr Hcrbm Rurvmy.Octms06. Trmjeuj 6 es ifsmg co tam gmheoeteco ch snells fs scjm smbcogfry mgubfteco fog ficvm, fog Trmjeuj 9co tam gmheoeteco ch snells fs scjm tmrtefry mgubfteco fog ficvm.9. t-Rtftestebs eo pfrmotamsms imlcw mstejftmg bcmhhebemots.2. *, **, fog *** frm stftestebflly sekoehebfot ft tam 64, =, fog 6 pmrbmot lmvmls, rmspmbtevmly.7. Rmm tmxt hcr gmheoetecos ch nmy vfrefilms. Rmm fppmogex hcr rmkrmssecos iy trfgmg fog ocotrfgmg smbtcrs.


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eogustry smkjmotfteco jfy rmhlmbt lficr prcgubtevety gehhmrmotefls, prc-vegeok eogebftecos ch f jcrm bcjpmtetevm lficr jfrnmt tafo tam mve-gmobm eo Mstejftms ch Eogustry fog Mgubfteco Trmjeujs eo bafptmr 6wculg sukkmst.

Ejpcrt pmomtrfteco, acwmvmr, es omkftevmly bcrrmlftmg weta mgubfteco wfkm prmjeujs (eo leom weta rmkecofl mvegmobm). Lenmwesm, tam rmsults hcr mgubf-teco wfkm prmjeujs frm ircfgly sejelfr hcr tam twc snell gmheoetecos,fltacuka tam rmkrmsseco het ch icta jcgmls es rmlftevmly wmfn. Ejpcrt pmo-mtrfteco es wmfnly (sekoehebfot ft tam 64 pmrbmot lmvml) fsscbeftmg wetalcwmr snell wfkm prmjeujs useok tam snell gmheoeteco ch scjm tmrtefry mgu-bfteco fog ficvm, waelm tamrm es oc fsscbefteco imtwmmo mxpcrts fog metamrsnell wfkm prmjeuj. Eotmreogustry gehhmrmotefls eo lficr prcgubtevety bco-teoum tc afvm f pcsetevm mhhmbt co mgubfteco wfkm prmjeujs, iut frm stf-testebflly sekoehebfot coly hcr tam snells gmheoeteco ch smbcogfry mgubftecofog ficvm. Wam omkftevm rmlfteco imtwmmo ejpcrt pmomtrfteco fog mgubf-teco wfkm prmjeuj es flsc bcoherjmg wetaeo f ircfgmr foflyses pccleoktckmtamr fkrebulturm, jeoeok, fog jfouhfbtureok gftf fbrcss Eogcomsef, tamTaeleppeoms, Wafelfog, fog Xemtofj cvmr tejm, fog uogmrtfneok icta lmvmls

fog herst-gehhmrmobm mstejftecosbcoherjeok taft taes es f rmkecofl trmog(smm tfilms F.6; fog F.61).

Eo suj, trfgm eotmkrftecotarcuka ejpcrtsafs kmomrflly rmsultmg eo f pcsetevm ejpfbt co cvmrfll eogustry wfkm lmvmls (waeba jfy rmeohcrbm smkjmo-tfteco) iut afs f wmfnly omkftevm ejpfbt co mgubfteco wfkm prmjeujs. Waesbcoherjs f lfbn ch snell-iefsmg tmbaoebfl bafokm tarcuka taes bafooml eo greveok gmjfog hcr snells, pcsseily rmlftmg tc lcw snell eotmosety ch tam jfouhfbtureok smbtcr fog tam lcw-tmba ofturm ch ejpcrts. Wam foflysms ch eogustry fog wfkm

prmjeujs fppmfr tc sukkmst taft krcweok trfgm eotmkrfteco eo tam Taeleppeomsafs kmomrflly afg f pcsetevm ejpfbt co cvmrfll eogustry wfkm lmvmls, iut taft tamsm mhhmbts wmrm grevmo lfrkmly iy eobrmfseok ejpcrt pmomtrftecorftamr tafo tarcuka mxpcrts. Wam mhhmbts ch trfgm co tam rmlftevm rmturos tcmgubfteco (bcotrclleok hcr eogustry prmjeujs) frm oct strcok, fog tam mve-gmobm es taft reseok ejpcrt pmomtrfteco wmfnly rmgubms mgubfteco wfkmprmjeujs. Wam hfbt taft eogustry prmjeujs frm hcuog tc im jcrm rmspco-sevm tafo mgubfteco wfkm prmjeujs tc ejpcrt pmomtrfteco jfy sukkmst taft trfgm rmhcrj saculg im fbbcjpfoemg iy jmfsurms taft rmgubm lficrjfrnmt smkjmotfteco fog hfvcr lficr rmfllcbfteco fbrcss smbtcrs. Wam mhhmbt ch ejpcrt pmomtrfteco co mgubfteco wfkm prmjeujs jfy sukkmst, fjcokctamr hfbtcrs, taft tam jfouhfbtureok smbtcr es eobrmfseokly spmbeflezmg eolcw-snell prcgubteco, f rmsult bcosestmot weta prmvecus tfiulfr fog krfpaebflfoflysms sacweok gmbleoeok trmogs cvmr tejm eo mgubfteco wfkm prmjeujs



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eo jfouhfbtureok. 9 Wam foflysms flsc sacw taft eogustry fog, tc f lmssmrmxtmot, mgubfteco wfkm prmjeujs frm flsc safpmg iy eotmreogustry lficrprcgubtevety gehhmrmotefls.

Wamsm foflysms useok eogevegufl lmvml gftf frm sukkmstevm iut lejetmgimbfusm lficr hcrbm cr acusmaclg survmys prcvegm oc eohcrjfteco ficut tamer mjplcymrs cr tam trfgm fog tmbaoclcky fttreiutms ch tam bcjpfoemseo waeba tamy wcrn. Waes jfnms et gehhebult tc peo gcwo jcrm gmheoetmlytam bfusfl gmjfog-segm hfbtcrs taft frm sukkmstmg ficvm. Wc rmjmgy taeslejetfteco, tam foflyses omxt turos tc fo eovmstekfteco ch tamsm gmjfog-segm grevmrs useok motmrpresm-lmvml gftf.

Grevmrs ch Gmjfog hcr Rnells eo Jfouhfbtureok

Eo taes smbteco, wm mxfjeom waft grevms gmjfog hcr snells eo tam jfouhfb-tureok smbtcr useok tam 9442 Eovmstjmot Blejftm Rurvmy fog tam safrm ch snellmg wcrnmrs fs tam gmpmogmot vfrefilm. Eo tam omxt smbteco, wm usm tammjplcymr snell survmy hcr f jcrm qufletftevm foflyses ch grevmrs ch gmjfoguseok icta mgubfteco fog trfeoeok fog germbt jmfsurms ch snells.

Waes foflyses bcjplmjmots tam com ficvm useok mgubfteco wfkm prmje-ujs tc kmt f hullmr pebturm ch tam grevmrs ch tam gmjfog hcr snells eo jfo-uhfbtureok.2 Fs ficvm, ch pfrtebulfr eotmrmst es wamtamr snells upkrfgeok eotam wcrnplfbm es imeok grevmo iy cpmoomss0 tam eobrmfsmg mxpcsurm ch tamTaeleppeoms mbcocjy tc tam eotmroftecofl mbcocjy, wamtamr tarcukatrfgm, HGE hlcws, cr trfoshmrs ch omw tmbaoclcky.

Klciflezfteco ch prcgubteco fog bfpetfl fog tam eobrmfsmg klcifl hlcwch eohcrjfteco jfgm pcsseilm iy omw eohcrjfteco fog bcjjuoebfteco

tmbaoclckems (EBW) brmftm gmjfog hcr aekamr-lmvml bckoetevm snells fog hcrbcoteoucus lmfroeok cvmr tam wcrn lehm> snells fbquermg eo sbaccls fog eotam wcrnplfbm imbcjm cisclmtm jcrm quebnly, fog omw fog jcrm bcjplmxsnells frm ommgmg tc rmspcog tc fbbmlmrfteok tmbaoclckebfl bafokm. Wamfbbujulfteok mvegmobm hrcj icta aeka-eobcjm fog gmvmlcpeok bcuotremses taft krmftmr cpmoomss es fsscbeftmg weta snell-iefsmg tmbaoclckebflbafokm (Imrjfo, Icuog, fog Jfbaeo 6551). [m eovmstekftm tam rclm ch cpmoomss fog tmbaoclcky fs pcsseilm grevmrs ch gmjfog hcr snells eo tamjfouhfbtureok smbtcr iy mstejfteok f lficr gmjfog jcgml co motmrpresm-lmvml gftf hrcj tam 9442 Taeleppeoms Eovmstjmot Blejftm Rurvmy.

[m hcllcw Imrjfo mt fl. (6557) Tfvboen (9442), fog Hf`ozylimr fogHmrofogms (9447) fog mstejftm f rmlftevm gmjfog hcr snellmg lficrjcgml. Wam jcgml es gmrevmg hrcj tam fssujpteco taft herjs bacsm tamervfrefilm eoputssnellmg fog uosnellmg lficriy jeoejezeok f rmstrebtmg

Grevmrs ch Gmjfog hcr Rnells ;=


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vfrefilm bcst huobteco sui`mbt tc fo cutput bcostrfeot fog useok f trfoslckhuobtecofl hcrj hcr lckfretajeb vfrefilm bcsts. Lmt Rafrm

esrmprmsmot tam

prcpcrteco ch snellmg lficr eo herj e hrcj smbtcr s (cr, fltmroftevmly, lmt Rafrmesrmprmsmot tam safrm ch snellmg lficr eo tam tctfl wfkm iell)> tamo tamsafrm ch snellmg lficr bfo im gmbcjpcsmg fs hcllcws0

(2)

wamrmws /wu es tam rmlftevm wfkm ch snellmg vmrsus uosnellmg wcrnmrs,U es esvflum-fggmg,Nes es bfpetfl, Q es frm herj-spmbeheb bafrfbtmrestebs, fogm eses fherj-spmbeheb mrrcr tmrj. Octm taft tam wfy bfpetfl fog vflum-fggmg frmmotmrmg eotc tam mqufteco fllcw us tc mstejftm germbtly f pfrfjmtmrmxprmsseok rmturos tc sbflm (k y), weta f pcsetevm bcmhhebemot co tam vflum-fggmg tmrj eogebfteok eobrmfseok rmturos tc sbflm. F pcsetevm bcmhhebemot ch tam bfpetfl tc vflum-fggmg rftec wculg eogebftm taft bfpetfl fog snells frmbcjplmjmots.

Wam nmy vfrefilms ch eotmrmst frm tam herj-spmbeheb bafrfbtmrestebs. Wamy

well fllcw us tc mstejftm acw juba lficr gmjfog es fhhmbtmg iy bafrfb-tmrestebs suba fs smbtcr, typm ch cwomrsaep (hcrmeko vmrsus oftecofl bfpe-tfl), tam fjcuot ch eoputs (cutputs) ejpcrtmg (mxpcrtmg), fog pcsseilyprcxy jmfsurms hcr usm ch omw tmbaoclcky. Tcsetevm bcmhhebemots co tamherj-spmbeheb bafrfbtmrestebs rmlftmg tc cpmoomss fog tc usm ch omw tmba-oclcky wculg im bcosestmot weta snell-iefsmg tmbaoclckebfl bafokm.7

Wam rmlftevm lficr (cr snells) gmjfog jcgml es mstejftmg useok tam 9442Taeleppeoms Eovmstjmot Blejftm Rurvmy (EBR). Jcrm gmtfels co tam survmy

fog tam gmtfels ch tam mstejfteco jmtacgclcky ch mqufteco (2) frm prc-vegmg eo icx 9.6 hcr tam eotmrmstmg rmfgmr.F suisfjplm ch ficut =84 EBR herjs weta rmlftevmly blmfo gftf hcr tam

nmy vfrefilms gmsbreimg ficvm wfs smlmbtmg hcr foflyses. Wam sujjfrystftestebs hcr tamsm motmrpresms frm rmpcrtmg eo tfilm F.65. Wfilm 9.9rmpcrts tam rmsults ch mstejfteok tam lficr gmjfog jcgml hcr snellmglficr, gmheomg fs eoblugeok jfofkmrs fog prchmssecofls (bclujos 62) crfltmroftevmly fs eoblugeok jfofkmrs, prchmssecofls, fog snellmg prcgubtecowcrnmrs (bclujos 78). Hcr mfba snellmg lficr gmheoeteco, tarmm jcgmlspmbehebftecos wmrm mstejftmg0 (bclujos 6 fog 7) tam ifsm gmjfogjcgml> (bclujos 9 fog =) tam ifsm jcgml weta tam mogckmocus vfrefilmseostrujmotmg, tam ejpcrtmg safrm ch rfw jftmrefls, fog tam safrm ch mxpcrts eo prcgubteco> fog (bclujos 2 fog 8) tam eostrujmotmg jcgml,mxblugeok rmlftevm snell wfkms.

