snair presentation

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Santha Sheela NairSecretary

Department of Drinking Water SupplyMinistry of Rural Development

Government of India 1

The views expressed in this paper/presentation are theviews of the author and do not necessarily reflect theviews or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB),or its Board of Governors, or the governments they

represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of thedata included in this paper and accepts no responsibilityfor any consequence of their use. Terminology used maynot necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.



` Sanitation has been thefoundation of all greatcivilizations

` Sanitation is also abarometer of civilization

` Indus Valley Civilization –Remains of Harappa(Lothal 2500 BC)

Water borne toilets in eachhouseLinked with drains coveredwith burnt clay bricks.

` Rules governingdefecation, hygiene &pollution e xisted in everyculture from early history



` Ancient India - Kautilya(Chanakya) Machiavelli

of 3 rd century BCArthashastra - No oneshall pass urine or faecesin or near a holy place, a

water reservoir, a templeor a royal property,unless it is forunavoidable reasons like

illness, medication orfear.



“Sanitation is moreimportant thanindependence”

“The day every one

of us gets a toiletto use, I shallknow our countryhas reached thepinnacle of progress.”

“ Let us all take

that one extrastep to ensurethat we live inclean andhealthysurroundings.”

Modern India



` Consumer Society – Throw Away` Flush and Forget

“Goldfish that died gets flushed in the toilet”“Hand grenade that didn’t explode gets …..”

` Everything is literally “Down the Drain”` Modern day sewers are a disaster waiting to

happen` The day it shuts down, the city comes to a

halt.



Percentage Coverage

` Colonial pasts` Low sanitation coverage` Cultural and religious values` Development status` Shared borders` Limited infrastructure

facilities` Delivery mechanism` High disparity in access and

use of sanitation facilitiesacross socio economic

groups.` Common Platform to

Address IssuesSACOSAN

CountryUrbanareas

Ruralareas

Afghanistan 87% 59%

Bangladesh 96% 86%

Bhutan 96% 87%

India 86% 60%

Maldives 100% 79%

Nepal 86% 43%

Pakistan 94% 55%

Sri Lanka 99% 98%



` Johannesburg Earth Summit 2002Recognized access to sanitation facilities as one major criteria for developmentIncluded this aspect in the MDGRegional groupings to address the issue of sanitation

` SACOSANTwo of every three among South Asia’s 1.5 billion people lack access toappropriate sanitation.Of the 2.5 billion people across the globe who do not have access to toilets, 50percent of them are in the South Asian region

` AFRICASANWith less than 40% sanitation coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa fares most poorlygloballyBy 2015, situation will improve the world over, but this region will end up with91 million more unserved than in 2004.

` LATINOSANTo achieve the MDG sanitation target, annually10 million people need to gainaccess to sanitation facilities. 14% of the urban population (60 million) and 51%(65 million) of rural dwellers in Latin América lack access to any kind of improved sanitation system.

` EASAN

If the MDG on sanitation is to be achieved, almost 400 million people in theregion will need to gain access to improved sanitation facilities



` SACOSAN-I, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003.“Raising the Profile of Sanitation at a Regional Level”develop a regional agenda on sanitation

understand the similarities in the sanitation challengeacross the regionlearn from significant ‘best practice’ examples within theregion.

` SACOSAN-II, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2006“Operationalising a Regional Sanitation Agenda”.introduced the issues in sanitation in urban areashelped Pakistan in finalizing its national sanitationstrategy and prioritized provincial sanitation strategiesand action plans.

` SACOSAN-III, New Delhi, India 2008“Sanitation for Dignity And Health”.



` AfghanistanThe National Solidarity Program (NSP) is a massive effort by the government toreach rural communities across Afghanistan and address their needs using aparticipatory approach. Programme includes providing access to toilets.

