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INFORMACIÓN GENERAL Nombre del curso Temas de Historia de la Arquitectura 2 - Building the Cities of Peru Código del curso ARC267 Semestre 2021-1 Número de créditos 2 Profesor del curso Adriana Scaletti

Rosabella Álvarez-Calderón Horario Miércoles de 15:00-17:00

Conforme a los lineamientos establecidos por el Ministerio de Educación y la Superintendencia Nacional de Educación Superior Universitaria (SUNEDU) dictados en el marco de la emergencia sanitaria para prevenir y controlar el COVID-19, la universidad ha decidido iniciar las clases bajo la modalidad virtual hasta que por disposición del gobierno y las autoridades competentes se pueda retornar a las clases de modo presencial. Esto involucra que los docentes puedan hacer los ajustes que resulten pertinentes al sílabo atendiendo al contexto en el que se imparten las clases.

SUMMARY This course, which is taught entirely in English, aims to offer a panoramic view of the history of Peruvian architecture and urbanism, reviewing the indigenous occupation of the Andean space, exploring the changes introduced by the arrival of 16th century Europeans, the new proposals of the twentieth century, the challenges of Modernity and the contemporary proposals, and how they have all contributed to shaping and transforming cities throughout history. To this end, the course is led by an archaeologist and an architect, whose complementary perspectives will allow a complex and interdisciplinary approach to the subject. The course will work towards explaining and interpreting critically the essential aspects of the historical context, and try to understand the importance of land management and the construction of the city in those processes, along with their role in culture and society. OBJECTIVES

- To present a global, critical and documented view of the way urban landscapes developed in different parts of Peru, the forces that shaped urban form, and the societies that developed and transformed these cities. - To present a comprehensive and critical view of the historical, social, cultural, political and economic processes that shaped, and continue shaping and transforming, the cities of ancient and modern Peru. - To create a space that fosters debate and dialogue about the processes, events, contexts and people which give form to cities, through critical readings and analysis, lectures, class discussions and presentations. - To encourage students to understand how these wider social, political, economic forces and historical events have shaped, and continue to shape, cities in Peru at different scales, notably at the neighbourhood level. CONTENTS

Unit 1 – Building the Cities of the Prehispanic Past The objective of this unit is to understand the historical processes and developments that shaped the country’s many historic urban landscapes that originated during the prehispanic period in different environments and territories, through the perspective of architecture, archaeology and urbanism. Furthermore, we aim to understand what can the shape of these urban landscapes, their buildings, infrastructure and different relations to the surrounding territory tell us about the different societies that built these cities. Theory and case studies (Weeks 1-4) Ancient cities with monumental architecture: the Pre-Ceramic and Formative periods. Great cities with great canals, and Early States: The Early Intermediate Period and the Middle Horizon. Great Empires and networks in the coast and highlands: The Late Intermediate Period and the Inca. Practical exercise (Week 5) The students will individually visit a prehispanic site, either located near their current location (in person) or long distance in another part of Peru, using resources like Google Earth/Street View and “virtual visits”, and present a short (5 minute max) presentation of their visit to the students in class.

The monumental prehispanic complex of Mateo Salado, Lima. Image by Adriana Scaletti.

Unit 2 – Building the Cities of the Viceroyal (1535-1821) and Republican (1821 – present day) periods The objective of this unit is to present and understand the significant changes in mentalities, agendas, perception of the environment and lifestyle brought on by the Spanish conquest and colonization of Peru. Furthermore, in this unit we will explore the ways these conquerors re-shaped the existing urban and cultural landscapes and created new landscapes and cities, and the creation of a hybrid cultures based on Spanish and Andean cultural traditions and materialities. Finally, we will review the ways in which the decades following the country’s independence in 1821 gave way to dramatic transformations in cities and urban lifestyles as Peru’s newly independent elites shaped new identities and created places that reflected them. Theory and case studies (Weeks 6-8, 10)

Mid-term exam (Week 9) Architecture, objects and technologies from Europe and their adaptation to the Andean world / Mentalities and transformations during the Viceroyal period / The Great Viceroyal City-Founding and Empire-Building Adventure. Urban and architectural typologies in the Colonial Andes: Religion as the art of persuasion / The private and public spheres as the art of living. The renovation of Independence: Technological innovations, new infrastructure, and the gateway to modernity. Practical exercises Cine Forum Prior to the class, the students will watch a short historical film on Lima, and participate in a class discussion (week 11). Historical neighbourhood walk On an individual basis, the students will design and document a historical walk around their neighbourhoods, identifying and documenting the main landmarks, places and social dynamics, and will research their historical origins based on the themes and case studies presented in class and the bibliography (week 12). Unit 3 – Building the Cities of Today / Current Preoccupations, contemporary challenges and possibilities This unit will explore and analyze some of the most important processes, challenges and forces shaping and transforming cities and societies, the challenges of Modernity and the post-modern world, and how global trends and phenomena affect contemporary Peruvian cities and societies. In the course of this unit, we will have 1-2 guest lecturers specializing in different topics related to this unit. Some of the topics that we will approach include the following: Theory and case studies (Weeks 13-15) Final exam (Week 16) The impact of Modernism in Lima, President Belaunde and the Grupo Espacio. “Desborde Popular” (Popular Outburst) Andean migration to the city, and the creation of the Informal, “New” City. The impact of terrorism, violence and migration in the cities of Peru.