Rafrmes : + + + + + lo( )lo( )

( )lo( )

lo( )ww

NN

U Q s

us

nes

es y es es

lo es



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Grevmrs ch Gmjfog hcr Rnells ;;

Icx 9.6

Cvmrvemw ch 9442 Taeleppeoms EBR fog Jmtacgclckych Mstejfteco

Wam rmlftevm lficr (cr snells) gmjfog jcgml es mstejftmg useok tam 9442 TaeleppeomsEBR. Bcjjco tc ctamr EBRs hemlgmg iy tam [crlg Ifon, = tam Taeleppeoms EBR mlebetmgeohcrjfteco co tam bafrfbtmrestebs ch tam motmrpresm fog ets baemh mxmbutevm chhebmr(BMC)> ets wcrnhcrbm, eoblugeok snells bcjpcseteco fog fvmrfkm wfkms pfeg iycbbupfteco> fog prcgubteco eoputs fog cutputs ommgmg tc mstejftm f lficr

gmjfog jcgml. Wam EBR flsc rmpcrtmg eohcrjfteco co smvmrfl pctmoteflly usmhuljmfsurms ch cpmoomss0 hcrmeko cwomrsaep (HGE), mxpcrts tc hcrmeko jfrnmts, usm ch ejpcrtmg rfw jftmrefls, jmfsurms ch tmbaoclcky suba fs usm ch bcjputmrs, fogrmbmot eotrcgubteco ch omw prcgubteco prcbmssms.

Wam Taeleppeoms EBR eoblugmg ;68 motmrpresms hrcj hcur jfouhfbtureok smbtcrs0hccg fog hccg prcbmsseok (9;6 motmrpresms), tmxtelms (86), kfrjmots (98;), fogmlmbtrcoebs fog mlmbtrebfl jfbaeomry (66;). Waes sfjplm wfs grfwo hrcj oeomprcveobms8 fog bcvmrmg motmrpresms eo hevm sezm bftmkcrems0 motmrpresms weta 6465,

9495, =455, 644755, fog =44 fog jcrm mjplcymms. Wam sfjplm sezm ch tam EBRes taus rmlftevmly sjfll, weta tam ejplebfteco taft tam bcmhhebemots ch tam rmlftevmlficr gmjfog jcgml well im mstejftmg rmlftevmly ejprmbesmly, mspmbeflly weta jess-eok vflums hcr scjm ch tam nmy vfrefilms.

Wam Taeleppeoms EBR gcms oct rmpcrt mjplcyjmot cr wfkms iy lmvml ch mgubf-teco. Wamsm gftf frm rmpcrtmg coly iy hevm cbbupftecofl krcups0 jfofkmrs, prchms-secofl mjplcymms, snellmg prcgubteco, uosnellmg prcgubteco, fog ocoprcgubtecowcrnmrs. Acwmvmr, tamrm es f bcrrmlfteco weta mgubftecofl fttfeojmot. Co fvmrfkm,jfofkmrs fog prchmssecofls afvm jcrm tafo 67 ymfrs ch mgubfteco, snellmg prc-gubteco wcrnmrs afvm 66 ymfrs, uosnellmg wcrnmrs afvm jcrm tafo 5 ymfrs, fogocoprcgubteco wcrnmrs afvm 66 ymfrs ch mgubfteco. [m gmheom snellmg fog uosnellmgwcrnmrs eo twc wfys. Herst, wm trmft jfofkmrs fog prchmssecofl mjplcymms fssnellmg wcrnmrs fog tam rmjfeoeok cbbupftecos fs uosnellmg. F smbcog, jcrmmxpfosevm gmheoeteco eoblugms snellmg prcgubteco wcrnmrs weta jfofkmrs fog prc-hmssecofls eo tam snellmg wcrnmr bftmkcry. [eta tamsm gmheoetecos eo afog, wm bcj-putm tam snellmg safrm ch tctfl mjplcyjmot fog tam snellmg safrm ch tam tctfl wfkmiell, smpfrftmly hcr tam twc snellmg wcrnmr vfrefilm gmheoetecos.

Wam gmheoetecos ch tam ctamr mbcocjeb vfrefilms eo tam lficr gmjfog jcgmlfrm rmlftevmly strfekathcrwfrg. Wam bfpetfl-cutput fog vflum-fggmg vfrefilms (eolckfretajs) frm rmfgely mstejftmg hrcj tam gmtfelmg prcgubteco eoput fog cutput

(bcoteoumg)


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Icx 9.6 (bcoteoumg)

gftf mlebetmg iy tam EBR. [m bflbulftm tam vflum-fggmg ch tam motmrpresm iy suitrfbt-eok tam vflum ch rfw jftmrefls fog momrky usm hrcj tam vflum ch prcgubteco, fog usmtam iccn vflum ch hexmg fssmts fs f prcxy hcr bfpetfl stcbn. Heoflly, wm bflbulftm rmlf-tevm wfkms fs tam rftec ch tam lckfretaj ch jmfo wfkms ch snellmg fog uosnellmgwcrnmrs hcr mfba ch tam twc snell gmheoetecos.

[m bcosegmr smvmrfl herj bafrfbtmrestebs. Herst, wm bafrfbtmrezm motmrpresms iywamtamr tamy afvm hcrmeko cwomrsaep useok f (6,4) eogebftcr vfrefilm hcr foy HGE.[m rmhlmbt tam mgubftecofl fttfeojmot ch tam BMC iy eoblugeok tarmm bftmkcrebfleogebftcr vfrefilms hcr scjm uoevmrsety mgubfteco, uoevmrsety gmkrmm, fog pcst-krfguftm quflehebftecos. (Wam cjettmg vfrefilm bftmkcry es aeka sbaccl cr lmss.) Wctmst hcr snell-iefsmg tmbaoclckebfl bafokm, wm eoblugm smvmrfl jmfsurms ch cpmo-omss0 mxpcrts fs f safrm ch tctfl prcgubteco fog tam safrm ch ejpcrts eo tctfl rfwjftmrefls usmg. [m flsc germbtly tmst twc jmfsurms ch tam herjs tmbaoclckebflbfpfbetytam safrm ch wcrnmrs useok bcjputmrs eo tam wcrnplfbm, fog fo eogebf-tcr vfrefilm hcr wamtamr tam motmrpresm eotrcgubmg omw tmbaoclcky cvmr tam pfsthcur ymfrs taft suistfoteflly bafokmg tam herjs prcgubteco.

Heoflly, wm bcostrubt eostrujmotfl vfrefilms hcr rmlftevm wfkms fog cpmoomss,vfrefilms taft frm tacukat tc im pctmoteflly mogckmocus. Octeok taft wfkms vfrysystmjftebflly iy smbtcr fog mspmbeflly herj sezm, wm bcjputm eogustry-iy-sezmjmfo wfkms hcr snellmg fog uosnellmg wcrnmrs fog ejputm tam bcrrmspcogeokfkkrmkftm rmlftevm wfkm tc mfba herj iy eogustry fog herj sezm. Rejelfrly, eo plfbmch tam herj-spmbeheb cpmoomss jmfsurms, wm ejputm tc mfba herj tam bcrrmspco-geok eogustry-iy-prcveobm jmfo vflums ch mxpcrt fog ejpcrt safrms.

Wfilm 9.9 Lficr Gmjfog Jcgml Rnellmg [crnmr Rafrm ch Mjplcyjmot

Gmpmogmot vfrefilm0Mjplcyjmot safrmch snellmg wcrnmrs

Jfofkmrsfog Trchmssecofls

Jfofkmrs, Trchmssecofls,fog Rnellmg

Trcgubteco [crnmrs

(6) (9) (2) (7) (=) (8)Mgubfteco ch BMC

Rcjm uoevmrsety 4.447 4.496 4.461 4.666 4.644 4.455(4.66) (4.89) (4.=2) (6.;=) (6.14) (6.;;)

Gmkrmm 4.46; 4.499 4.496 4.66; 4.4=2 4.4=2(4.14) (4.5=) (4.15) (9.;4)** (6.2;) (6.28)Tcstkrfguftm gmkrmm 4.462 4.426 4.491 4.421 4.445 4.448

(4.71) (6.47) (4.52) (4.;9) (4.61) (4.69)

(bcoteoumg)


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Wfilm 9.9 Lficr Gmjfog Jcgml Rnellmg [crnmr Rafrm ch Mjplcyjmot

Gmpmogmot vfrefilm0Mjplcyjmot safrmch snellmg wcrnmrs

Jfofkmrsfog Trchmssecofls

Jfofkmrs, Trchmssecofls,fog Rnellmg

Trcgubteco [crnmrs

(6) (9) (2) (7) (=) (8)Herj es hcrmeko-cwomg 4.46= 4.449 4.441 4.49; 4.49; 4.49;

(4.;2) (4.41) (4.2=) (4.8=) (4.81) (4.81)Ymlftevm snell wfkm 4.498 4.655

(9.6=)* (7.;9)**Eostrujmot - rmlftevm

wfkm ^fZ 4.79= 4.==9

(9.95)* (6.78)Lck(bfpetfl/

vflum-fggmg) 4.448 4.469 4.44; 4.494 4.442 4.446(4.24) (4.75) (4.24) (4.=4) (4.4;) (4.46)

Lck(vflum-fggmg) 4.448 4.44= 4.44= 4.448 4.446 4.442(6.1=) (6.97) (6.91) (4.59) (4.61) (4.79)

Rafrm ch ejpcrtmgrfw jftmrefls 4.425 4.425

(6.5;)* (4.15)Rafrm ch sflms

mxpcrtmg 4.49= 4.696(6.2=) (2.47)**

Eostrujmot - ejpcrtsafrm îZ 4.4=9 4.481 4.456 4.646

(6.24) (6.;2) (6.28) (6.=9)Eostrujmot - mxpcrt

safrm îZ 4.466 4.44= 4.998 4.976(4.2;) (4.94) (7.;4)** (=.6;)**

Wmbaoclcky prcxems% wcrnmrs useok

bcjputmrs 4.678 4.68= 4.685 4.495 4.445 4.466(=.95)** (7.16)** (7.52)** (4.75) (4.6=) (4.65)

Eotrcgubmg omwtmbaoclcky 4.469 4.429 4.422 4.429 4.462 4.469

(4.55) (9.68)* (9.94)* (6.92) (4.=9) (4.7;)Bcostfot 4.994 4.859 4.615 4.169 6.652 4.=88

(7.51)** (2.41)** (7.66)** (1.8;)** (9.;2)** (;.28)**Cismrvftecos 799 =41 =41 2== =41 =41Y-squfrmg 4.66 4.45 4.41 4.94 4.67 4.62

Rcurbm09442 Taeleppeoms EBR.Octm0Fisclutm vflum ch t-stftestebs eo pfrmotamsms. * sekoehebfot ft = pmrbmot> ** sekoehebfot ft 6 pmrbmot.Cjettmg krcups frm gcjmsteb-cwomg herjs weta mgubfteco ch BMC lmss tafo uoevmrsety.^fZ Jmfo smbtcr-iy-sezm rmlftevm snell wfkm (hcur smbtcrs fog hevm herj-sezm bftmkcrems).îZ Jmfo prcveobm-iy-smbtcr ejpcrt cr mxpcrt safrms (oeom prcveobms fog hcur smbtcrs).

