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Further information on page 7
BriefingJuly 2016Statistical Spotlight
Snapshot of the EU regions with a view to selected Europe 2020 targets
EPRS | European Parliamentary Research ServiceAuthors: Giulio Sabbati and Sorina Silvia IonescuMembers’ Research ServicePE 581.951
EU-28 = 100%
91%-105%75%-90%< 75%
> 105%
EU-28 regional population by GDP category
2004
2014
2004
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
2014
Very Low
Low
Medium
High40%
15%20%
25%
2004
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
2014
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
44%
19%11%
27%
2004 2014
EU-28 = 100%
91%-105%75%-90%< 75%
> 105%91%-105%
75%-90%< 75%
> 105%
GDP in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant by NUTS 2 region (% of the EU-28 average, 2004 and 2014)The NUTS classification (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) is a system to divide the territory of Member States (MS) into regions for the purpose of collection and harmonisation of statistics and for socio-economic analysis. There are three NUTS NUTS: 1, 2 and 3 respectively, moving from smaller to larger territorial units. NUTS 2 divides EU territory into 276 regions with minimum and maximum population thresholds of 800 000 and 3 000 000. It is used for allocating European structural and investment funds to EU regions.This paper provides statistics for the 276 NUTS 2 regions, firstly looking at GDP and unemployment for the years 2004 and 2014. Second, it shows the employment situation of the younger generation in 2014. It then considers employment, poverty and education in the light of selected Europe 2020 targets, and internet usage in view of the EU’s digital agenda. Finally it shows the allocation of structural and investment funds for the period 2014-2020.
Further information on page 7
Snapshot of the EU regions with a view to selected Europe 2020 targetsEPRS
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GDP in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant: highest and lowest NUTS 2 region within each Member State (% of the EU-28 average, 2014)
EU-28 = 100%
EU-28
UKFRSKBEDECZROITSEDKNLATHUIEESPLFIELBGPTSIHRLUMTCYEELTLV
Bulgaria: 47%
West Wales and The Valleys: 69%Mayotte: 31%
Východné Slovensko: 53%Prov. Hainaut and Luxembourg: 76%
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 84%Severozápad: 63%
Nord-Est: 34%Calabria: 59%
Norra Mellansverige: 99%Sjælland: 85%Friesland: 93%
Burgenland: 89%Észak-Magyarország: 42%
Border, Midland and Western: 88%Extremadura: 63%
Lubelskie: 47%Pohjois- ja Itä-Suomi: 91%
Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki: 50%Severozapaden: 30%
Norte: 65%Vzhodna Slovenija: 68%
Jadranska Hrvatska: 57%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
LVLTEECYMTLUHR
SIPTBGELFI
PLESIE
HUATNLDKSEIT
ROCZDEBESKFRUK
EU28
400%200%100%0% 300% 500%
266%: Luxembourg
539%: Inner London178%: Île de France186%: Bratislavský kraj207%: Brussels Capital Region206%: Hamburg173%: Praha129%: Bucuresti - Ilfov144%: Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano172%: Stockholm157%: Hovedstaden163%: Groningen158%: Wien107%: Közép-Magyarország150%: Southern and Eastern125%: Comunidad de Madrid108%: Mazowieckie144%: Helsinki-Uusimaa 99%: Attiki 75%: Yugozapaden106%: Área Metropolitana de Lisboa 98%: Zahodna Slovenija 60%: Kontinentalna Hrvatska
National averageLowest value Highest value
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Average
Min 2004
Max 2004
Min 2014
Max 2014
HRSIPTBGELFIPLESIEHUATNLDKSEITROCZDEBESKFRUKUK FR SK BE DE CZ RO IT SE DK NL AT HU IE ES PL FI EL BG PT SI HR
600%
500%
400%
300%
200%
100%
0
National average 2014
Lowest value 2004
Highest value 2014
Lowest value 2014
Highest value 2004
2014
EU-28 GDP per capita in PPS
20000
25000
30000
201420042004 201422 400
27 500
Luxembourg, Malta, Cyprus, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia have only one NUTS 2 region
Snapshot of the EU regions with a view to selected Europe 2020 targetsEPRS
