*Presented to – Mr. Shreyaskar Gaur Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Computer Science & TechnologyJPIET

*Presented by- Pallavi Srivastava B.Tech(C.S.E) Semester-7 Roll no.- 0928210035

Smart Dust

*Smart Dust

*Smart Dust was a research proposal to DARPA written by Kris Pister, Joe Kahn, and Bernhard Boser, all from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1997.

*Smart dust" devices are tiny wireless microelectromechanical sensors (MEMS) that can detect everything from light to vibrations.

*Smart dust consist of hundreds to thousands of dust motes, each containing the capability of sensing and monitoring environmental conditions and communication to other devices.

*They are usually networked wirelessly.

*They are distributed over some area to perform tasks, usually sensing.

*Smart dust mote

A smart dust mote is an electronic package composed of :

* An integrated-circuit radio transmitter and receiver.

*Microcontroller.

*A random access memory.(RAM)

*A flash memory.

*Some standard sensors.

*Analog to Digital converter.

*A power source for the motes.

*An antenna used for both transmission and receiving signals

*Characteristics of Smart Dust Mote

*A system is made of one or a few base stations (interrogators) and as many smart dust motes as possible or required

*Ubiquitous – sensors of different types

*Very task/application oriented design and performance

*Wireless communication

*Self-organizing, self-optimizing, self-configuring, self-sustaining.

*Very small (should be under 1mm3)

*Low power consumption

*Easy to deploy

*Based on current or very near future components

*Components of Smart Dust

*How it works ?

The MICA2DOT mote, typically powered by a circular “button” battery, is not much bigger than a quarter.

*The core of a mote is a small, low-cost, low-power computer.

*The computer monitors one or more sensors. Not all mote applications require sensors, but sensing applications are very common.

*The computer connects to the outside world with a radio link. The most common radio links allow a mote to transmit at a distance of something like 10 to 200 feet (3 to 61 meters).

*Power consumption, size and cost are the barriers to longer distances. Since a fundamental concept with motes is tiny size (and associated tiny cost), small and low-power radios are normal.

*A Typical Mote

* MICA mote is a commercially available product available through a company called Crossbow.

* These motes come in two form factors:

* Rectangular, measuring 2.25 x 1.25 by 0.25 inches (5.7 x 3.18 x.64 centimeters), it is sized to fit on top of two AA batteries that provide it with power.

* Circular, measuring 1.0 by 0.25 inches (2.5 x .64 centimeters), it is sized to fit on top of a 3 volt button cell battery.

* Atmel ATmega 128L processor running at 4 megahertz.

* The 128L is an 8-bit microcontroller that has 128 kilobytes of onboard flash memory to store the mote's program.

* Consumes only 8 milliamps when it is running, and only 15 microamps in sleep mode.

* 512 kilobytes of flash memory to hold data.

* 10-bit A/D converter so that sensor data can be digitized.

* The MICA2 Mote uses 2 AA batteries to provide power to the CPU/radio for up to a year

"Spec" sitting on top of the previous generation of UC Berkeley Motes, the Mica node.

*A Typical Mote

* Separate sensors on a daughter card can connect to the mote.

* Sensors available include temperature, acceleration, light, sound and magnetic.

* Advanced sensors for things like GPS signals are under development.

* The final component of a MICA mote is the radio. It has a range of several hundred feet and can transmit approximately 40,000 bits per second.

* When receiving data, it consumes 10 milliamps. When transmitting, it consumes 25 milliamps.

* Software on MICA motes is built on an operating systemcalled TinyOS.

* TinyOS is helpful because it deals with the radio and power management systems for you and makes it much easier to write software for the mote.

Broad view of "Spec" sitting on top of the previous generation of UC Berkeley Motes, the Mica node. "Spec" is the tiny little square on top of the raised bit in the middle.

*Ad hoc Networks

*All of the motes in the area create a giant, amorphous network that can collect data.

*Data funnels through the network and arrives at a collection node, which has a powerful radio able to transmit a signal many miles.

*Ad hoc networks -- formed by hundreds or thousands of motes that communicate with each other and pass data along from one to another

"Spec," a single-chip mote (hiding under the white wax square), measures approximately 2mm x 2.5mm, has an AVR-like RISC core, 3K of memory, an 8-bit, on-chip ADC, an FSK radio transmitter, a Paged memory system, communication protocol accelerators, register windows, and much, much more.

*Ad hoc Networks

*Networks of millions of micro sensors that could coordinate with one another to perform complex tasks with minimum human intervention.

*Extremely dynamic, these networks were to be tolerant to individual robot failures and were to work on power scavenged from the environment like solar power or vibrations.

*Networks have grown to include a few hundred nodes and are being deployed for diverse applications like

*military surveillance,

*environmental monitoring,

*health care systems and

* smart homes.

*Applications

*Environmental protection

*Habitat monitoring

*Military application

* Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Monitoring

*Security and Tracking

*Health and Wellness Monitoring

*Power Monitoring

* Inventory Location Awareness

*Factory and Process Automation

*Seismic and Structural Monitoring

*Monitor traffic and redirecting it

12

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Circulatory Net

*Advantages

Dramatically reduce systems and infrastructure

costs

Increase plant/factory/office

productivity

Improve safety, efficiency and compliance

*Disadvantages

Privacy Issue

* It would be hard for the population to adopt this technology as it may become a potential threat to their privacy.

*The monitoring of packages, employees, soldiers, may lead people to feel somewhat insecure in face of this new technology.

Cost

*Although smart dust is gaining popularity in many fields, it remains costly to implement such a system in an organization.

*The little chips themselves saw their prices go down by a lot in the recent years, however implementing all the satellites and other elements needed may cost a company a lot of money.

*Current motes, in bulk, might cost something on the order of $25, but prices are falling.. 

*Challenges

It is difficult to fit all these devices in a small Smart Dust both size wise and

Energy wise.

With devices so small, batteries present a massive

addition of weight.

*Future Aspect

"Spec" pictured beside the tip of a ballpoint pen.

* Big outfits such as Emerson Electric (EMR), General Electric (GE) and Cargill are ramping up interest in the technology. 

* Tech firms like Cisco Systems CSCO are funding smart dust ventures.

* IBM is tinkering with new smart dust designs.

* Dust Networks' technology is now used by the likes of Shell Oil, British Petroleum, PPG Industries, K-V Pharmaceutical, and brewer Anheuser-Busch.

* Sensor nodes have shrunk to a few millimeters and will cost around $10 in a few years

* Smart dust is potentially revolutionary because the sensors are small enough to be put anywhere and work wirelessly, sharing data.

* HP's 'Smart Dust' Sensors to Monitor the Earth

*Imaginative aspect

*What smart dust is able to do is create a large invisible network that, in theory, would be able to manage the infrastructure of even the largest city in the world.

*Streets and buildings would be able to recognize people and respond accordingly.

*Workplaces would recognize employees and buzz you into the building.

*Smart dust could even send a lift to your floor and boot up your PC.

*References

*http://computer.howstuffworks.com

* J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz, K. S. J. Pister: Next Century Challenges:

*Mobile Networking for “Smart Dust”

*An Introduction to Microelectromechancal System Engineering: Nadim Maluf, Kirt William

*B.A. Warneke, M.D. Scott, B.S. Leibowitz: Distributed Wireless Sensor Network

*http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes 

*Queries