(bcoteoumg)

Grevmrs ch Gmjfog hcr Rnells ;5


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Rnells gmjfog es oct eohlumobmg iy tam mgubftecofl fttfeojmot ch tam BMCcr tam hcrmeko cwomrsaep ch tam herj. Rmvmrfl rmsults mjmrkm hrcj tfilm 9.9taft frm bcjjco fbrcss jcgml spmbehebftecos fog gmheoetecos ch snellmglficr. Herst, tamrm es lettlm mvegmobm taft snells gmjfog es eohlumobmg metamriy tam mgubftecofl fttfeojmot ch tam BMC cr iy tam hcrmeko cwomrsaepch tam herj. Et wfs aypctamsezmg taft herjs weta jcrm mgubftmg jfofkmrscr weta HGE jekat im jcrm eobleomg tc mokfkm eo eotmroftecofl fbtevetemsfog taus aerm jcrm snellmg lficr, ctamr taeoks imeok mqufl. Rmbcog, tambcmhhebemots ch tam bfpetfl-cutput fog vflum-fggmg vfrefilms wmrm omvmrstftestebflly sekoehebfot. Fs suba, tamrm es oc mvegmobm (ft lmfst eo taes sfj-plm) taft bfpetfl fog snells frm bcjplmjmots, fog taft tamrm frm eobrmfs-eok rmturos tc sbflm eo snells usm. Heoflly, tam snellmg safrm ch mjplcyjmot es omkftevmly rmlftmg tc rmlftevm snell wfkms,; waeba es bcosestmot weta tamprmgebteco ch prebm tamcry. [amo rmlftevm snell wfkms frm eostrujmotmg,taes omkftevm prebm-qufotety rmlftecosaep pmrsests fog es fbtuflly qufotetf-tevmly lfrkmr tafo eo tam ifsm jcgml.

[eta tam bfvmft ch mogckmomety, tam rmsults flsc prcvegm scjm mvegmobmtaft rmlftevm snells gmjfog es eohlumobmg iy icta usm ch tmbaoclcky fog

cpmoomss tc trfgm. Wmbaoclcky- fog mxpcrt-eotmosevm jfouhfbtureok herjsgmjfog jcrm snellmg lficr, waeba bculg im fsscbeftmg weta bcjpcsetecomhhmbts (mxpcrt-cremotmg fog tmbaoclcky-eotmosevm jfouhfbtureok herjs frmjcrm snell eotmosevm) cr snell-iefsmg tmbaoclckebfl bafokm tarcuka fbbmss tctmbaoclcky fog mxpcrts. Wamsm rmsults vfry iy gmheoeteco ch snellmg lficr,weta tmbaoclcky imeok jcrm ejpcrtfot hcr tam rmlftevm gmjfog hcrjfofkmrs fog prchmssecoflstam jcst aekaly mgubftmg krcupsfogtrfgm imeok jcrm ejpcrtfot hcr snellmg lficr gmheomg jcrm ircfgly tc

eoblugm snellmg prcgubteco wcrnmrs.Waes es fppfrmot hrcj f bcjpfresco ch tam sekos fog bcmhhebemots ch tamtrfgm cpmoomss fog tmbaoclcky jmfsurms hcr tam twc snellmg lficr gmheoe-tecos. Hcr jfofkmrs fog prchmssecofls, tam safrm ch mxpcrts es omvmr stfteste-bflly sekoehebfot, fog tam safrm ch ejpcrts es metamr stftestebflly eosekoehebfot cr omkftevm fog sekoehebfot (flcok tam leoms ch tam wfkm prmjeuj foflyses),f rmsult taft pmrsests wamo trfgm jmfsurms frm eostrujmotmg. Wam tmbaocl-cky jmfsurms, acwmvmr, frm pcsetevm fog stftestebflly sekoehebfot hcr tamsafrm ch wcrnmrs useok bcjputmrs. (Ymbmot eotrcgubteco ch omw tmbaocl-cky es flsc pcsetevm fog jfrkeoflly sekoehebfot eo com jcgml spmbehebfteco.)Eo bcotrfst, tam mxpcrt safrm es pcsetevmly fog sekoehebfotly rmlftmg tc tamrmlftevm gmjfog hcr snellmg lficr, ircfgly gmheomg (fog sekoehebfobm es bco-herjmg mvmo fhtmr tam eobluseco ch herj sezm tc rulm cut taft sezm, jcrm tafomxpcrt cremotfteco, es bcrrmlftmg weta aekamr gmjfog hcr snells). Ometamr


105/274

Grevmrs ch Gmjfog hcr Rnells 16

tmbaoclcky jmfsurm fttfeos stftestebfl sekoehebfobm hcr snellmg lficr ircfglygmheomg.

Wam foflysms wmrm flsc rmplebftmg useok gmpmogmot vfrefilms gmheomg eotmrjs ch tam safrm ch snellmg lficr eo tam tctfl wfkm iell fs cppcsmg tc tctflmjplcyjmot. Wam rmsults (fog bcoblusecos) ch mstejfteok tamsm fltmroftevmjcgml spmbehebftecos frm ircfgly uobafokmg, fog tam mstejftms frm sejplyrmpcrtmg wetacut hurtamr bcjjmot eo fppmogex tfilm F.94.

Wam rmsults co tam mhhmbts ch mxpcrts fog tmbaoclcky co tam gmjfog hcr snellseo tam Taeleppeoms frm kmomrflly eo leom weta waft es hcuog eo fo foflyses pccl-eok tam herj EBR gftf fbrcss fll bcuotrems eo tam Mfst Fsef rmkeco tc egmotehytam mhhmbts ch cpmoomss fog tmbaoclcky fgcpteco co gmjfog hcr snells cvmr flfrkmr sfjplm sezm. Eo taes ircfgmr smtteok, acwmvmr, tam pcsetevm rmlfteco-saep imtwmmo mxpcrts fog gmjfog hcr snells es vfleg coly wamo Baeof esmxblugmg hrcj tam sfjplm fog eogustry hexmg mhhmbts frm bcotrcllmg hcr.Wam smt ch rmlmvfot rmkrmssecos es rmpcrtmg eo tfilm F.96.

Rnells, Mxpcrt Cremotfteco, fog Wmbaoclckyeo tam Mjplcymr Rnell Rurvmy

Waes smbteco mxplcrms jcrm qufletftevm rmlftecosaeps imtwmmo gmjfog hcrsnells, tmbaoclcky, fog mxpcrt cremotfteco useok tam rmsults ch tam mjplcymrsnell survmy.

Ymspcogmots tc tam Taeleppeoms Rnells Rurvmy wmrm fsnmg tc lest tamjfeo rmfscos hcr tamer omw aerms fog gesjessfls cvmr tam pfst ymfr fog hcreobrmfseok snells rmquermjmots> mjplcymrs wmrm fllcwmg julteplmrmspcosms. Wam hcllcweok tfilms fog hekurms sacw tam hrmqumoby gestreiu-

tecos ch rmfscos betmg hcr omw aerms fog gesjessfls, fog snells rmquermjmots,smpfrftmly iy smbtcr.Aerms frm grevmo iy tam ommg tc rmplfbm hcrjmr mjplcymms fog aekamr

gmjfog, iut flsc iy tam snells rmquermjmots hrcj omw, aekamr-quflety prcg-ubts fog prcgubteco jmtacgs, pceoteok tc tmbaoclcky-rmlftmg rmfscos. Wampreobepfl rmfsco hcr omw aerms (fog hcr gesjessfls) es tc rmplfbm hcrjmrmjplcymms wac rmseko cr frm lmt kc, f rftecoflm chhmrmg iy jcst motmrpresmsrmkfrglmss ch smbtcr. Ctamr tafo rmplfbmjmots, aereok es grevmo iy aekamrgmjfog, snells rmquermjmots ch omw prcgubteco jmtacgs, fog aeka-qufletyfog omw prcgubts (ficut 2= pmrbmot). Waes lfst smt ch hfbtcrs pceots tcgmjfog hcr snells rmlftmg tc tmbaoclcky eoocvfteco fog fgcpteco.Gesjessfls frm grevmo iy gmbleoeok gmjfog> mbcocjeb gcwoturos> lficrrmguogfobems> fog, hcr jfouhfbtureok herjs, bafokeok snells rmquermjmotshrcj omw prcgubts. Wam sfjm rfoneok ch rmfscos hcr aerms fog gesjessfls


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Wfilm 9.2 Jfeo Ymfscos hcr Omw Aerms fog Gesjessfls eo Tfst 69 Jcotas

Ymfscos hcr Omw Aermsfog Gesjessfls

Omw Aerms (%) Gesjessfls (%)Wctfl Eogustry Rmrvebms Wctfl Eogustry Rmrvebms

Omw prcgubteco jmtacgs 5.6 66.= ;.1 9.= 2.7 6.;Ymsekofteco ch mjplcymms 2;.2 29.2 74.4 ==.= 7;.= 82.2Eobrmfsmg/gmbrmfsmg gmjfog 96.8 98.6 65.9 64.5 6=.2 8.;Gmjfog aeka-quflety prcgubt 6=.= 67.8 6=.5 9.= 2.7 6.;Omw snells hrcj omw prcgubts 5.5 5.9 64.9 2.7 8.1 4.4Ymguogfoby 6.8 4.1 9.4 1.7 1.= 1.2Omw cwomrsaep 6.2 6.= 6.9 4.4 4.4 4.4Mbcocjeb upturo/gcwoturo 2.; 2.1 2.; 68.1 6=.2 61.2 Wctfl 644 644 644 644 644 644


bcoteoums tc aclg ircfgly wamo tam rmspcosms iy smbtcr frm hurtamr ges-teokuesamg iy mxpcrt cremotfteco (oct sacwo amrm).

Wmbaoclcky-rmlftmg rmfscos frm flsc bcosegmrmg tc im strcok gmtmrjeofots ch tam eobrmfseok snells rmquermjmots. Wamrm es flsc bcoherjfteco ch tam ejpcrtfobmch kmomreb snells. Ficut =4 pmrbmot ch jfouhfbtureok herjs bcoherj tamejpcrtfobm ch tmbaoclcky (ejpcrtmg cr gmvmlcpmg ft acjm) eo greveok snellsrmquermjmots fog 14 pmrbmot tam ejpcrtfobm ch aekamr-quflety stfogfrgs.Wam rclm ch ejpcrtmg tmbaoclcky fog aeka-quflety stfogfrgs es pfrtebulfrly

Hekurm 9.6 Ymfscos hcr Yeseok Rnells Ymquermjmots iy Rmbtcr fog Ruismbtcr

4

94

748414

644

694

o m w

t m b a o

c l c k y

e j p c

r t m g

o m w

t m b a g

m v m l c

p m g

a c j m

b a f o

k m e o

w c r n

p l f b m

c r k f o

e z f t e c

o

a e k a

m r q u

f l e t y

s t f o g

f r g s

j c r m

b c j p

m t e t e v

m

m o v e r

c o j m

o t

eogustry bamjebfls & plfstebs jfbaeomry & futc pfrts smrvebms

% c

h h e r j s

Rcurbm0Taeleppeoms Rnell Rurvmy 9441.