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Data source: Eurostat (ComExt, bop_its_det, bop_fdi_main)Unemployment rate by NUTS 2 region (2004 and 2014)
Age: 15 and over
2004 2014
Age: 15 and over
In 2014, regional unemployment rates ranged between 2.5% in Oberbayern (DE) and Praha (CZ) and 34.8% in Andalucia (ES)
8%-12%6%-7.9%< 6%
> 12%8%-12%
6%-7.9%< 6%
> 12%
Further information on page 7
20142004
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2014
2004
DK
EL
NL
SE
PT
FI
BG
PL
ES
UK
SK
FR
CZ
HU
RO
DE
AT
IT
BE
EU28 55.0%
52.3%
60.0%
42.2%
45.9%
16.9%
28.9%
40.4%
35.0%
31.1%
32.5%
32.8%
17.9%
24.5%
10.7%
26.8%
15.3%
11.9%
19.1%
66.1%
55.9%
43.8%
42.6%
39.1%
34.8%
31.0%
29.8%
29.4%
27.5%
26.2%
25.4%
17.5%
16.2%
13.2%
12.7%
12.7%
10.1%
8.2%
6.3%
EU-28
BE
IT
AT
DE
RO
HU
CZ
FR
SK
UK
ES
PL
BG
FI
PT
SE
NL
EL
DK
Dispersion of regional unemployment rates by NUTS 2 regions (%) (2004 and 2014)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35 Max-min
Min
MTLUEELTLVCYDKCZUKDESEFIATROSINLHUIEPLBGPTSKHRBEITFRELES
ES EL FR IT BE HR SK PT BG PL IE HU NL SI RO AT FI SE DE UK CZ DK CY LV LT EE LU MT
35%30%25%20%15%10%
5%0%
EU average
Capital regionRange between lowest and highest value2014EU-28
unemployment rate
In 2004, regional unemployment rates ranged between 1.8% in Dorset and Somerset (UK) and 32.8% in Réunion (FR)
6
8
10
201420042004 2014
9.2%10.2%
Further information on page 7
Snapshot of the EU regions with a view to selected Europe 2020 targetsEPRS
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Youth unemployment rate by NUTS 2 region (2014)
Age: 15-24
2014
The EU-28 youth unemployment rate is 22.2%. It ranges between 3.7% in Oberbayern (DE) and 69.8% in Ipeiros (EL).
20%-30%> 30%
13%-19.9%< 13%No data
NEETs: young people not in employment, education or training (2014)
2014
Age: 15-24
12%-16.9%8%-11.9%
> 17%
< 8%
NEETs range between 3.7% in Oberbayern (DE) and 34% in Severozapaden (BG).
NEET
Employed and in ET
Employed and not in ET
Not employed but in ET
Youngpeople15 - 24
55%
18%
14%
13%
Employed and not in ETNot employed but in ET
Employed and in ETNEET
In 79% of the EU regions, the unemployment rate for young people is at least twice that of total unemployment.
The countries with the highest number of regions with more than 17% of NEETs are Greece (19 regions), Italy (14) and Spain (9). The countries with the most regions with less than 8% are Germany (27), the Netherlands (11) and Sweden (7).
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2014
Employment rate by NUTS 2 region (2014)
Age: 20-64
68%-75%> 75%
60%-67.9%< 60%
84 EU regions have employment rate above 75%. They are distributed in 9 Member States: DE (30 out of 38), UK (24/37), NL (8/12), SE (8/8), AT (5/9), DK (4/5), CZ (2/8), FI (2/5) and IT (1/21)
Europe 2020 target:75% of 20-64 year-old to be employed
EU-28 employment rate
60
65
70
20142004
2004 201467.2% 69.2%
% of total population
2014
19%-30%> 30%
< 18.9%
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion
The overall EU target refers to EU-27, ie all EU countries before the accession of Croatia. It was adopted in 2010, taking 2008 as a baseline year since it was the most recent year with data available.
Europe 2020 target:at least 20 million fewer people in or at risk of poverty and social exclusion
EU-27: People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (in million)
90000
120000
150000 EU27
20142013201220112010200920082008
116 121
2014Target 96
In 2008, 116 million people, or 23.7% of the EU population, were at risk of poverty and social exclusion. In 2014 the equivalent figure was 121 million (24.4% of the population). The target for 2020, 96 million people, represents 18.9% of the EU population.
Further information on page 8
Snapshot of the EU regions with a view to selected Europe 2020 targetsEPRS
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Regular internet users (weekly or daily usage)
75%-90%> 90%
65%-74%< 65%
% of total population
2015
EU-28 internet users
Key target of the digital agenda:
• Increase regular internet use from 60% to 75% by 2015
• Halve the proportion of the population that has never used the internet by 2015 (to 15%).
