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SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE David Claman, MD Director, UCSF Sleep Disorders Center Professor of Medicine

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Page 1: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATEDavid Claman, MD

Director, UCSF Sleep Disorders CenterProfessor of Medicine

Page 2: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

DISCLOSURES

• No disclosures• Recommended Reading

• “Why We Sleep” by Matthew Walker• References listed in talk

• OUTLINE• Sleep Deprivation• Insomnia• Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)• Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Page 3: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

SLEEP OVER LIFESPAN

• REM sleep is preserved; REM likely involved in memory consolidation

• Deep sleep (Delta or N3) is preserved in elderly women but reduced in elderly men

• Purpose of sleep is still unknown; likely involves eliminating metabolites that accumulate during wakefulness

Page 4: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

Chronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs)Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest!

(Van Dongen Sleep 2003)

Presently Americans sleep 6 hours 51 minutes on weekdays; 7 hours 37 minutes on weekend (National Sleep Foundation poll: 23‐60 y/o)

Symptoms of sleep deprivation clearly increase if you sleep 6 hours or less

Page 5: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

What is your preferred sleep aid for personal use?

• A. Zolpidem• B. Melatonin• C. Diphenhydramine• D. CBD• E. Stay up later

Page 6: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF INSOMNIAMay be sleep onset, sleep maintenance or early awakening

• Psychiatric / psychological• Depression or anxiety

• Medical illness – pain, nocturia, post‐nasal drip, dyspnea (heart/lungs)• Drugs in general

• Caffeine delays sleep onset• Alcohol can cause middle of the night awakenings

• Psychophysiological insomnia• Somaticized tension from anxiety causing insomnia

• Poor sleep hygiene• Maladaptive coping mechanisms are common

• Circadian rhythm issues• Jet lag, Shift work, Advanced or Delayed Sleep Phase

Page 7: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

SLEEP HYGIENE GUIDELINES• Keep regular bedtime and wake‐up time (even on weekends)• Keep bedroom quiet, comfortable, & dark• Relaxation technique for 10‐20 min before bed• Get regular exercise• Don’t nap ‐ if you have insomnia

• OK to nap if you are sleep deprived!

• Don’t lie in bed feeling worried, anxious, or frustrated• Don’t lie awake in bed for long periods of time• Don’t use alcohol for 3 hours before bed, & caffeine for 8 hours before bed

• Paperback self‐help book: “Say Good Night to Insomnia”

Page 8: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

OPTIONS TO TAPER HYPNOTICSMotivated patients can make progress!

Figure 1. 10 week Intervention. Weekly Quantity of Benzodiazepine Medication Used by Older Adults With Insomnia in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Three Interventions to Facilitate Benzodiazepine Discontinuation; 69/76 completed study; 63% drug-free at follow-up; CM Morin. AmJPsych2004;161:332-342

Page 9: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

CBTi: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for InsomniaMorin CM. JAMA 2009;301:2005

• CBTi includes multiple modalities• Sleep Restriction – less hours in bed• Stimulus Control – only in bed when sleepy• Relaxation – meditation; deep breathing• Cognitive Therapy – individualized • Mindfulness – non‐judgmental awareness of moment• Sleep Hygiene – avoid naps, caffeine, alcohol

Page 10: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

CBTi improves both insomnia and depressionAshworth DK. J Couns Psychol 2015;62:115

• N=41;Stable on antidepressant for 6 wks

• 4 CBT sessions versus self‐help reading materials

• @3 month f/u: 61% remission of both insomnia and depression in CBTi group versus 5% in self‐help

Page 11: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

NEUROTRANSMITTERS –Arousals & SleepSaper, Scammell & Lu (2005) Nature 437:1257‐63Sleep Rhythms and Circadian Rhythms both affect sleep

Page 12: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

Medications: preferably only if necessary!• Hypnotics are usually best for sleep‐onset insomnia; GABA mechanism.  These meds have no anti‐anxiety benefits.  Examples: zolpidem, eszoplicone

• Sedatives:  Benzodiazepines like lorazepam help with anxiety, but have longer half‐life; also GABA mechanism

• Sedating antidepressants: trazodone and mirtazapine are longer acting so often used for sleep maintenance insomnia, but can cause hangover drowsiness

• Antihistamines: diphenhydramine is sedating• Low dose Doxepin 3 or 6 mg also works thru histamine receptor

• Melatonin short‐acting approx 2 hours so for sleep onset; melatonin receptor• CBD: minimal research; cannabinoid receptor• Orexin receptor antagonists: suvorexant and lemborexant have longer half‐life

• Orexin and Hypocretin are 2 names for same hypothalamic neurotransmitter

Page 13: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

CANNABINOIDS – minimal data

• Over 100 cannabinoids!• CBD – Cannabidiol – sedating, reduced sleep latency; no euphoria