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Hekurm 9.9 Bafokms eo [crn Crkfoezfteco Lmfgeok tc Yeseok Rnells Ymquermjmots(% ch herjs)

4

94

74

84

1 4

644

eogustry smrvebms

l m s s r c u

t e o m t

f s n s

l m s s s

p m b e f l e s t

g u t e m

s

j c r m

b l e m o t b m o t m

r m g

j c r m t

m f j w

c r n

j c r m

h l m x e i l m

s t r u b

t u r m

j c r m r c c j

h c r

e o o c v f

t e c o

j c r m

j f o f k

m j m o

t

r m s p c o s

e i e l e t m

s

` c i r

c t f t e c

o

u s m c h b

c j p u

t m r s


strcok eo bamjebfls fog jfbaeomry fog mlmbtrcoebs. [aelm ejpcrtmg fog

lcbflly gmvmlcpmg tmbaoclcky frm flsc fsscbeftmg weta eobrmfsmg snellsrmquermjmots hcr 74 pmrbmot ch smrvebms herjs, aeka-quflety stfogfrgs afvmf strcokmr rmlftevm rclm eo tam smbtcr. Ctamr rmfscos hcr eobrmfsmg snellsrmquermjmots eoblugm tam bcjpmtetevm movercojmot (pceoteok tc tam rclmch klciflezfteco fog bcjpmteteco eo moafobeok snells gmjfog) fog, tc flmssmr mxtmot, bafokms eo wcrnplfbm crkfoezfteco. Eotmrmsteokly, usm ch bcj-putmrs es com ch tam nmy bafokms eo wcrn crkfoezfteco lmfgeok tc aekamr snellsrmquermjmots, pceoteok fkfeo tc tmbaoclcky-rmlftmg rmfscos (hekurm 9.9).Wmfjwcrn fog blemot cremotfteco frm fggetecofl strcok rmfscos, pceoteok tctam ejpcrtfobm ch kmomreb snells.

Wamrm fppmfrs tc im hurtamr suppcrt taft mxpcrt cremotfteco es fsscbeftmg weta aekamr snells rmquermjmots eo icta tam jfouhfbtureok fog smrvebms smb-tcrs. Eo tam smrvebms smbtcr, taes trmog bceobegms weta fo eobrmfseok plfbmjmot ch uoevmrsety krfguftms fircfg . Hekurms 9.2 fog 9.7 gesfkkrmkftm tam mgubf-tecofl gestreiutecos ch aerms fog gesjessfls iy mxpcrt cremotfteco tc mxfj-eom tam prcpcseteco taft mxpcrteok herjs afvm aekamr snells rmquermjmotstafo ocomxpcrtmrs imbfusm ch tamer krmftmr mxpcsurm tc omw tmbaoclckems,

quflety rmquermjmots, fog eotmroftecofl bcjpmteteco. Wamrm fppmfrs tc imsuppcrt hcr taes aypctamses eo icta smbtcrs. Eo jfouhfbtureok, aereoks iymxpcrtmrs eoblugm f aekamr safrm ch `cis weta tmbaoebfl fog bcllmkmrmquermjmots tafo gesjessfls> acwmvmr, gesbafrkms iy ocomxpcrteok herjseoblugm aekamr safrms ch `cis weta bcllmkm, uoevmrsety, fog pcstkrfguftm


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rmquermjmots tafo tamer aerms. Rejelfrly, eo smrvebms, mxpcrtmrs aereok eshcbusmg co `cis rmquereok uoevmrsety mgubfteco, waelm tamer gesjessfls frmbcobmotrftmg co `cis rmquereok bcllmkm> fjcok ocomxpcrteok smrvebmsherjs, tam mgubftecofl gestreiutecos ch aerms fog gesbafrkms frm ircfgly


Hekurm 9.2 Mgubfteco ch Omw Aerms fog Gesjessfls iy Mxpcrts Jfouhfbtureok

4

64

94

24

74

=4

p

m r b m o t c

h t c t f

l o m w

a e r m s

ocomxpcrtmr4

64

94

24

74

=4

p m r b m o t c

h t c t f

l g e s j

e s s f

l s

prejfry smbcogfry vcbftecofl tmbaoebfl

bcllmkm uoevmrsety pcstkrfg

mxpcrtmr ocomxpcrtmr mxpcrtmr


Hekurm 9.7 Mgubfteco ch Omw Aerms fog Gesjessfls iy Mxpcrts Rmrvebms

4

94

74

84

1 4

644

p m r b m o t c

h t c t f

l o m w

a e r m s

ocomxpcrtmr4

94

74

84

1 4

644

p m r b m o t c

h t c t f

l g e s j

e s s f

l s

mxpcrtmr ocomxpcrtmr mxpcrtmr





109/274

Grevmrs ch Gmjfog hcr Rnells 1=

sejelfr. Waes lfst heogeok bfo flsc ellustrftm tam eobrmfseok tmogmobytcwfrg tam plfbmjmot fircfg ch uoevmrsety krfguftms bcjeok hrcj f vfre-mty ch prchmssecos, eoblugeok tmfbamrs, gcbtcrs, fog oursms, waeba es hur-tamr ellustrftmg iy fo foflyses eo tam omxt bafptmr ch tam prchelm ch Helepeocs wcrneok fircfg.

Waes mvegmobm es bcoherjmg wamo lccneok ft omt aerms. Mxpcrtmrs afvm aekamr mgubftecofl rmquermjmots, weta pfrtebulfr hcbus co tmrtefry tmbaoebfl mgubftecofog bcllmkm eo jfouhfbtureok fog co uoevmrsety eo smrvebms. Hekurm 9.= prms-mots tam mgubftecofl gestreiutecos ch omt aerms iy smbtcr fog mxpcrt cremo-tfteco. Eo jfouhfbtureok, mxpcrtmrs co omt frm helleok f aekamr prcpcrtecoch omw cis weta pcstsmbcogfry tmbaoebfl, bcllmkm, fog uoevmrsety krfguftmsfs bcjpfrmg weta ocomxpcrtmrs> eo tam smrvebms smbtcr, omt aerms fjcokmxpcrtmrs frm prmgcjeofotly hcbusmg co uoevmrsety krfguftms fs bcjpfrmgweta ocomxpcrtmrs, wac, co omt, hell pcsetecos hrcj smbcogfry krfguftmsfog tacsm weta scjm bcllmkm fog uoevmrsety gmkrmms. Wam bcrrmlftecoimtwmmo mxpcrt cremotfteco fog snells eotmosety aclgs flsc fhtmr bcotrcl-leok hcr herj sezm (stfogfrgezmg bcjpfrescos). Fs bfo flsc im smmo hrcj fbcjpfresco ch tam gesfkkrmkftecos ch mgubftecofl gestreiutecos iy sezm fog

hekurm 9.=, mxpcrt cremotfteco bfpturms jcrm tafo `ust sezm.Heoflly, fo foflyses ch bcrm snells iy mxpcrt cremotfteco sacws bcjjcofle-

tems iut flsc scjm gehhmrmobms eo gmsermg snells iy smbtcr, eoblugeok pfrtebulfr rmlmvfobm ch prcilmj sclveok, brmftevety, fog lmfgmrsaep snells eo tam mxpcrt-cremotmg smbtcr . Fo foflyses ch bcrm snells iy mxpcrt cremotfteco sacws aekamr


Hekurm 9.= Mgubfteco Gestreiuteco ch Omt Aerms iy Mxpcrt Cremotfteco

4

94

74

84

1 4

644

p m r b m o t c

h t c t f

l o m t

a e r m s

ocomxpcrtmr mxpcrtmr ocomxpcrtmr mxpcrtmr

Eogustry

4

94

74

84

1 4

644

p m r b m o t c

h t c t f

l o m t

a e r m s

Rmrvebms




110/274


prmmjeomobm ch prcilmj sclveok, brmftevety, fog lmfgmrsaep eo tam mxpcrt-cremotmg smbtcr, iut jcrm mjpafses kevmo tc tmfjwcrn fog bcjjuoebf-teco eo tam ocomxpcrteok com (hekurm 9.8). Rtrfokmly, lfokufkm es bcosegmrmgtc im lmss ejpcrtfot eo tam mxpcrteok smbtcr, iut taes prcifily rmlftms tcaekamr nocwlmgkm lmvmls eo taft smbtcr (fs flsc sacwo eo tam kfp smbteco),waeba jfnms Moklesa f tfnmo-hcr-krfotmg snell. Heoflly, prfbtebfl snells fogmxpmremobm frm pfrtebulfrly ejpcrtfot hcr tam ocomxpcrteok smbtcr, waelmtam mxpcrteok smbtcr puts tam aekamst vflum co prfbtebfl snells, hcllcwmg iymqufl vflum co tamcry, mxpmremobm, fog lcbfl gmkrmm.

Rujjeok up, tam rmkrmssecos fog jcrm qufletftevm rmsults eogebftm taft jcrm mxpcrt fog tmbaoclckebflly eotmosevm herjs frm fsscbeftmg weta aekamr lmv-mls ch snellsfog tam rmlftecosaep weta ejpcrts smmjs tc kc eo tam cppcsetmgermbteco. [aelm mxpcrt cremotfteco eo smrvebms fog tmbaoclcky eoocvftecofog/cr fgcpteco cvmrfll smmj tc im fsscbeftmg weta aekamr-lmvml fbfgmjebfog ocofbfgmjeb snellsfs ellustrftmg iy tam pcsetevm rmlftecosaep wetajfofkmrs fog prchmssecofls (tmbaoclcky) fog uoevmrsety gmkrmms (mxpcrts)mxpcrt cremotfteco eo jfouhfbtureok smmjs rftamr tc im fsscbeftmg wetaeotmrjmgeftm fbfgmjeb fog ocofbfgmjeb snellsfs ellustrftmg iy tam

Hekurm 9.8 Bcrm Rnells iy Mxpcrt Cremotfteco

4 = 64 6= 4 = 64 6=

bcjputmrwreteok

lfokufkm

jfta

eoeteftevm

omkctefteco

lmfgmrsaep

brmftevety

letmrfbytejm jfofkmjmot

prcilmj sclveok

tmfjwcrn

bcjjuoebfteco

eogmpmogmot wcrn

lfokufkmbcjputmr

wreteok

jfta

eoeteftevm

omkctefteco

tejm jfofkmjmot

letmrfby

lmfgmrsaepbrmftevety

tmfjwcrn

bcjjuoebfteco

prcilmj sclveok

eogmpmogmot wcrn

Ocomxpcrtmr Mxpcrtmr

pmrbmotpmrbmot



111/274

Grevmrs ch Gmjfog hcr Rnells 1;

pcsetevm rmlftecosaep weta snellmg prcgubteco wcrnmrs fog bcllmkm/tmba-oebfl mgubfteco.

Wam rmlftecosaep egmotehemg (eo tam Taeleppeoms fog mlsmwamrm) imtwmmeotrcgubteco/fgfptfteco ch omw tmbaoclckems fog snells buts icta wfys, weta

herjs weta aekamr safrms ch aekaly snellmg lficr jcrm fpt tc eoocvftm.Rejelfrly, herjs weta aekamr safrms ch snellseotmrjmgeftm cr fgvfobmg,gmpmogeok co tam smbtcrfrm flsc jcrm prmpfrmg tc bcjpmtm eotmrofteco-flly. Rnells frm lenmly tc jfnm fo mvmo iekkmr gehhmrmobm hcr jfouhfbtureoksuismbtcrs weta aekamr vflum-fggmgsuba fs mlmbtrcoebs, bamjebfls, fogmvmo fkrc-eogustryfog smrvebms suba fs heofobm fog iuseomss smrvebms(eoblugeok tam rfpegly gmvmlcpeok bfll bmotmrs), wamrm imeok eoocvftevmfog jfeotfeoeok bcjpmtetevmomss frm pfrtebulfrly brubefl tc tam survevfl ch tam smbtcr. ]ohcrtuoftmly, eo scjm ch tamsm suismbtcrs, et es pfrtebulfrly geh-hebult tc heog tam rekat snells.

Ocofbfgmjeb kmomreb snells suba fs prcilmj sclveok, brmftevety, fog lmfg-mrsaep frm sacwo tc im pfrtebulfrly ejpcrtfot eo tam mxpcrteok smbtcr, sukkmst-eok taft, ft fo eotmrjmgeftm cr fgvfobmg lmvml, tamsm frm scjm ch tam nmy snellstaft tam smbtcr lccns hcr wamo aereok wcrnmrs weta bmrtfeo mgubfteco fog

quflehebfteco lmvmls.Imycog tam ejpcrtfobm ch kmomreb snells, et es lckebfl tcprmsujm taft bmrtfeo hemlgs ch mgubfteco suba fs sbemobm, tmbaoclcky,jfta, ofturfl sbemobms, fog mlmbtrcoebspfrtebulfrly ft jfstmrs fog TaGlmvmlswculg flsc im pfrtebulfrly usmhul tc suppcrt tmbaoclckebfl eooc-vfteco fog fgfptfteco.