0
20
40
60
80
201520132011200920072007 2015
51%76%
37% 16%
Regular
Never
European Structural and Investment Funds
ERDF +ESF + CF + YEI(Cohesion policy)
EAFRD(European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development)
EMFF(European Maritime & Fisheries Fund)
PLITESCZPTDEHUROFRGRSKUKHRBGLTLVEESI
BESEFI
ATNLIE
MTCYDKLU
0 20 40 60 80 100
EMFF
EAFRD
ERDF+ESF+CF+YEI
TCLUMTCYDKNLBEIE
SEFISI
EEATLVLT
BGHRSKUKGRCZHUPTFRDEROESIT
PL 86.042.8
37.430.8
27.926.725.825.0
24.220.4
16.415.3
10.79.1
8.45.64.94.53.93.83.63.4
2.71.71.30.90.80.1
EMFF
EAFRD
ERDF+ESF+CF+YEI
€ 454 billion
77%
22%1%
Top 3Top 5
Top 10%
of totalfund
Fund receiving countries
2014-2020
Population aged 30-34 with tertiary education (ISCED 5-8)
% of 30-34 year-oldpopulation
2015
37%-40%> 40%
30%-36.9%< 19%
101 EU regions have at least 40% of the 30-34 year-olds population with tertiary education
Europe 2020 target:at least 40% of 30-34 year-olds completing third level education
EU-28 tertiary education
25
30
35
40
2015201020042004 201526.9%
38.7%
2010
EPRS
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Snapshot of the EU regions with a view to selected Europe 2020 targets
Further information
The bar chart shows the highest and lowest NUTS 2 region of each Member State, as well as the national level of GDP in PPS per capita. Six countries - Luxembourg, Malta, Cyprus, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia - have only one NUTS 2 region, therefore only data for the national level are presented. The length of the bar represents the inequality between the richest and the poorest region of each Member State.The line chart shows the highest and the lowest value of GDP in each Member State as well as the national average for both the years (2004 and 2014). The graph does not consider the six countries not divided into regions.
The graphics represent regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per inhabitant expressed in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS). The PPS is an artificial currency unit that eliminates price-level differences between countries and regions; one PPS buys the same quantity of goods or services in all countries. It is useful for comparing the economy across countries and regions. GDP is presented as a percentage of EU-28 GDP which is equal to 100%.The maps show GDP in PPS at NUTS 2 regional level as a percentage of the EU-28 value for the years 2004 and 2014. Regions rank from 30% of the EU-28 average in Severozapaden (Bulgaria), to 539% of the average in Inner London (UK). The regions are divided into four categories based on the level of GDP: 76 regions <75% of average (69 in 2004), 65 regions between 75%-90% (41), 44 in the bracket 91%-105% (57) and 91 regions >105% (109).The pie chart represents the EU’s regional population in each of the four categories. In other words, in 2014, 40% of the EU population lived in regions with GDP greater than 105% - always expressed in PPS per capita compared to the EU average.
GDP in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant by NUTS 2 region (2004 and 2014)
GDP in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant: highest and lowest NUTS 2 region within each Member State (% of the EU-28 average, 2014)
The maps show the unemployment rate of people in the age group 15 and over for the NUTS 2 regions, comparing 2004 with 2014. The unemployment rate is the proportion of the labour force that is, during the reference period, without work, available for work and either actively seeking work or having already found a job to start within the next three months.The regions have been divided into four categories based on their level of unemployment. Out of the ten regions with the highest unemployment level six are in Spain and the other four are French, while within the lowest category there are nine German regions and one in the Czech Republic.
Unemployment rate by NUTS 2 region (2004 and 2014)
The map shows the proportion of the labour force aged 15-24 that is unemployed. Youth unemployment rate ranges between 3.7% in Oberbayern (DE) to almost 70% in Ipeiros (EL). Within the top ten regions with the highest value, there are four Spanish, four Greek and one Italian. Out of the ten with the lowest value, nine are in Germany and one in Austria.In 120 EU regions (representing 44% of all EU regions) the youth unemployment rate is twice that of total unemployment; in 96 regions (35%) it is three times bigger than the total rate.