Urban coverage 87%, rural 59%` Bangladesh

Community Led Total Sanitation in Bangladesh - Bangladesh has set itself thetarget of achieving 100% sanitation by 2010. Sanitation achievements arecontinuing in the rural areas in every district in Bangladesh. The more pressing

problem is now the poor urban slums and settlements which are laggingbehind.Urban coverage 96%, rural 86%

` BhutanRoyal decree in 1993 mandated each house to maintain a latrinesanitation coverage high at 70% but actual use and maintenance may be lowUrban coverage 96%, rural 87%

` MaldivesCensus 2006 data shows that 72 percent of households had toilets connected

to septic tanks while 16 percent of households had toilets connected to directsea outfalls.Urban coverage 100%, rural 79%



` NepalThe Government declared its intention to provide sanitationfacilities to 7.421 million people (5.613 million from rural and

1.808 million from urban areas) by 2007 (50% of its population)Urban coverage 86%, rural 43%` Pakistan

Adopted its National Sanitation Policy in 2006Provides a framework to support and synchronise with theprovincial and local governments; focuses on ensuring an ODFenvironment, safe disposal of liquid and solid waste, and thepromotion of health and hygiene practicesUrban coverage 94%, rural 55%

` Sri LankaSanitary latrines are promoted through health education as well asby law. Health services department provides financial assistance forthose unable to construct a toilet with their own resources.leakage of toilet waste into water bodies from pit lavatories is agrowing problem

Urban coverage 99%, rural 98%



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` Affordable toilets for all` Low water` Simple solutions` Environmentally friendly` Tackle availability of

material` Involve local self

government` Trained manpower` Technology options for

our diversity` Intensive awareness

drives` Reward performance

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` Choice of superstructure as per

affordability

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y Super structure of local available

material – Bamboo & Gunny Bags



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y Super structure of local available material– Thatch



y Low cost super structure

y Super structure of local available material– Agricultural Waste

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P d O f h il d i h h i l b



y Proud Owners of the toilets, constructed with their labour

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Pan with water seal / P -Trap

Pan mounted on a squatting plate

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y Locally producedy Reduces cost of

transport, especially in

hilly areasy Generates employment



Women in Sanitation• Women as prime

movers towardstotal sanitation

• Involve Women inall activities

• Campaigntargeted toprovide safety,pride, dignity ofwomen

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• Self help groupsinvolvement in sanitationpromotion .Groupsaving/ bank linkedfinance used asrevolving fund for toiletconstruction

• SHGs operatingproduction centers /RSMs

Women in Sanitation

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• Addressing sanitationneeds of women

• School sanitation toreach children andadolescent girls

• Simple low costincinerators todispose sanitarynapkins in schools,sanitary complexesand in villages

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• Cost per pad - US$ 0.03 (allinclusive)

• Sale price for pack of 6 – US$0.14

• Profit / pack – US$ 0.04

• Per day production – 1200packets of 6 pc. each. ( 40women making 30 packets each)

• After about 2 months training,

one member can make about 60packets and earn about US$ 2.5 aday, where subsistence earningis less than a dollar.

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• Promoting menstrual hygiene and useof sanitary napkins among adolescentschool girls

• Need for using CLEAN sanitary pads,SAFE disposal of sanitary napkinsand washing hands after changingsanitary napkins



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• Baby friendlytoilets in all childcare centers inrural India by 2009

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Babyfriendly

toilets

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Focus on Special needs



Grab bar for support

Physically challenged

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Focus on Special needsD ig ti f g d d i fi



Design options for aged and infirm

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y Closing the loopy Environmental

protectiony Simple solutiony Cost effective and

affordable designsy Easy to construct, use

and maintainy Social marketing –

Concept and producty Need a good support

organisation or NGO

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Cement Ecopan

Fibreglass Ecopans

ECOSAN Toilets



Vault

Steps

Door

window

Roof

Base Bed

slab

Vault openingdoor

urine pipe

soak pit

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Modifications Black painted glass



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Black painted glass increases use of solar energy to hasten decomposition

Opening of Compost chamberOpening of Compost chamber



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Ms.Christine Werner, Project Team Leader, GTZ Germany opening the compostchamber of the HCEST at Kaliyapalayam Pioneer Ecosan village

Checking the quality of ManureChecking the quality of Manure



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ECOSAN ProductsECOSAN Products Waste to Wealth !!Waste to Wealth !!



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Urine as liquid fertilizerUrine as liquid fertilizer



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Household ECOSAN Compost ToiletsHousehold ECOSAN Compost Toilets ……



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��




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Safe disposal of excretaEnergy for cookingReturns nutrient to the earth – enriched manureSustainable eco friendly solution – Better healthNo cultural stigma



ECOSAN Community Compost Toilet (ECCT)ECOSAN Community Compost Toilet (ECCT)



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Exclusive ECCT for Senior Citizens and Handicapped.

