s&=o0nsmsyano pircy - inflibnetshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3848/9/09_chapter...

p/kr8Ý1

s&=o0nsmSyano pircy

1.1 p/aStaivk

1.2 smSyak9n Ane wkelnI s&kLpna

1.3 A_yasna hetuAo

1.4 s&=o0nnu& xeà

1.5 s&=o0nno p/kar

1.6 s&=o0nnI wTkLpnaAo

1.7 A_yasma& smaivQ4 clo

1.8 A_yasma& smaivQ4 pair_aaiqk =BdonI Vyavhairk Vya~ya A9va smjUtI

1.9 A_yasnI sa9Rkta

1.10 A_yasno Vyap

1.11 A_yasnI myaRdaAo

1.12 kayRyojna

1.13 s&=o0nnI kayR£pre a

1.14 hve p2Ina& p/kr8onu& Aayojn

1.15 wps&har

p/kr8ÝÓ‰ s&=o0n smSyano pircy

2

1.1 p/aStaivk ‰

yuvavgR Ae de=nI mu~y sa0nÝs&piä 2e. de=no ivkas tena yuvanona& bX, bui³

Ane kO=Ly pr Aa0ar raè 2e. =aXa Ane mha=aXaAona vgR`&6oma& yuvanonu& 36tr 9ay

2e. Aam yuvavgRnI gu8väa i=x8nI gu8väa pr sI0I rIte Aa0airt 2e. [aImd\ _agvd\

gItama& j8aVyu& 2e ke “yogŠ kmRsu kO=lm\ | Ae4le ke kayRma& ku=Xta hovI mh]vnI 2e.

_aartIy i=x8ma& gu8väane mu~y babt trIke g8vama& AavI 2e te yoGy 2e. Aa9I

Asrkark i=x8 ma4e ivcarvanu& j£rI bNyu& 2e.

AeKvIsmI sdInI =£AatnI sa9e j smg/ iv¼ kMPyu4r(s&g8k),

ma;k/ovev(sUåmtr&g) Ane se4ela;4(k<i{am wpg/h)na wpyog9I t9a ;N4rne4(Aa&trjal)

Ane :Ýmel(ivja8up{a) jevI nvI tkinkI ke ik/yaklapiv¼a (technology)9I maihtgar

9yu& 2e Ane vEi¼kr8 (globalisation)na yugma& p/ve=I cUKyu& 2e. Aa yug maihtIna

tkinkIna yug (age of information technology) trIke p8 AoXày 2e. gu8väayuKt

i=x8 Ae Aajna smynI ma&g Ane Aav+ykta 2e. s&=o0n Ane ivkas vgr tena Vyapk

p/sarna& sveR p/yTno ApU8R rhe 2e. te9I nvI vStune Amlma& mUkta& phela& tene ckasI levI

j£rI bne 2e.

payanu& i=x8 smajna tmam vgoRnI j£iryatone pho&cI vXe Aeva )yeyvaXu& hovu&

jo:Ae. ma)yimk i=x8no smygaXo Aevo 2e ke te gaXama& iviv0 p/it_aaAo bhar Aave 2e

Ane ivkse 2e. te9I te smygaXanu& i=x8 às kaX@ magI le 2e. baXkona rsnu& xeà

ja8Ine temj tenI t9a tenI laykat Ane xmta ja8Ine tene te trf AagX v0vanu&

id=asUcn krvanu& hoy 2e. te9I tene Anu£p A_yask/mo ke jema& _aaqaAo, gi8t, iv}aan,

smajiv¼aAo t9a samaNy}aanno smave= 9ay 2e temne sm<³ krva& jo:Ae Ane smy

sa9e tal mIlavva temne A¼tn krva& jo:Ae.