• From Hemp or Marijuana: legal status in flux; “Supplement” so not regulated

• CBN – Cannabinol: sedating, reduced pain, increased appetite• THC – Tetrahydrocannabinol: euphoria, reduced pain/nausea

• Variable effects on sleep stages• Dronabinol (Marinol) is synthetic analog which is FDA‐approved

Page 14: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

CBD FOR INSOMNIA• No good data on efficacy or sleep stages; tolerance likely develop• Established for Chronic Pain, with small effect size

• SR Snitzman et al. BMJ Supportive Palliat Care 2020;0:1‐6

• Case series from Colorado• 103 adult patients in psychiatry clinic – Anxiety or Sleep issues• Mean age 34‐36• CBD capsule 25‐75 mg• Mild improvement in anxiety and sleep scores over 1‐3 months• 79% reported improved anxiety; 15% reported worse anxiety• 66% reported improved sleep; 25% reported worse sleep

• S Shannon et al. Permanente J. 2019;23:18‐41

Page 15: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

EVALIe‐Vaping Acute Lung Injury:Bilateral infiltrates; Ask about Cigarettes and Vaping!LAYDEN; NEJM 2019

Page 16: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

Lemborexant ‐2nd Orexin Receptor AntagonistR Rosenberg et al. JAMA Network Open 2019. Lemborexant vs Zolpidem ER vs Placebo

Page 17: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

LEMBOREXANT Results• Placebo group improves, which is consistent with prior insomnia research, since insomnia waxes and wanes over time!

• Lemborexant superior for falling asleep and staying asleep compared to placebo

• Lemborexant half‐life 17‐19 hours; no driving impairment in testing; (Suvorexant half‐life 12 hrs)

Page 18: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

Which blood test is recommended for RLS?• A.  TSH• B.  Dopamine• C.  Ferritin• D.  CBC with MCV• E.  Creatinine

Page 19: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME (RLS)• “Abnormal discomfort”

• Uncomfortable, distressing and hard to describe• Insomnia is typically present

• Urge to move• Induced by Rest• Relieved by movement• Worse at night• Causes:

• Genetic: can run in families; Autosomal dominant• Secondary: pregnancy, neuropathy; renal failure; Parkinson’s

Page 20: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

TREATMENT OF RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROMERLS: Wijemanne. Pract Neuro 2017;17:444‐452

• Iron deficiency may worsen RLS (serum ferritin)• If ferritin <75, give iron (with Vit C) with goal of ferritin >100

• Symptoms may worsen on antidepressants• Also avoid caffeine and alcohol

• Behavioral:• Stretch before bed; consider short bath

• Medications:• Dopaminergic agents

• Pramipexole, ropinirole, carbidopa/levodopa, rotigotine• Clonazepam• Gabapentin• Opiates

Page 21: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA

Page 22: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

KEY OSA DEFINITION• Apnea: complete cessation of airflow lasting 10 seconds or more• Hypopnea: reduced airflow (≥ 30%) for 10 seconds or more, 

associated with ≥ 4% oxygen desaturation (4% is classical definition)

• Apnea‐Hypopnea Index (AHI): the number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep– Normal AHI < 5– Mild 5‐14– Moderate 15‐29– Severe ≥ 30

Page 23: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

Which of the following is NOT in STOPBANG?

• A. Apnea (witnessed)• B. Falling asleep while driving• C. Tired (fatigue)• D. Hypertension• E. BMI>35

Page 24: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

CLINICAL PREDICTORS OF OSAhttp://www.stopbang.ca/osa/screening.php

STOPBANG – 8 Questions High risk: yes to 5‐8 questions; Medium risk yes on 3‐4;Low risk yes on 0‐2

Snoring Tired (fatigue) Observed Apnea Pressure (Hypertension) BMI >35 ( ≥ 30 is considered obese) Age >50 Neck size > 17 inches for men or >16 inches for women Gender male

Page 25: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

CLINICAL PREDICTORS OF OSA• Screening questionnaires• Epworth Sleepiness Scale:  range 0‐24 for 8 questions

– Normal score < 10– In OSA population, score correlates with AHI– SLEEP 1991; 14(6):540‐5

• Berlin 10 questions validated in primary care– Snoring, apnea, fatigue, sleepiness at wheel, Hypertension– Ann Intern Med. 1999 Oct 5;131(7):485‐91

• STOP‐BANG used in Anesthesia– Snoring, Tired, Observed apnea, Pressure (HTN), BMI 35, Age 50, Neck 

circumference 40 cm (15.75 inches), Gender (male)– Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Oct: 136(10):1020‐4

Page 26: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

OSA and Hypertension• Numerous cohort and observational studies show strong association between OSA and HTN 

• The higher AHI, the higher the likelihood of HTN (dose dependent relationship) :

• AHI 5‐15  odds ratio of HTN 2.0• AHI ≥ 15  odds ratio of HTN 2.9

• Resistant HTN (difficult to treat requiring 3 drugs at max doses) is associated with OSA in 70‐80% of patients