Inner View of the ECCT

Latest InitiativeLatest Initiative IncentivesIncentivesF th fi t ti i th W ldFor the first time in the World



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From Pongal (Harvest Festival) 15th Jan2008

¾ Ten

paise per visit

¾

For the first time in the WorldFor the first time in the World

Use Toilet, Get Paid !!Use Toilet, Get Paid !!



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Cow urine utilized forpreparation of pest

repellent

Bio Gas unit

Kitchen garden

Hygienic Cow shed

Vermicomposting

Cow Urine getting collected

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Solid waste management in ruralareas



areas•Setting up systems of wastemanagement in rural areas•Collection of householdgarbage

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•Segregation of waste•Composting•Recycling

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Sustainable liquid waste management



•Using natural systems foraerating waste water•Recycling waste water for

horticulture and agriculture

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Twenty six percent do nothave any householdsanitation arrangements

As high as 82 percent of urban households maybedisposing of human wastesin an unsafe manner

About Fifty million people inurban India resort to opendefecation.

Seventy percent wastewaterfrom sewerage systems nottreated and let out unsafely.

Sanitation means “Flush andForget”



` Very High Health Costs:Cost per DALY* Rs. 5,400 due to poor sanitation andRs. 900 due to poor hygiene practices.

`

Example of vulnerability of children (0-14 years): – 23 m children in urban India at risk from diseasesdue to poor or inadequate sanitation

– Estimated DALY ‘COST’ of diarrhoeal disease forchildren at risk from poor sanitation - Rs. 5 billion(2001 prices)

` Significant Environmental Costs : Land and water-bodies affected around urban areas:

“Three-fourths of surface water resources are

polluted and 80 per cent of the pollution is due toby sewage alone” (Tenth Five Year Plan).

* DALY: Disability Adjusted Life Years



` Urban sanitation beset with fragmented institutionalresponsibilities

` Multiple institutions responsible for different activities,with low coordination between them

` ULBs do not often have primary responsibilities` Major investments often undertaken by parastatals` Regulation often poor – especially of household onsite

sanitation` Emphasis often on creation of infrastructure with low

priority for O&M` No Accountability thus no responsibility` In the end, outcomes are not monitored…. Citizens suffer



` A toilet in the houseBreaks the cycle of poverty

Protects the environmentPrevent the transfer of disease in humanwaste

Reduces absenteeism, low enrolment andearly school dropout in schools, especiallyfor girls

Reduces exposure of women and girls toviolence and abuse

` Sanitation is linked to all MDGs75



Giving a boost toour Campaign

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Political Commitment



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• India is a land of



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India is a land of Festivals

• We have madeachieving TOTAL

SANITATION aFESTIVAL



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H.E Prince of Orange & Chairman of the UNSecretary-General's Advisory Board on

Water and Sanitation on a visit to “CleanVillage”



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Villagers felicitating H.EPrince of Orange



• A means of carrying a difficultprogramme into high gear

• The award recognizes andmakes heroes out of ordinaryvillage people

• Has helped increase sanitationcoverage to 60%• 2005 - 38 GPs & 2 BPs from

6 states• 2006 - 759 GPs & 9 BPs

from 14 states• 2007 - 4945 GPs & 14 BPs

from 22 states• 2008 – 12075 GPs, 105 BPs,

8 District from 27 States 82

y Enthusiastic Participation of Civil SocietyNational Award for Clean Village



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Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal...Eighty one delegates from twenty countries across the world gathered in Indiato learn from our experiences as part of the International Learning ExchangeProgram (ILE) 2007, 18-28 September 2007.

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Media Plays an Important Role



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Media Plays an Important Role



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` Local NGOs` Corporate Houses`

UNICEF` WSP-SA` SULABH

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` WHO study - every dollar spent on improvingsanitation generates an average economic

benefit of $7.` Sanitation directly contributesHardware production – pans, prefab structures

Sanitary pads produced at village levelSkilled masons developed for constructionWaste recycling generates incomeEnergy saving with biogas



` Self Help Groups – Grass-roots, operateson microfinance

` National Banks – macro finance` Development banks – highest level;

should look at sanitation not merely interms of financial terms as banker butalso all socio-economic, cultural benefits– health, education, gender, disabledwelfare, nutrition, time saving, tourism,energy, dignity, empowerment, self-esteem, human right