Octms

6. Wam tejm smrems gftf co trfgm hlcws iy eogustry wmrm tfnmo hrcj tam [crlgIfons Wrfgm, Trcgubteco fog Trctmbteco gftfifsm fssmjilmg iy Oebetf fogClfrrmfkc (9448) co 91 tarmm-geket EREB jfouhfbtureok eogustrems hcr jcrmtafo 644 bcuotrems. Wam gftf co fkrebulturfl trfgm fog krcss vflum-fggmg iyeogustry bfjm hrcj tam ORBI, fog tctfl mjplcyjmot iy eogustry wfs bcj-putmg hrcj tam tejm-smrems LHR.

9. Fog flsc weta tam gmbleoeok mjplcyjmot safrm ch trfospcrt fog jfbaeomryseobm 6551 (Eotmroftecofl Lficur Crkfoezfteco fog lficr hcrbm survmy).

2. [crneok weta mgubfteco/eogustry prmjeujs fllcws us tc egmotehy supply-

fog gmjfog-segm gmtmrjeofots ch wfkm bafokms ch gehhmrmot krcups ch eoge-vegufls> tam foflyses ch rmlftevm wfkm trmogs jfnms typebfl usm ch tam jcrmwegmly fvfelfilm acusmaclg survmy gftf, waeba jmfsurm snells fs mgubftecobafrfbtmrestebs. Acwmvmr, stugems taft try tc mxplfeo trmogs eo rmlftevm wfkmsch snellmg/uosnellmg lficr just gmfl weta tam prcilmj taft wfkms frm sejul-tfomcusly gmtmrjeomg iy supply fog gmjfog, fog taus, wfkm trmogs flcom


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frm oct mocuka tc sacw waft es afppmoeok weta tam gmjfog hcr snells. Cotam ctamr afog, lficr hcrbm bcjpcseteco stugems (useok metamr snellmg lficrmjplcyjmot safrms cr wfkm-iell safrm ch snellmg wcrnmrs) prcvegm f germbt jmfsurm ch tam bafokeok snell jex ch tam lficr hcrbm, waeba bcjplmjmots tamcismrvftecos co wfkm prmjeujs0 eh icta eobrmfsm hcllcweok klciflezfteco, wmbfo sfy hcr surm taft gmjfog hcr snellmg lficr es eobrmfseok. Rmbcog, iy jfn-eok usm ch herj survmys cr bmosusms, fs tamy typebflly gc, tamsm stugems fllcwhcr f reba rmprmsmotfteco ch snells, ifsmg co `ci rmquermjmots jcrm tafofttreiutms ch eogevegufls, fog cpmoomss eogebftcrs (octfily HGE), waeba bfoflsc im smmo fs f bcjplmjmot tc tam herst fpprcfba. Heoflly, iy tfneok tam herjfs tam uoet ch foflyses, tamsm stugems wcrn weta jcrm cismrvftecos, jfneok et mfsemr tc gc smpfrftm bcuotry foflysms.

7. Wam ficvm rmkrmsseco well ommg tc im eotmrprmtmg weta bfuteco fs rmlftevmwfkms fog herj-spmbeheb bafrfbtmrestebs, suba fs fjcuot ch ejpcrts fogmxpcrts, frm lenmly tc im mogckmocus. Eo pfrtebulfr, rmlftevm wfkms ft herjlmvml frm lenmly tc im f huobteco ch tam safrm ch snellmg wcrnmrs ft herj lmvml.Wc fggrmss taes prcilmj, wm jmfsurm rmlftevm wfkms ft smbtcr fog oct herjlmvml. Foctamr cpteco, hcllcwmg eo jcst ch tam rmlftmg letmrfturm, es sejply tcmxblugm jmfsurms ch rmlftevm wfkms hrcj tam rmkrmsseco. Wc fggrmss tam lenmly

mogckmomety ch tam cpmoomss-rmlftmg vfrefilms, wm plfo tc hcllcw tarmm jfeostrftmkems. Herst, hcllcweok Tfvboen (9442), wm well bcotrcl hcr uocismrvmgbafrfbtmrestebs bcjjco tc fo frmf cr eogustry, waeba bculg fhhmbt icta tamgmjfog hcr snells fog tam cpmoomss-rmlftmg herj-spmbeheb vfrefilms, iy eoblug-eok frmf fog eogustry eogebftcrs. Rmbcog, wm well eoblugm fs jfoy bcotrcl vfre-films fs pcsseilm tc bfpturm herjs bafrfbtmrestebs. Eo pfrtebulfr, wm well bcotrclhcr tam quflety ch tam herj jfofkmr (tarcuka aes mgubfteco lmvml), fssujeoktaft jcrm film jfofkmrs wculg im jcrm lenmly tc mokfkm eo eotmroftecoflfbtevetems, fog ft tam sfjm tejm im jcrm prcom tc aerm snellmg lficr. [aelm

tamsm fpprcfbams sclvm pfrt ch tam prcilmj (tam amtmrckmomety iefs), wm frmlmht weta suspmbtmg rmvmrsm bfusflety, eo waeba herjs weta jcrm snellmg lficrfrm flsc jcrm lenmly tc im mokfkmg eo eotmroftecofl fbtevetems eo tam herst plfbm.F taerg fpprcfba, bcjjcoly usmg eo tam letmrfturm, well tamrmhcrm try tc jfnmusm ch eostrujmotfl vfrefilms, frmf- cr eogustry-lmvml cpmoomss-rmlftmg vfre-films suba fs tfrehh rftms fog mxpcrt safrms, tc rmplfbm herj-lmvml vfrefilms.

=. EBRs afvm immo uogmrtfnmo iy tam [crlg Ifon eo jcrm tafo 74 gmvmlcp-eok bcuotrems. Mfba EBR eoblugms eohcrjfteco co mstfilesajmot sezm (ouj-imr ch mjplcymms, sflms fog fssmts)> ymfrs eo cpmrfteco> sflms, gmit, fog

krcwta pmrhcrjfobm> scurbms ch heofobm> fog f jex ch qufletftevm fogqufotetftevm fssmssjmots iy mjplcymrs ch tam iuseomss movercojmot eo tambcuotry, eoblugeok eogebftcrs ch kcvmrofobm, prmgebtfielety ch mbcocjebpcleby, tam `ugebefl systmj, fbbmss tc heofobm, fog kmomrfl bcostrfeots tciuseomss cpmrftecos.


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8. Wam oeom prcveobms frm Iftfokfs, Bfvetm, Bmiu, Gfvfc, Lfkuof, Jfoelf,Vumzco, Yezfl, fog tam Oftecofl Bfpetfl Ymkeco (OBY) mxblugeok Jfoelf.

;. Wam jcrm snellmg wcrnmrs tamrm frm eo f herj, tam lcwmr es tamer jfrkeofl prcg-ubt rmlftevm tc taft ch uosnellmg wcrnmrs.

Ymhmrmobms

Imrjfo, M., @. Icuog, fog R. Jfbaeo. 6557. Ejplebftecos ch Rnell-IefsmgWmbaoclckebfl Bafokm0 Eotmroftecofl Mvegmobm, OIMY [crneok Tfpmrs 8688,Oftecofl Iurmfu ch Mbcocjeb Ymsmfrba, Eob., Bfjiregkm, JF.

Imrjfo, M., @. Icuog, fog R. Jfbaeo. 6551. Ejplebftecos ch Rnell-IefsmgWmbaoclckebfl Bafokm0 Eotmroftecofl Mvegmobm.Vufrtmrly @curofl ch Mbcocjebs662 (7)0 697=69;5.

Hf`ozylimr, Tfilc, fog Fof Jfrkfregf Hmrofogms. 9447. Eotmroftecofl MbcocjebFbtevetems fog tam Gmjfog hcr Rnellmg Lficr0 Mvegmobm hrcj Irfzel fog Baeof.Tcleby Ymsmfrba [crneok Tfpmr Rmrems 2798, [crlg Ifon, [fsaeoktco, GB.

Hmrofogms, F., fog Y. Ruogfrfj. 9441. Rnell Gmjfog fog Cpmoomss eoEogcomsef. Jejmc. [crlg Ifon, [fsaeoktco, GB.

Kclgimrk, T. N., fog O. Tfvboen. 944=. Wrfgm, [fkms, fog tam Tcletebfl Mbcocjych Wrfgm Trctmbteco0 Mvegmobm hrcj tam Bclcjiefo Wrfgm Ymhcrjs.@curofl ch Eotmroftecofl Mbcocjebs880 ;=64=.

Afrresco, F., fog K. Afosco. 6555. [ac Kfeos hrcj Wrfgm Ymhcrj3 RcjmYmjfeoeok Tuzzlms. @curofl ch Gmvmlcpjmot Mbcocjebs=50 69=6=7.

Jersaf, T., fog ]. Nujfr. 944=. Wrfgm Leimrflezfteco fog [fkm Eomquflety0Mvegmobm hrcj Eogef. EJH [crneok Tfpmr 4=/94. [fsaeoktco, GB0Eotmroftecofl Jcomtfry Huog.

Oebetf, F., fog J. Clfrrmfkc. 9448. Wrfgm, Trcgubteco fog Trctmbteco 65;89447. [fsaeoktco, GB0 Gmvmlcpjmot Mbcocjebs Ymsmfrba Krcup (Wrfgm), [crlgIfon.

Tfvboen, O. 9442. [aft Mxplfeos Rnell ]pkrfgeok eo Lmss Gmvmlcpmg Bcuotrems3@curofl ch Gmvmlcpjmot Mbcocjebs;60 266291.

Rfobamz-Tfrfjc, B., fog O. Rbafgy. 9442. Chh fog Yuooeok0 Wmbaoclcky, Wrfgmfog tam Yeseok Gmjfog hcr Rnellmg [crnmrs eo Lfteo Fjmrebf. Ifbnkrcuogpfpmr hcr Blcseok tam Kfp eo Mgubfteco fog Wmbaoclcky eo Lfteo Fjmrebf.

[fsaeoktco, GB0 [crlg Ifon.

Rfnmllfrecu, B. 9445. Cpmoomss fog tam Gmjfog hcr Rnellmg Lficr eo Mfst Fsef.Jejmc, Gmpfrtjmot ch Mbcocjebs, Ofoyfok Wmbaoclckebfl ]oevmrsety, Reokfpcrm.


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56

Eo taes bafptmr, wm pursum tam qumsteco ch wamtamr gcjmsteb herjs fogsmbtcrs frm flrmfgy hfbeok snells kfps, fog eh sc, waft fog wamrm tam jfeosnells kfps frm. ]seok vfbfoby gftf eo tam Taeleppeoms Rnells Rurvmy, wm bfl-bulftm smvmrfl eogebftcrs ch snells kfps fog jesjftbams, eoblugeok gehhebul-tems eo rmbruetjmot ch snellmg lficr, vfbfobems iy `ci typm fog mgubftecolmvml, fog tejm tfnmo tc hell vfbfobems. [m tamo jcvm co tc fo foflyses ch rmfscos hcr tam snells kfpsicta mgubfteco fog ocomgubfteco rmfscos

fog hurtamr foflyses ch snells kfps useok jmfsurms ch huobtecofl snells tckmt f imttmr uogmrstfogeok ch quflety fog rmlmvfobm-rmlftmg kfps eo tambcuotry (taft es, waeba snells frm lfbneok tam jcst).

Xfbfobems fog Rnells Kfps

Wam snells survmy fsnmg mjplcymrs ficut icta burrmot `ci vfbfobems fogtamer mxpmremobms weta vfbfobems cvmr tam pfst ymfr. Wam herst qumsteco

prcvegms f sofpsact ch tam stcbn ch fll burrmot vfbfobems eo bcosegmrfilmgmtfel, waelm tam smbcog qumsteco es jcrm bcobmromg weta tam hlcw ch `civfbfobems, `ci fpplebftecos, fog aereok cvmr tam pfst ymfr. [m usm ictatypms ch gftf tc tmfsm cut gehhmrmot rmsults.