METHODOLOGY

A street in historic Lima showing different buildings of the 19th and 20th century. Image by Rosabella Álvarez-Calderón.

Work in class will include lectures, class participation, individual and group participation in group discussions and seminars, and class attendance. The grading will depend on work-in-class results, two written exams (Mid-Term and Final) and three practical exercises (report of visit of prehispanic site / participation in Cine Forum / report from historical neighbourhood walk). Each of the two exams will contain at least one question related to the topics covered in class, and at least one question specifically related to the readings. The percentages of the final grade will be as follows: Mid-Term Exam: 30% Final Exam: 40% Practical exercises: 30% (Presentation on visit to prehispanic site / Cine Forum / Historical

neighbourhood walk) BIBLIOGRAPHY ALVAREZ-CALDERÓN, R. (2014) The Negotiated Urban Landscape: Archaeological Sites and the Creation of the Metropolis of Lima, Peru. Landscape Architecture Frontiers 012, 2-6, 68-75. BAILEY, G. The Andean Hybrid Baroque: convergent cultures in the churches of colonial Peru. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2010. BROMLEY, J. and BARBAGELATA, J. Evolución urbana de la ciudad de Lima. Publicación del Concejo Provincial de Lima, 1945. BURNS, K. Colonial Habits: Convents and the spiritual economy of Cuzco, Peru. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000. CALDERON COCKBURN, J. La ciudad ilegal: Lima en el siglo XX. Fondo Editorial de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 2005. CALDERON COCKBURN, J. Mercado de tierras urbanas, propiedad y pobreza. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy/Sinco Editores, Cambridge, MA/Lima, 2006. CUSHNER, N. Lords of the Land: sugar, wine and Jesuit Estates of coastal Peru, 1600-1767. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1980. DESCOLA, J. Daily life in colonial Peru 1710-1820. London: George Allen And Unwin Ltd., 1968. FRASER, V. The Architecture of Conquest: Building in the Viceroyalty of Peru 1535-1635. Boston: Cambridge University Press, 1990. GAMBOA VELASQUEZ, Jorge (2015) Archaeological Heritage in a Modern Urban Landscape: the Ancient Moche in Trujillo, Peru. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology, Archaeology Heritage Management KOSTOF, S. A history of architecture: settings and rituals. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. MATOS MAR, J. Perú: Estado desbordado y sociedad nacional emergente. Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, 2014. MESKELL, L. Negative Heritage and Past Mastering in Archaeology. Anthropological Quarterly 75 (3), 557-574, 2002.

KUBLER, G. and SORIA, M. Art and architecture in Spain and Portugal and their american dominions 1500-1800. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1969. MOORE, J. Archaeology and Power in the Ancient Andes: The Archaeology of Public Buildings, Cambridge University Press, New Studies in Archaeology, Cambridge, 1996. RAE, Douglas W. 2003 Creative Destruction and the Age of Urbanism. In City: Urbanism and Its End, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1-31. RAMON, G. El Neoperuano: Arqueología, Estilo Nacional y Paisaje Urbano en Lima, 1910-1940. Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima, Sequilao Editores, Lima, 2014. RAMON, G. The script of urban surgery: Lima, 1850-1940. In Planning Latin America’s Capital Cities, 1850-1950. Almondoz, Arturo (ed), London, New York, Routledge, 170-192, 2002. SKAR, S. L. Lives Together, Worlds Apart: Quechua Colonization of the Jungle and the City, Scandinavian University Press/Oxford University Press, Oslo/New York, 1997.

SMITH, J. (2010) Marrying the old with the new in historic urban landscapes. Managing Historic Cities.

World Heritage Papers 27, World Heritage Center, UNESCO, 45-52. WALKER, C. Shaky Colonialism. The 1746 Earthquake‐Tsunami in Lima, Peru, and its Long Aftermath. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. WETHEY, H. Colonial Architecture and Sculpture in Peru. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949.

Semana Fecha Contenido Practica

UNIT 1 The Cities of the Prehispanic Past

1 Ancient cities with monumental architecture: the Pre-Ceramic and Formative periods. -

2 Great cities with great canals, and Early States: The Early Intermediate Period and the Middle Horizon.

-

3 Great Empires and networks in the coast and highlands: The Late Intermediate Period -

4 The Inca -

5 - Presentations of visit

to prehispanic site

UNIT 2 Building the Cities of the Viceroyal (1535-1821) and Republican (1821 – present day) periods

5 City-founding and new architecture during the Viceroyal period -

6 Religion as the art of persuasion: religious architecture and urbanism -

7 The private and public spheres, and the art of living -

8 The renovation of Independence: Technological innovations, new infrastructure, and the gateway to modernity.

-

9 MID-TERM EXAM -

10 - Cine Forum

11 - Historical

neighbourhood

walk

UNIT 3 Building the Cities of Today / Current Preoccupations, contemporary challenges and possibilities

12 The impact of Modernism in Lima, President Belaunde and the Grupo Espacio. -

13 “Desborde Popular” (Popular Outburst) Andean migration to the city, -

and the creation of the Informal, “New” City

14 Guest lecturer (topic to be decided) -

15 Guest lecturer (topic to be decided) -

16 FINAL EXAM -