Peppard PE et al NEJM 2000Janssen C et al Journal of Hypertension 2017Moon C et al Clinical Nurse Specialist 2016

Page 27: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF OSAJR Tietjens J Am Heart Ass 2019

• Hypertension• CHF

• OSA can worsen CHF• Reduced LVEF can cause Cheyne‐Stokes (form of Central Sleep Apnea)

• Stroke• Pulmonary Hypertension• Atrial Fibrillation

• CPAP reduces recurrence of Afib after cardioversion• Kanagala; Circulation 2003

Page 28: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

CAN CPAP REDUCE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS?McEvoy; NEJM 2016

• RCT open label; n = 2717; Moderate‐Severe OSA (AHI 29; Epworth 7) with prior cardiovascular hx (50% CAD; 50% cerebrovascular)

• Mean age 61; 80% male; 63% Asian/25% white• Mean follow‐up = 3.7 yrs• Exclusion: severe sleepiness – at risk for falling asleep at wheel; Severe desaturation; Central apnea; advanced heart failure

• Result: no effect of CPAP treatment on Primary cardiovascular endpoints• Improvement noted in daytime sleepiness, snoring & work‐days missed

• Limitations:• Severe OSA excluded• Mean CPAP 3.3 hours per night

Page 29: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

McEvoy 2016

• Cumulative incidence of primary end point:

• Death from MI or stroke

• Hospitalization for CHF, unstable angina, or TIA

• Similar results for CPAP plus usual care versus usual care alone

Page 30: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

OSA and Cardiovascular MortalitySignificant association in Severe (AHI >30) and Mod‐Severe (AHI > 15)

U.S. Preventive Task Force 2016

Page 31: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

Cumulative Percentage of New Fatal (A) & non‐Fatal (B)Cardiovascular EventsJM Marin et al. Lancet. 2005 Mar 16;365(9464):1046‐53

(also see Wisconsin Mortality: Young T et al. Sleep. 2008 August 1; 31(8): 1071–107)

KEY POINTS:  1. Increased mortality seen if AHI ≥  30 (other predictors: age, CV ds, systolic BP and smoking)

2. CPAP reduced this risk

Page 32: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

HOME TESTING

• Used in clinical practice for many years• Approved by Medicare in 2009

• AHI is less accurate than formal study, since actual number of sleep hours is over‐estimated, not measured

• Formal study also measures EKG, leg kicking, EEG• If +OSA, can be combined with autoCPAP• May also be useful for f/u assessment of appliance or surgery• Best validated in 2 studies of sleepy subjects

• Mulgrew Annals Int Med 2007 – highly selected cohort of moderate to severe OSA with sleepiness

• Berry Sleep 2008 – VA cohort of sleepy OSA pts

Page 33: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

TREATMENT• Weight loss (10% weight loss reduces AHI 25%)• Avoid alcohol and sedatives for 3+ hours before bed• Postural training (only sleep on side – Anti‐Snore shirt or tennis balls)• Nasal patency (treat allergies or obstruction)• CPAP (& Bi‐level)

• Nasal mask, nasal pillows or full‐face mask

• AutoCPAP now more common

• Oral appliances – esp for Mild or Moderate OSA• Surgery

– Nasal, palate, tongue or jaw; UPPP only has 40‐50% success– Tonsillectomy #1 pediatric treatment

Page 34: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

Hypoglossal Nerve StimulationPJ Strollo et al. Upper-Airway Stimulation; NEJM 2014

• At 12 months: 68% reduction in AHI

Page 35: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

CPAPNasal Mask, Nasal Pillows or Full Face Mask

CPAP – Site Non-specific

Page 36: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

PREDICTORS OF CPAP COMPLIANCE

• AR Jacobsen et al. 2017; PLoS ONE 12(12): e0189614.

• Retrospective study; n = 695• Higher ESS showed better 

compliance

• Similar retrospective data from N McArdle. AJRCCM 1999

• ESS > 10 showed better use

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Active Patient EngagementMalhotra. Chest 2018;153:843‐850APE: 87% adherent vs 70% Usual Care• UCSF Data also excellent showing 90% in pts attending CPAP Compliance clinic

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CPAP Download Must have 70% of nights over 4 hours to qualify as compliant during 90 day trial

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CPAP Download Must have 70% of nights over 4 hours to qualify as compliant during 90 day trial*Typically, if failing at 30 days, pts get notified by DME – try new mask or pressure?

Page 40: SLEEP MEDICINE UPDATE › 2020 › MDM20M20 › slides › 24_Claman_SleepMed.pdfChronic Sleep Deprivation (0 v 4 v 6 v 8 hrs) Lapses in Concentration: 8 hours has fewest! (Van DongenSleep

Thanks for your attention!Questions & Comments please