B A F T W M Y 2

Rnells Kfps


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Burrmot @ci Xfbfobems [m stfrt weta f ircfg-irusa pebturm ch burrmot vfbfobems0 tam nmy ci tetlmsrmpcrtmg iy mjplcymrs fog tamer mgubftecofl rmquermjmots, tam mjplcymrspmrbmptecos co tam gehhebultems ch helleok `ci vfbfobems, fog nmy rmfscos hcrsnells sacrtfkms. Ruismqumotly, wm turo tc vfbfobems cvmr tam pfst ymfr,wamtamr fog tc waft mxtmot tamy wmrm hellmg cvmr tam pfst ymfr, fog foyrmjfeoeok snells kfps. [m bcoblugm weta fo foflyses ch tam fjcuot ch tejmtfnmo tc hell vfbfobems.

Wfilm 2.6 sacws tam jcst bcjjco `ci tetlms ch burrmot vfbfobemslestmg iy hrmqumoby ch betfteco iy mjplcymrs. Wckmtamr, tam jcst bcjjco

`ci tetlms tctfl ficut tarmm-qufrtmrs ch fll burrmot vfbfobems. Wamy eoblugmvfbfobems eo heofobm, sflms fog jfrnmteok, EW fog systmj mokeommrs, fogjfofkmjmot, fs wmll fs tmbaoebefos, jmbafoebs, wfrmacusmjmo, jfbaeomcpmrftcrs, fog uosnellmg `cis suba fs grevmrs, wfetmrs, fog bccns. [m bfu-teco taft tamsm bcjjcoly betmg `ci tetlms gc oct rmhlmbt tam fbtufl ouj-imr ch vfbfobems fvfelfilm, waeba bfo vfry wegmly fbrcss mfba `ci tetlmbetmg. (Wam suismqumot foflysms ch vfbfobems cvmr tam pfst ymfr tfnm taeseotc fbbcuot.)

[eta taes bfvmft, tam tfilms imlcw sacw tam mgubftecofl rmquermjmotsch fll `ci tetlms hcr waeba tamrm frm vfbfobems. Wfilm 2.9 sacws tamuowmekatmg gestreiutecos hcr smvmo mgubftecofl bftmkcrems, smpfrftmly hcr


Wfilm 2.6 Yfoneok ch Jcst Bcjjco @ci Wetlms eo Burrmot Xfbfobems

@ci Wetlms ch Burrmot XfbfobemsOujimr ch Motmrpresms

Beteok XfbfobemsTmrbmot ch Wctfl @ci Wetlms Betmg

Wrmfsurmr/Fbbcuotfot/Heofobm Chhebmr 21 6=.5

Rflms Ymprmsmotftevm 26 62.4EW/Rystmj Mokeommr 99 5.9Jfofkmr/Mxmbutevm/Rupmrvescr 65 ;.5Jfrnmteok Fssestfot 62 =.7Blmrn 64 7.9 Wmbaoebefo/ Jmbafoeb 64 7.9Netbamo Rtfhh ; 9.5Grevmr/Bcogubtcr 8 9.=Ifrestf/[fetmr 8 9.= Wmfbamr/Jcgmrftcr/Kuegfobm 8 9.=Jfofkmjmot Wrfeomm = 9.6Bfsaemr = 9.6[frmacusmjmo/Jfbaeom Cpmrftcr = 9.6

Rcurbm0Taeleppeoms Rnells Rurvmy 9441.Octm0Jcst bcjjco `ci tetlms smlmbtmg co tam ifses ch tctfleok ;= pmrbmot ch fll `ci tetlms betmg. Wamy gc octrmhlmbt tam oujimr ch vfbfobems.


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jfouhfbtureok fog smrvebms, fog iy herj sezm. Fs octmg prmvecusly, herjsezm es gmheomg iy mjplcyjmot0 sjfll weta hmwmr tafo =4 wcrnmrs, jmgeujweta =4 tc 9=4 wcrnmrs, fog lfrkm weta jcrm tafo 9=4 wcrnmrs. Wfilm 2.2hurtamr gesfkkrmkftms tamsm gestreiutecos iy herj mxpcrt stftus tc kfeo

eosekats eotc wamtamr burrmot `ci vfbfobems fog tamer mgubftecofl rmquerm-jmots frm safpmg iy herjs mxpcrt cremotfteco.

Rmrvebms smbtcr `ci vfbfobems frm jcrm lenmly tc rmquerm aekamr mgubftecofl quflehebftecos tafo eo tam jfouhfbtureok smbtcr, fog eo kmomrfl, tamrm es scjmmvegmobm ch mgubfteco-lmvml eohlfteco eo tam bcuotry.F uoevmrsety mgubftecoes rmquermg hcr imtwmmo 24 pmrbmot fog =4 pmrbmot ch fll `ci tetlms eo jfo-uhfbtureok fog imtwmmo =4 pmrbmot fog ;9 pmrbmot ch `ci tetlms eo smrvebms.Waes es typebflly hcllcwmg iy `cis rmquereok f bcllmkm mgubfteco, fltacuka

tamrm frm vfreftecos fbrcss smbtcrs fog iy herj sezm. Hcr mxfjplm, sjflljfouhfbtureok herjs tmog tc afvm vfbfobems eo `cis rmquereok pcstsmb-cogfry vcbftecofl mgubfteco, waelm tamer lfrkmr bcuotmrpfrts frm jcrmlenmly tc afvm vfbfobems eo tmrtefry tmbaoebfl mgubfteco. Eo pfrt, tam aekamgubftecofl rmquermjmotsbmrtfeoly aeka eo bcjpfresco weta tam rmst ch tam rmkecormhlmbt tam ocostfogfrg gmheoeteco ch mgubfteco lmvmls fog fbmrtfeo gmkrmm ch mgubfteco-lmvml eohlfteco eo tam bcuotry. Hcr mxfjplm,tam smbcogfry mgubfteco byblm eo tam Taeleppeoms es vmry sacrt. Rcjmpcstsmbcogfry fog tmrtefry eostetutecosoctfily bcllmkmsbculg mfselyim rmblfssehemg fs smbcogfry cr pcstsmbcogfry eostetutecos rftamr tafo tmr-tefry coms. Tmrafps fs f bcosmqumobm, mjplcymrs chtmo rmquerm uoevmrsetykrfgufteco mvmo hcr pcsetecos taft gc oct rmquerm suba quflehebftecos.

Wamrm es scjm mvegmobm taft mxpcrt-cremotmg herjs tmog tc afvm vfbfobems eo `cis taft afvm aekamr mgubftecofl rmquermjmots tafo ocomxpcrteok herjs.Waes

Rnells Kfps 52

Wfilm 2.9 Mgubftecofl Ymquermjmots ch Burrmot @ci Xfbfobems

Lmvml ch Mgubfteco

Jfouhfbtureok (%) Rmrvebms (%)

Rjfll Jmgeuj Lfrkm Rjfll Jmgeuj Lfrkm

Trejfry 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4Rmbcogfry 1.2 68.; 4.4 1.2 62.4 5.=Tcstsmbcogfry

vcbftecofl 9=.4 1.2 5.6 4.4 9.9 7.1 Wmrtefry tmbaoebfl 4.4 7.9 61.9 1.2 4.4 4.4Foy bcllmkm 68.; 2;.= 9;.2 9=.4 62.4 21.6]oevmrsety =4.4 95.9 7=.= =1.2 ;6.; 7;.8Tcstkrfguftm 4.4 7.9 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 Wctfl 644.4 644.4 644.4 644.4 644.4 644.4



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trmog kmomrflly aclgs fbrcss smbtcr fog iy herj sezm. Eo jfouhfbtureok, hcrmxfjplm, ficut 1= pmrbmot ch vfbfot `ci tetlms eo jmgeuj-sezm mxpcrtmrsrmquerm bcllmkm cr uoevmrsety mgubfteco> acwmvmr, ocomxpcrteok jmgeuj-

sezm herjs gevegm vfbfot `cis mquflly imtwmmo bcllmkm fog uoevmrsety(=4 pmrbmot) fog smbcogfry fog pcstsmbcogfry vcbftecofl mgubfteco(=4 pmrbmot). Eo smrvebms, f sejelfr pfttmro mjmrkms hcr jmgeuj-sezm herjs.Fjcok mxpcrtmrs, 644 pmrbmot ch `ci tetlms weta vfbfobems rmquerm bcllmkmcr uoevmrsety, fs bcjpfrmg weta 19 pmrbmot hcr ocomxpcrtmrs, waeba flscrmquerm smbcogfry fog pcstsmbcogfry vcbftecofl mgubfteco hcr tam rmjfeo-eok 61 pmrbmot ch tamer vfbfot ci tetlms. Waes foflyses flsc bcoherjs taft tamaekamr mgubfteco rmquermjmots hcr mxpcrteok herjs frm oct rmlftmg tc sezm,fs sacwo iy stfogfrgezmg (wetaeo sezm) bcjpfrescos ch herjs.

Gehhebulty Heogeok RnellsMjplcymrs wmrm fsnmg tc rfon tam gehhebulty ch heogeok tam rekat snells tc hellvfbfobems eo sex cbbupftecofl bftmkcrems0 germbtcrs fog jfofkmrs, prchms-secofls, fgjeoestrftevm pmrscooml, sflms wcrnmrs, snellmg prcgubteco, fog


Wfilm 2.2 Mgubftecofl Ymquermjmots ch Burrmot Xfbfobems iy Rmbtcr, Rezm, fogMxpcrt Cremotfteco

Jfouhfbtureok

Rjfll (%) Jmgeuj (%) Lfrkm (%)

Ocomxpcrtmr Mxpcrtmr Ocomxpcrtmr Mxpcrtmr Ocomxpcrtmr Mxpcrtmr

Trejfry 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4Rmbcogfry 4.4 69.= 24.4 ;.6 4.4 4.4Tcstsmbcogfry

Xcbftecofl 9=.4 9=.4 94.4 4.4 9=.4 4.4 Wmrtefry tmbaoebfl 4.4 4.4 4.4 ;.6 4.4 91.8Foy bcllmkm 4.4 9=.4 24.4 79.5 9=.4 91.8]oevmrsety ;=.4 2;.= 64.4 79.5 =4.4 79.5Tcstkrfguftm 4.4 4.4 64.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 Wctfl 644 644 644 644 644 644RmrvebmsTrejfry 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4Rmbcogfry 1.1 4.4 6=.7 4.4 8.2 94.4Tcstsmbcogfry

vcbftecofl 4.4 4.4 9.8 4.4 8.2 4.4 Wmrtefry tmbaoebfl 1.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4Foy bcllmkm 98.= 4.4 69.1 67.2 72.1 94.4]oevmrsety ==.5 644.4 85.9 1=.; 72.1 84.4Tcstkrfguftm 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 Wctfl 644 644 644 644 644 644



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uosnellmg wcrnmrs. [m gmheom f (6,4) gehhebulty eogebftcr vfrefilm weta fvflum ch 6 eh tamer rfoneoks wmrm rftamr gehhebult cr vmry gehhebult, fog 4ctamrwesm.

Herjs eo icta tam smrvebms fog jfouhfbtureok smbtcrs afvm gehhebultems heog-eok tam rekat snells hcr helleok vfbfobems hcr fgjeoestrftevm stfhh, prchmssecofls,fog jfofkmrs/germbtcrs. Bamjebfls, trfgm, fog heofobm frm scjm ch tamjcst bcostrfeomg suismbtcrs. Hekurm 2.6 sacws tam pmrbmotfkm ch herjstaft rfonmg burrmot vfbfobems eo mfba cbbupftecofl bftmkcry fs imeok geh-hebult tc hell, smpfrftmly iy smbtcr. Mjplcymrs eo icta smbtcrs rfonmg tamgehhebulty ch helleok `ci vfbfobems fs imeok rmlftevmly lcw hcr sflms, snellmgprcgubteco, fog uosnellmg wcrnmrs (kmomrflly lmss tafo 94 pmrbmot), fogrmlftevmly aeka (jcrm tafo 74 pmrbmot) hcr fgjeoestrftevm stfhh, prchms-secofls, fog germbtcrs/jfofkmrs. Acwmvmr, mjplcymrs eo tam jfouhfbtur-eok smbtcr wmrm jcrm lenmly tc afvm gehhebulty helleok snellmg prcgubtecofog sflms stfhh, waelm smrvebms smbtcr mjplcymrs wmrm jcrm lenmly tc afvmgehhebulty helleok germbtcr fog jfofkmrefl pcsetecos. [etaeo tam jfouhfb-tureok smbtcr, herjs eo tam bamjebfls suismbtcr frm tam coms hfbeok jcrmgehhebultems aereok prchmssecofls, waelm et es jcrm gehhebult tc heog tam rekat

snells hcr jfofkmrefl pcsetecos eo tam tmxtelm fog mlmbtrcoebs suismbtcrs. [etaeo tam smrvebms smbtcr, tam trfgm, rmfl mstftm, fog heofobm suismbtcrsfrm tam coms hfbeok tam krmftmr bafllmokms tc heog tam rekat snells hcr jfo-fkmrefl pcsetecos.