` Bankers have to infuse SS (SanitationSensitivity) element in all projects

gender, disability factorssanitation needs of construction labourinfant toilets in polio eradicationsanitation in disaster situations

earner of carbon credits in climate changeissues` With $1 investment giving a $7 return,

investing in sanitation should be themost attractive to banks



` Participation from all Stakeholders` Member Country delegations had NGOs,

Researchers, activists, Government officials` Commitments from Member Countries to

achieve MDG` Delhi Declaration with a Road Map for theFuture

` Eminent Speakers from the Region spoke of various facets of



Eminent Speakers from the Region spoke of various facets ofSanitationDr. Shoaib Sultan Khan , Chairman of National Rural SupportProgramme, Pakistan - Advocated a Three-Tiered Structure forSocial Mobilization of Community Organisations (CO), VillageOrganisation (VO), Local Support Organisation (LSO)Dr. Roland Schertenlieb , Global Water Supply and SanitationCollaborative Council and chairman of its working group onenvironmental sanitation, Switzerland – Technologies have to belinked to a funtional systemMs. Sunita Narain , Director of Centre for Science & Environment,India - Have to rework paradigm of water and waste so that wegenerate less; can treat cheaply; can reuse. We all live downstreamDr. V. Adimurthy , Deputy Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre,

India – Even in Space, the issue is of debris managementDr. M. S. Swaminathan , Eminent Agriculture Sceintist – Nutrientsfrom waste must be recycled. Poor sanitation is linked very closelyto poor nutrition, much more than to disease

bl h h



•Honorable Dr. Manmohan Singh, PrimeMinister of India inaugurated theconference•The Prime Minister said on the occasion“Good sanitation is a birthright of everycitizen of South Asia” (add video clip)•Sanitation has a strong connection notonly with personal hygiene but also withhuman dignity and well-being, publichealth, nutrition and even education.•The Prime Minister insisted on sanitationissue being given priority in developmentpolicy and to be an integrated in the

framework of public health.•New technology on sanitation needs to bedeveloped for different eco systems withfocus on sustainability.

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` SACOSAN Road map an



SACOSAN Road map anindicative guide to membercountries on policies,institutional arrangements,programmes, finances,participation required toachieve full sanitation by2015

` First SACOSAN Inter CountryWorking Group meetinglikely to be scheduled inApril, 2009

` ADB can join as specialinvitee and tell the grouphow it can work with us

f



Pilot a massive Advocacy Programme for Sanitation ,similar to AIDS programmeFocus on rural areas , which form the ecologicalbackbone for all resourcesEvolve new models of sanitation systems that areecologically and economically sustainable, for fast

developing peripheral rural areasEmphasize sanitation as an economic stimulus andwork as agent of Sanitation

E h i it ti i ti l d



Emphasize sanitation as an economic stimulus andwork as agent of SanitationEstablish and Promote sanitation linkages in all its

projects e.g. focusing on waste as a resource bypromoting technologies like biogas operated energysystems, reuse of plastics for road laying, sanitationusage in all water supply projects etc.Promote lateral learning from countries like Thailand,Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia.Fund Civic bodies, especially those at the G rassRoot level, Villages, towns and Municipalities tomove towards T otal Sanitation in a c ompetitivespirit .

` Encourage Industry and Corporate sector to promote



Encourage Industry and Corporate sector to promote“Sanitation Sensitivity” as much as they promote“Quality Sensitivity ”.

` Develop and use new economic paradigms forMeasuring Health Impacts based on Sanitation sothat the benefits of Sanitation can be Quantified and

Assessed.

` Invest in the Children & Youth through schools &competitive programmes, and recognition in terms ofrewards, awards for individual, household andcommunity level cleanliness – This is a Programmefor GENNEXT and a one time Investment.

` Promote exchanges within the Region.99



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` From Website of ADB – Sanitation Defined



From Website of ADB Sanitation DefinedADB uses the term sanitation to cover environmentalsanitation—the collection, treatment, disposal, and

recycling of household, commercial, and industrialwastewater.Sanitation also encompasses changing attitudes andbehavior, specifically hygiene habits, developingsolutions (including financing), and creating a demandfor sanitation as a means for making sanitation systemseffective. Drainage too must be included because of itsunintended use for wastewater and sewage disposal,which has led to fouling up waterway.

` Shows bias towards urban, infrastructure basedsolutions

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