Effect of Cigarette Smoking on cardiovascular and Respiratory

Systems

Anas saad alsaab331103594

Supervisor : dr. Tahir

الرحمن الله بسم الرحيم

Objectives :

Discuss the epidemiology of smoking in KSA

List the ill-health effects of smoking on CVS and respiratory system and describe their patho-physiology.

Discuss the epidemiology of smoking in KSA

Smoking represents the most readily preventable risk factor for morbidity and mortality.

• Smoking related disease will kill one in 10 adults globally.

• There are more than 6 million smoker in KSA that represent about 30% from population in 2004.

But this number was increase in 2010 about 9 million smoker.

There are 30 thousand of Arabian Gulf dead.

Most of them from KSA about(21.782) in 2008.

Saudi people spend 16.5 Billion every year.

• The prevalence of current smoking in Saudi Arabia ranges from 2.4-52.3% (median = 17.5%).

• Among school students, the prevalence of current smoking ranges from 12-29.8% (median = 16.5%),

• among university students from 2.4-37% (median = 13.5%),• and among adults from 11.6-52.3% (median = 22.6%).

• In elderly people, the prevalence of current smoking is 25%. • while in females it ranges from 1-16% (median = 9%).

smoking is prevalent in the Saudi population at different age groups. The prevalence of current smoking is much higher

in males than in females at different ages.

Prevalence of smoking among health care professionals

• Different studies showed that smoking prevalence is quite high among health care workers even though they know the harmful effects of active and passive

smoking.

• Local study was carried out among health staffs in a primary care unit at a general hospital in Riyadh

region, which showed that there were 19% smokers, 14% ex-smokers.

List the ill-health effects of smoking on CVS and respiratory systemand describe their patho-physiology.

• Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease:•  coronary artery disease

• cardiac arrhythmias.

• Atherosclerosis

• Cigarette smoking increases blood cholesterol levels, causing a buildup of arterial plaque that narrows the blood vessels over time. 

• Blood Clots

• Low Blood Oxygen

• stroke

 coronary artery disease

• most common type of heart disease and cause of heart attacks .

•  The disease is caused by plaque building up along the inner walls of the arteries of the heart, which narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow to the heart.

• causes ischemia myocardial cells.lack of oxygen and this is called a myocardial infarction, it leads to heart muscle damage

•  

•  artery's lining becomes hardened, stiffened, and swollen including : calcium deposits, fatty deposits, and abnormal inflammatory cells - to form a plaque.

• Deposits of calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatites) in the muscular layer of the blood vessels appear to play not only a significant role in stiffening arteries but also for the induction of an early phase of coronary arteriosclerosis

effects of smoking on respiratory system

• Damage to the respiratory system from cigarette smoking is slow, progressive, and deadly

• The mucus produced by the respiratory tubules traps dirt and disease-causing organisms, which cilia sweep toward the mouth, where it can be eliminated.

• chronic bronchitis• lung cancer • Emphysema•  pulmonary hypertension•  blood clots and pulmonary embolism• oral cancer.• The cilia in trachea and bronchi are anaesthetised so they no longer move mucus and pathogens away

from your lung so you are more likely to get infections of the breathing system. Long term you may also develop a 'smoker's cough'

2- Chronic Bronchitis: - is defined as a persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years

- is common among cigarette smokers

- Pathogenesis:

- caused by cigarette smoking

- also associated with air pollution, infection, genetic factors

- These irritants induce: -hypertrophy of mucous glands

- increase in goblet cells

- mucus hypersecretion develops

- bronchial or bronchiolar mucus plug, inflammation (chronic bronchitis)

Pathogenesis: two mechanisms involved:

1- protease- antiprotease mechanism:

- emphysema arises as a consequence of imbalances between pulmonary proteases and antiproteases

- the imbalance results in tissue destruction and loss of alveolar walls

- proteases secreted by neutrophils (elastase)

- antiproteases: - present in serum, tissue fluids, and macrophages (α1-Antitrypsin)

- tobacco smoke (and other factors: air pollution, genetics (α1-Antitrypsin deficiency) causes: 1- recruitment of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages)

2- release of elastase

3- free radical release that inactivating antitrypsin

- imbalance between proteases and antiproteases

- leading to tissue damage with enlargement of airspaces

- those with congenital antitrypsin deficiency are at risk to develop emphysema at younger age if they smoke

2- Oxidant – antioxidant mechanism:

- in lungs present antioxidants (dismutase)

- they prevent oxidative tissue damage

- tobacco induces free radicals release that deplete antioxidant in lung and causes tissue damage

summary

•

Recourses

*Siddiqui S, Ogbeide D. Profile of smoking amongst health staff in a primary care unit at a general hospital in Riyadh,

Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2001; 22:1101-04.

*- Abol Fotouh M, Abdel Aziz M, Alakija w, Al-Safy A, Khattab M, Mirdad S, etal. Smoking habits of King Saud university students in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 1998;18:212-16

*Al- shahri M, Al Almaie S. promotion of non-smoking: The role of primary health care physicians. Ann Saudi Med 1997;17:515-17

*Behbehani N, Hamadeh R, Macklali N. Knowledge and attitude towards tobacco control among smoking and non smoking physicians in 2 Gulf Arab States. Saudi Med J 2004;25:585-91

http://classic.aawsat.com/details.asp?article=225658&issueno=9252#.VCGdNJR_tc

http://www.alamal.med.sa/news101.shtml http://www.alriyadh.com/867418 http://www.oxygen.org.au/hardfacts/health-effects-of-smoking

Dr slalah