Eo bcjpfresco weta tam rmst ch Fsef, wcrnmrs snells wmrm stell coly f jcg-mrftm cistfblm eo tam Taeleppeoms eo 9442, iut tam cistfblm wfs jcrm mvegmot

hcr prchmssecofls fog jfofkmrs snells. [amo bcjpfreok tam safrm ch herjs

Rnells Kfps 5=

smrvebms jfouhfbtureok

% sfyeok vmry fog rftamr gehhebult

snellmg prcgubteco

fgjeoestrftevm

germbtcrs/jfofkmrs

4.4 64.4 94.4 24.4 74.4 =4.4 84.4

Hekurm 2.6 Gehhebulty Heogeok tam Yekat Rnells, iy Rmbtcr



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rmpcrteok snells ch wcrnmrs fs fo cistfblm eo tam fvfelfilm herj EBRs, wmheog taft ficut 24 pmrbmot ch Taeleppeoms herjs bcosegmrmg snells tc im ft lmfst f jcgmrftm cistfblm tc herj iuseomss eo 9442 (gftm ch tam lfst EBR),waeba es imlcw fvmrfkm hcr tam rmkeco. Acwmvmr, taes safrm es lenmly tceobrmfsm wamo hcbuseok coly co prchmssecofls fog jfofkmrs pcsetecos, fsellustrftmg iy tam bcosegmrfilm tejm tc hell prchmssecofls pcsetecos (ges-

bussmg imlcw). Heoflly, wm flsc mxpmbt cvmrfll snells tc afvm imbcjm fjcrm fbutm prcilmj seobm taft tejm, `ugkeok hrcj tam snells kfpsrmlftmgeogebftcrs ch tam snells survmy.

Lfrkm fog sjfll herjs afvm jcrm gehhebulty heogeok tam rekat snells hcr fgjeoestrftevm pcsetecos tafo jmgeuj herjs. Lfrkm herjs afvm jcrm gehhebul-tems tafo fll ctamr herjs helleok vfbfobems hcr jfofkmrs/germbtcrs fog, tc f lmssmr mxtmot, prchmssecofls. Wam gehhebulty helleok ctamr pcsetecos es sejelfr fbrcss herjsezms.Wam omxt twc hekurms rfon tam gehhebulty ch heogeok tam rekat snells iytwc bafrfbtmrestebs ch mjplcymrs0 tamer herj sezm fog mxpcrt cremotfteco.Hekurm 2.2 sacws taft sjfll fog lfrkm mjplcymrs tmog tc afvm rmlftevmlykrmftmr gehhebulty heogeok tam rekat snells hcr fgjeoestrftevm pcsetecos, waelmlfrkm herjs rmpcrt krmftmr gehhebulty tafo sjfll fog jmgeuj-sezm herjs eoheogeok tam rekat snells hcr jfofkmrefl fog prchmssecofl pcsetecos. Com


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i s t f b

l m , e

o M f s t

F s e f ,

i y b c u o t r y

4%

64%

94%

24%

74%

=4%

84%

;4%

R c u t a N

c r m f

B f j i c

g e f L f c s

T a e l e p p

e o m s

J f l f y

s e f

X e m t o f

j

E o g c o m

s e f

J c o k

c l e f

W a f e l f o

g B a

e o f

jf`cr cr vmry smvmrm cistfblm jcgmrftm, jf`cr, vmry smvmrm cistfblm

Hekurm 2.9 Rnells Icttlmombns eo Mfst Fsef

Rcurbm0Fljmegf 9445, useok Eovmstjmot Blejftm Motmrpresm Rurvmys (vfrecus ymfrs).


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mxplfofteco es taft lfrkmr herjs afvm aekamr, fog jcrm gmjfogeok, snellsrmquermjmots eo tamsm cbbupftecos.

Mxpcrtmrs kmomrflly afvm jcrm gehhebultems tafo ocomxpcrtmrs eo helleok snellmg vfbfobems.Hekurm 2.7 sacws taft mxpcrtmrs kmomrflly hfbm krmftmr gehhebultytafo lcbflly cremotmg herjs eo helleok eo jcst cbbupftecossnellmg prcgub-teco, uosnellmg wcrnmrs, sflms, fog prchmssecofl stfhh (iut oct fgjeoestrftevmfog jfofkmrefl wcrnmrs)rmhlmbteok tam snells ommgmg tc rmspcog tc jcrmgmjfogeok blemots/iuymrs eo hcrmeko jfrnmts. Wam Taeleppeoms es, eo taesrmspmbt, vmry juba fttuomg weta ctamr Mfst Fsefo bcuotrems, `ugkeok hrcjtam pcsetevm rmlftecosaep imtwmmo mxpcrt cremotfteco fog snells fs icttlmombn

rmvmflmg iy f bcjpfrftevm foflyses ch herj survmys (hekurm 2.=).

Mxpmremobm Helleok Xfbfobems cvmr tam Tfst Umfr Ctamr eosekats eotc snells sacrtfkms bfo im kfeomg hrcj mjplcymrs mxpm-remobm helleok `ci vfbfobems cvmr tam pfst ymfr. Eo taes smbcog smt ch qums-tecos, herjs lestmg hcr mfba ch smvmo cbbupftecofl bftmkcrems tam oujimr ch vfbfobems, oujimr ch `ci fpplebftecos hcr tamsm vfbfobems, oujimr ch qufl-ehemg fpplebfots, vfbfobems hellmg, fog tam fvmrfkm oujimr ch wmmns tfnmo tchell tamsm vfbfobems. Waes hlcw eohcrjfteco fllcws us tc fsn qumstecos ficut tam mxtmot ch tam snells kfp fog snells jesjftba0 [aft hrfbteco ch vfbfobemswfs oct hellmg3 [fs taes imbfusm ch eofgmquftm supply cr fo uoquflehemgfpplebfot pccl3 Eh tam quflehemg fpplebfot pccl wfs lfrkm mocuka, wfs tamrmf jesjftba imtwmmo snells chhmrmg fog snells ommgmg iy mjplcymrs3

Rnells Kfps 5;

4.4 64.4 94.4 24.4 74.4 =4.4 84.4 ;4.4

germbtcrs/jfofkmrs

prchmssecofls

fgjeoestrftevm

sflms wcrnmrs

snellmg prcgubteco

uosnellmg wcrnmrs


sjfll jmgeuj lfrkm

Hekurm 2.2 Gehhebulty Heogeok tam Yekat Rnells, iy Herj Rezm



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Wamsm hlcws cvmr tam pfst ymfr frm rmpcrtmg eo tfilm 2.7 hcr mfba cbbu-pftecofl krcup, smpfrftmly iy smbtcr fog hcr jfouhfbtureok fog smrvebmsbcjieomg. Wam herst hcur bclujos ch tam tfilm sacw tam tctfls fbrcss herjsch fll vfbfobems, oujimr ch fpplebfots, oujimr quflehemg, fog `cis hellmg.Wamsm gftf frm usmg tc bflbulftm tarmm jmfsurms0 tam rftec ch quflehemg tc


4.4 64.4 94.4 24.4 74.4 =4.4 84.4

germbtcrs/jfofkmrs

prchmssecofls

fgjeoestrftevm

sflms wcrnmrs

snellmg prcgubteco

uosnellmg wcrnmrs


ocomxpcrtmr mxpcrtmr

Hekurm 2.7 Gehhebulty Heogeok tam Yekat Rnells, iy Mxpcrt Cremotfteco


Rafrm ch herjs rmpcrteok snells ch wcrnhcrbm fs fo cistfblm iy mxpcrteok eotmosety

JcokclefBaeof

Wafelfog

XemtofjJflfysefLfcs

Eogcomsef

TaeleppeomsBfjicgef

Rcuta Ncrmf

4%

64%

94%

24%

74%

=4%

84%

;4%

4% 64% 94% 24% 74% =4% 84% ;4%

ocomxpcrteok herjs

m x p c r t

e o k

h e r j s

Hekurm 2.= Rnell Bcostrfeots fog Mxpcrt Cremotfteco

Rcurbm0Fljmegf 9445, useok Eovmstjmot Blejftm Motmrpresm Rurvmys (vfrecus ymfrs).


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fll fpplebfots (tam hrfbteco ch fpplebfots wac frm quflehemg), rftec ch qufle-hemg fpplebfots tc vfbfobems (sezm ch tam quflehemg fpplebfot pccl), fog rftecch uohellmg cis tc tctfl vfbfobems (snells kfp). Wfilm 2.7 jfnms smvmrfl pceots.

Herst, tam gftf sacw taft `ci vfbfobems frm gcjeoftmg iy snellmg (prcgub-teco) `cis eo jfouhfbtureok herjs fog iy snellmg fog sflms cbbupftecos eosmrvebms herjs. Wamsm gftf, bcjpfrmg weta tam mvegmobm co omw aerms fog mgu-bftecofl rmquermjmots iy smbtcr, bcoherj scjm mgubftecofl upkrfgeok wetaeocbbupfteco hcr tam smrvebms smbtcr.Xfbfobems eo tam ctamr cbbupftecosgermbtcrs fog jfofkmrs, prchmssecofls, fog fgjeoestrftevm stfhhfrm oujmr -ebflly juba sjfllmr, fltacuka tamy frm rmlftevmly aekamr eo tam smrvebms smbtcr

Rnells Kfps 55

Wfilm 2.7 Hlcw Gftf co Xfbfobems, Fpplebfots, fog Xfbfobems Hellmg

Xfbfot @cis

Oujimr Fpplemg

Oujimr Vuflehemg

@cisHellmg

Yftec ch Vuflehemg

Fpplebfots

YftecVuflehemgtc @cis

Kfp eo @cis Oct

Hellmg

JfouhfbtureokJfofkmrs,

germbtcrs 24 ;5 29 96 4.74= 6.48; 4.244

Trchmssecofls 59 259 698 8; 4.296 6.2;4 4.9;9Fgjeoestrftevm =; 946 ;= 72 4.2;2 6.268 4.978Rflms 697 ;5; 961 664 4.9;7 6.;=1 4.662Rnellmg 9,8;6 7,741 9,88; 9,862 4.84= 4.555 4.499]osnellmg 295 815 =44 262 4.;98 6.=94 4.475Ctamrs 6; 662 29 6; 4.912 6.119 4.444RmrvebmsJfofkmrs,

germbtcrs 695 222 618 665 4.==5 6.779 4.4;1Trchmssecofls 2=; 9;18 68=4 956 4.=59 7.899 4.61=

Fgjeoestrftevm 61= 6475 892 675 4.=57 2.281 4.65=Rflms 6,;95 97,942 69,427 6,825 4.75; 8.584 4.4=9Rnellmg 2,762 ;,82; 2,756 2,741 4.7=; 6.492 4.446]osnellmg 642 9;9 6=1 622 4.=16 6.=27 4.956Ctamrs 7;; 7247 =9= 78; 4.699 6.646 4.496Wctfl Fll RmbtcrsJfofkmrs,

germbtcrs 6=5 769 961 674 4.=95 6.2;6 4.665Trchmssecofls 775 26;1 6;;8 2=1 4.==5 2.5== 4.942Fgjeoestrftevm 979 69=4 851 659 4.==1 9.117 4.94;

Rflms 6,1=2 9=,444 69,9=9 6,;75 4.754 8.869 4.4=8Rnellmg 8,417 69,47= 8,6=1 8,496 4.=66 6.469 4.464]osnellmg 729 586 8=1 778 4.81= 6.=92 4.429Ctamrs 757 7,76; ==; 717 4.698 6.691 4.494

Rcurbm0Taeleppeoms Rnells Rurvmy 9441.Octm0Hekurms bcjputmg hrcj mjplcymr rmspcosms ficut vfbfobems cvmr tam pfst ymfr.