The graph represents the differences in regional unemployment rate per Member State expressed as the coefficient of variation of regional unemployment rates. As Eurostat states, ’the coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean. This coefficient of variation is multiplied by 100 to make a percentage’.This number is zero if the regional unemployment rates of a given Member State are equal. Significant differences between regional unemployment rates give a fairly high index. The index is not applicable to nine Member States because they have fewer than three NUTS 2 regions: Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta and Slovenia.From the graph it can be noted that five Member States show an increase in the index between 2004 and 2014, while 13 show a decrease, meaning that differences among regions got smaller.
Dispersion of regional unemployment rates by NUTS 2 regions (2004 and 2014, %)
Youth unemployment rate by NUTS 2 region (2014)
The indicator on NEETs, young people neither in employment nor in education and training, refers to young people aged 15 to 24 who are (1) not employed or inactive and (2) have not received any education and training in the four weeks preceding the survey. Data are expressed as a percentage of the total population in the same age group.The pie chart shows the 15-24 year-old population divided into four categories: the NEETs, those that are not employed but participate in formal or informal education or training (ET), those that are employed and not in ET, and those employed and in ET. The map shows the percentage of NEETs in the EU regions.Youth unemployment and the proportion of NEETs are complementary concepts. The unemployment rate measures those who are out of work and, actively searching and are able to start working; it is based on the economically active population of 15–24 years-old as its denominator. By contrast, the definition of NEETs excludes those in employment, education or training, but may include some of the economically inactive; it is based on a denominator that covers all 15–24 year-olds.
NEETs: young people not in employment, education or training (2014)
Snapshot of the EU regions with a view to selected Europe 2020 targetsEPRS
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Country code: Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Bulgaria (BG), Cyprus (CY), Czech Republic (CZ), Denmark (DK), Estonia (EE), Finland (FI), France (FR), Germany (DE), Greece (EL), Croatia (HR), Hungary (HU), Ireland (IE), Italy (IT), Latvia (LV), Lithuania (LT), Luxembourg (LU), Malta (MT), Netherlands (NL), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Romania (RO), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI), Spain (ES), Sweden (SE), United Kingdom (UK), European Union (EU28).Data source: Eurostat and European Commission. Extraction date: May and June 2016.
Notes
Employment refers to all persons aged 20-64 who, during the reference week, performed work for pay, profit or family gain or were not at work because of illness, holidays, training or similar.The map shows the employed rate for the year 2014. The line chart shows the evolution of the employment rate for the EU-28.
Employment rate by NUTS 2 region (2014)
Eurostat’s definition of those ‘at risk of poverty or social exclusion’ refers to the situation of people either at risk of poverty, or severely materially deprived or living in a household with a very low work intensity. The at-risk-of-poverty rate is the share of people with an equivalised disposable income (after social transfer) below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60% of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers.The material deprivation rate is an indicator that expresses the inability to afford some items considered by most people to be desirable or even necessary to lead an adequate life.The indicator concerning persons living in households with low work intensity is defined as the number of persons living in a household having a work intensity (ratio of number of worked months and months that could have been worked) below a threshold set at 0.20.The reduction of the number of persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion in the EU is one of the key targets of the Europe 2020 strategy.Austria, Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and the UK did not provide data broken down by region, therefore the national value has been represented on the map.
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion
Population aged 30-34 with tertiary education (ISCED 5-8)
The map shows regular internet users as a percentage of total population. Regular users of the internet are persons who use the internet on average at least once a week, every day or almost every day.Austria, Germany, Greece, Poland and UK did not provide data broken down by region for the year 2015, therefore the national value has been represented on the map.
Regular internet users
The graphic represents the European Structural and Investment fund allocation for the period 2014–2020. Cohesion policy allocation includes: the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the European Social Fund (ESF), the Cohesion Fund (CF) and the Youth Employment Initiative (YEI). In the graph the ‘interregional’ category is not represented and accounts for €9.1 billion.The upper pie chart represents the breakdown of the total funds per category. The lower one represents the top three Member State beneficiaries (Poland, Italy and Spain, 37%), top five (+ Romania and Germany, 50%) and top ten (+ France, Portugal, Hungary, Czech Republic and Greece, 76%)
European Structural and Investment Fund
Tertiary education refers to categories five to eight of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). It is the level of education offered by universities, vocational universities, institutes of technology and other institutions that award academic degrees or higher professional certificates - bachelor, master or doctoral. The map represents the percentage of people aged 30-34 with a level of education higher than category five.One target of the Europe 2020 strategy is that by 2020 at least 40% of 30-34 year-olds should have completed tertiary education.