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wamrm jfofkmrs, germbtcrs, fog prchmssecofls rmprmsmot ficut 1 pmrbmot ch cvmrfll vfbfobems, vmrsus coly ficut 2 pmrbmot eo jfouhfbtureok. Fltacukatam eobegmobm ch snellmg cbbupftecos es aekamr eo smrvebms, eo bcjpfrescoweta tam gftf co mgubfteco rmquermjmots, taes trmog sukkmsts scjm mgu-bfteco upkrfgeok wetaeo cbbupfteco hcr taes smbtcr.

Rmbcog, quflehebfteco rftecs vfry fbrcss smbtcrs fog cbbupftecos.Wfilm 2.7sukkmsts taft imtwmmo 7= pmrbmot fog 84 pmrbmot ch fpplebftecos hcrvfbfobems eo smrvebms herjs frm quflehemg, fltacuka et es uoblmfr `ust acwquflehemg es gmheomg (pcsseily eo tmrjs ch mgubftecofl rmquermjmots). Eojfouhfbtureok, tam quflehemg rftec ch fpplebfots es iehurbftmg0 jcrm tafo84 pmrbmot eo tam bfsm ch snellmg fog uosnellmg wcrnmrs, iut coly imtwmmo9; pmrbmot fog 74 pmrbmot eo tam bfsm ch sflms, fgjeoestrftevm, prchms-secofl, fog jfofkmrefl vfbfobems. Et es uoblmfr wamtamr lfbn ch eogustrymxpmremobm es tam prcxejftm rmfsco hcr tam rmlftevmly lcw prcpcrteco ch quflehemg fpplebfots eo tamsm cbbupftecos.

Waerg, weta hmw mxbmptecos (prejfrely snellmg wcrnmrs), tam quflehemg fpple-bfot pccl es usuflly lfrkmr tafo tam oujimr ch vfbfobems, scjmtejms iy f

hfbtcr ch 6.= tc 8, sukkmsteok mocuka supply ch quflehemg bfogegftms fog bco-

herjeok taft gehhebultems heogeok tam rekat snells hcr tam `ci frm rmlftmg tc qufletyjcrm tafo qufotety. Acwmvmr, tam gmheoeteco ch quflehemg bfogegftms jfyim rftamr lccsm eo tam smrvebms smbtcr. Eo ctamr wcrgs, tam oujmrebfl sup-ply ch quflehemg fpplebfots es kmomrflly jcrm tafo fgmquftm tc hell vfbfo-bems eo jcst cbbupftecos. Cutsegm ch snellmg fog uosnellmg cbbupftecos, tamjulteplms ch quflehemg fpplebfots tc vfbfobems frm sekoehebfotly aekamr eosmrvebms (6.7 tc 8.5) tafo eo jfouhfbtureok (6.6 tc 6.;), pcsseily sukkmst-eok taft mjplcyjmot eo tamsm cbbupftecos es jcrm fttrfbtevm eo tam smrv-

ebms smbtcr tafo eo jfouhfbtureok. Ocomtamlmss, aeka gmjfog hcruoevmrsety mgubfteco eo tam smrvebms smbtcr bcoteoums tc nmmp tam mgubf-teco wfkm prmjeuj upfs smmo eo prmvecus foflysmssukkmsteok taft tamgmheoeteco ch tam quflehemg pccl jfy im rftamr lccsm tc amlp hulhell tamurkmot ommgs ch tam smbtcr.

Heoflly, tfilm 2.7 sacws f systmjfteb pfttmro ch snells kfps iy smbtcr fog iycbbupfteco. Rnells kfps krcw weta tam snell lmvml ch cbbupftecos, sukkmsteoktam prmsmobm ch snells jesjftbams imtwmmo snells chhmrmg fog snells scukat iymjplcymrs. Co fvmrfkm fbrcss cbbupftecos, snells kfps eo smrvebms herjs frmkmomrflly f iet lcwmr tafo tacsm eo jfouhfbtureok herjs. Wam prmvecus mve-gmobm co gehhebultems heogeok tam rekat snells hcr prchmssecofl fog jfofkmrefl

`cis eo tam smrvebms smbtcr jfy sukkmst f gmbrmfsm eo snells rmquermjmots ft tam jcjmot ch helleok tam `ci cr jcrm eotmosm mhhcrts eo heogeok f jftbaeo tam smrvebms smbtcr. Wam gehhmrmobm eo snells kfps iy smbtcr jfy im



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fttreiutfilm tc tam rmlftevmly lfrkmr quflehemg fpplebfot pccl fvfelfilm tc smrv-ebms herjs, waeba jfy rmgubm tam eotmosety ch snells jesjftba. Acwmvmr,tamsm gftf eo bcjieofteco weta tam mvegmobm co gehhebultems heogeok tam rekat snells hcr tam `ci hcr prchmssecofls fog jfofkmrs eo tam smrvebms smbtcr pceot tc twc pcsseilm mxplfoftecos0 (f) lccsmr gmheoeteco ch quflehemg bcjieomgweta tam fbbmptfobm ch lcwmr-tafo-gmsermg snells hcr tam `ci uogmr tam prms-surm ch helleok vfbfobems> cr (i) jcrm eotmosevm mhhcrt eo heogeok tam rekat snellsprchelm, waeba es flsc bcosestmot weta jcrm gevmrsehemg rmbrueteok prfbtebms(smm imlcw). Eo tmrjs ch cbbupfteco, tam snells kfp es vertuflly ocomxestmot hcruosnellmg wcrnmrs, `ust 4.6 pmrbmot tc 9 pmrbmot hcr snellmg wcrnmrs, fog= pmrbmot tc 66 pmrbmot hcr sflms pmrscooml. Wam snells kfp krcws grfjfte-bflly hcr aekamr-snell fgjeoestrftevm, prchmssecofl, fog jfofkmrefl pcsetecos1 pmrbmot tc 94 pmrbmot eo smrvebms fog 9= pmrbmot tc 24 pmrbmot eojfouhfbtureok, eo leom weta tam mvegmobm co tam gehhebulty helleok vfbfobems.

Krfpaebfl foflyses bcoherjs tamsm heogeoks. [eta tam tfiulfr rmsults fsifbnkrcuog, wm turo tc f krfpaebfl mxplcrfteco ch tamsm hlcw gftf foggmrevmg vfrefilms fbrcss smbtcrs, herj sezm, fog mxpcrt cremotfteco. Hekurm 2.8sacws tam gestreiuteco ch vfbfobems cvmr tam pfst ymfr fbrcss cbbupftecos,

smpfrftmly iy smbtcr fog herj sezm. Et bcoherjs tam pceot jfgm mfrlemr taft tam lfrkmst safrm ch fll vfbfobems frm eo snellmg prcgubteco eo jfouhfbtureok,waelm eo tam smrvebms smbtcr tamy eoblugm vfbfobems eo icta snellmg wcrnmrsfog sflms, tam lfttmr mspmbeflly eo sjfllmr herjs.

Hekurm 2.; krfpas tam rftec ch quflehemg fpplebfots tc vfbfobems eotam smvmo cbbupftecofl bftmkcrems, smpfrftmly iy smbtcr fog herj sezm.

Rnells Kfps 646

4

94

74

84

1 4

644

Jfouhfbtureok Rmrvebms

sjfll jmgeuj lfrkm sjfll jmgeuj lfrkm

% c

h t c t f

l v f b f o b e m s

jfofkmrs prch fgjeo sflms

snellmg uosnellmg ctamrs

Hekurm 2.8 Xfbfobems cvmr tam Tfst Umfr, iy Rmbtcr fog Cbbupfteco



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Eo jfouhfbtureok, tam oujimr ch quflehemg fpplebfots mxbmmgs vfbfobemsiy f julteplm taft es typebflly imtwmmo 6.= fog 2. Wamrm frm mxbmptecos iy

herj sezm> tam rftec ch quflehemg fpplebfots es rmlftevmly lcw hcr jfofkmrsfog prchmssecofl pcsetecos eo jmgeuj fog lfrkm herjs, fog eo snellmg foguosnellmg pcsetecos eo lfrkm herjs. Eo smrvebms, herjs mo`cy f lfrkmr pccl ch quflehemg fpplebfots tc hell vfbfobems fs bcjpfrmg weta jfouhfbtureok,tacuka tamrm frm smrvebms cbbupftecossnellmg fog uosnellmg wcrnmrshcr waeba tam quflehemg fpplebfot pccl es rmlftevmly sjfll. Wamsm rmetmrftmpceots jfgm mfrlemr eo tam tfiulfr foflyses. Wamrm frm smvmrfl octmwcrtaysezm gehhmrmobms eo smrvebms0 rmlftevmly lfrkm quflehemg fpplebfot pccls hcr

uosnellmg cbbupftecos eo sjfll herjs, hcr prchmssecofl cbbupftecos eojmgeuj herjs, fog hcr fgjeoestrftevm cbbupftecos eo lfrkm herjs.Hekurms 2.1 fog 2.5 sacw tam snells kfp eo helleok vfbfobems iy cbbupf-

teco, herst iy smbtcr fog sezm, tamo iy smbtcr fog mxpcrt cremotfteco. Ymbflltaft taes snells kfp es gmheomg fs tam omt gehhmrmobm imtwmmo quflehemg fpple-bfots fog vfbfobems fs f safrm ch vfbfobems eo taft cbbupftecofl bftmkcry.

Jmgeuj, fog tc f lmssmr mxtmot lfrkm, jfouhfbtureok herjs hfbm sekoehebfot snells kfps eo helleok jfofkmrefl fog prchmssecofl cbbupftecos.Eo hekurm 2.1,tam snells kfp eo jfoy jfouhfbtureok cbbupftecos es typebflly lmss tafo64 pmrbmot. Acwmvmr, jmgeuj fog lfrkm herjs hfbm rmlftevmly lfrkm snellskfps eo helleok jfofkmrefl vfbfobems (9= pmrbmot eo jmgeuj herjs fog94 pmrbmot eo lfrkm herjs). Wam snells kfp es mspmbeflly iek hcr prchmssecoflpcsetecos eo jmgeuj herjs (ficut 7= pmrbmot). Lfrkm herjs flsc hfbm f rml-ftevmly sezmfilm snells kfp eo helleok fgjeoestrftevm pcsetecos (lmss tafo


4

9

7

8

1

64Jfouhfbtureok Rmrvebms

j u

l t e p l m c

h v f b f o b e m s

sjfll jmgeuj lfrkm sjfll jmgeuj lfrkm

jfofkmrs prch fgjeo sflms

snellmg uosnellmg ctamrs

Hekurm 2.; Vuflehemg Fpplebfots, iy Cbbupfteco fog Rmbtcr



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94 pmrbmot). Rjfll herjs jfy hfbm lmss ch f snells kfp imbfusm ch lcwmrgmjfog hcr aekamr-lmvml snells fog lcwmr rmquermjmots co tam quflehemgpccl ch bfogegftms fog `ci-helleok prcbmss.

Wam snells kfp es jcrm gevmrsm eo smrvebms herjs, weta sekoehebfot snells kfps hcr jfofkmrs eo sjfll herjs fog prchmssecofls eo lfrkm herjs.Cvmrfll, smrvebmsherjs kmomrflly hfbm snells kfps eo tam = pmrbmot tc 94 pmrbmot rfokm. Wamrmes f rmlftevmly lfrkm snells kfp eo sjfll herjs hcr jfofkmrs, eo sflms eo sjfll

Rnells Kfps 642

74

94

skills for the labor market in the phillippines

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