3

National Curriculum Frame-work for School Education (2000) namna

puStkma& raQ4Îy ivkas ma4e =aXai=x8ne mh]vnu& g8vama& AaVyu& 2e. tema& d=aRVyu& 2e ke,

“School education in recent times has emerged as an important segment of

the total educational system and is expected to contribute significantly to

the individual as well as the national development processes.” tem8e j8aVyu& 2e

ke smg/ i=x8p/8alIma& =aXai=x8 Aek AgTyna iv_aag trIke wpsI r¬u& 2e Ane te

VyiKtgt temj raQ4Îy ivkasp/ik/yama& mh]vnu& p/dan kr=e AevI Apexa ràyelI 2e.1

yuneSkona Aa&trraQ4Îy kim=nno Aheval (1974) p8 gu8väapU8R i=x8 ma4e

)yan dore 2e. tema& i=x8nI wTk<Q4ta lavvana hetuvaXo A_yask/m rcvanI sa9e tene

Asrkark rIte =I`vvanI babtne mh]v Aapvama& AaVyu& 2e.2

Ko:p8 de=na ivkasno Aa0ar Tya&na i=x8, Aai9Rk p/git, AO¼oigk p/git,

vai8JynI iS9it Ane manvbX pr hoy 2e. Aa b0a& 34koma& i=x8 keN²S9ane 2e kar8 ke

raQ4^na ko:p8 34knI p/git i=x8 ivna =Ky n9I. i=x8ma& caltI A)yynÝA)yapn

p/ik/yane v0u rsp/d Ane AakqRk bnavvanI jvabdarI i=xknI 2e. Aajna Aa

}aanivSfo4na yugma& vgR &6ma& i=xk 40 imin4 maà bolI bolIne b0u& =I`vI de te maNyta

_aUl_arelI 2e. Asrkark A)yapn ma4e =Exi8k 4eK\nolo@, =Exi8k sa0nsamg/I, nvI

p/yuiKtAo Ane nva Ai_agmonI Aav+ykta rhe 2e.

2eLla ke4lak dayka9I iv¼ma& beNjaimn BlUm (1913-99)na A)yynna& 6 StronI

s&kLpnano SvIkar 9yelo 2e. 3 tena Aa0are Aa0uink ‘rmt-Aa0airt A)yyn’ (game

1 National Curriculum Framework for School Education, National Council of Educational

Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi, 2000, page 2 2 Kulkarni, Sharad, Kamat Kusum, Gidwani Shanta, Introduction to educational technology,

Workbook, UNESCO-Regional office for education in Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, 1974. 3 Castle, Windosr. The taxonomy of learning and Benjamin Bloom. @

http://oaks.nvg.org/wm6ra3.html


4

based learning)no Ai_agm ivKSyo 2e Ane ckasayo 2e.4 tema& =aXana vgRma& da`l

9to drek iv¼a9IR gu8väavaXu& A)yyn krI =ke Ane je te ivqyma& wCc isi³ sa9e ivqyno

A_yask/m pU8R krI =ke. Aa wpra&t vgRna mo4a _aagna iv¼a9IRAo p8 Aavu& i=x8 p/aPt

krI =ke tevo ~yal smayelo 2e.

1.2 smSyak9n Ane wkelnI s&kLpna‰

Aap8I prIxap³it Ane jaher prIxaAona pir8am pr Aa0airt juda juda

Vyavsaiyk xeàona p/ve=ne lI0e Aajno baXk iv¼a9IRne bdle prIxa9IR ke gu8a&kna9IR

bNyo 2e. te9I =aXaAoma& p8 prIxalxI _a8avvama& Aave 2e. Aam baXk goì8yu& bne

2e Ane wprcoi4yu& }aan meXve 2e. vXI i=xk potanI gitAe i=x8kayR krta hoy 2e, jema&

vgRna lg_ag Amuk _aagna iv¼a9IRAo j sarI rIte A)yyn krI =ke 2e. bakIna

iv¼a9IRAono A_yas m&d gitAe v0e 2e A9va to teAo nbXa A9Rg/h8ne kar8e

A)yynma& v0u smy le 2e.

19994ma& rukEya yusufe iv}aanna i=x8ma& mo6elna wpyog A&ge Aek sveRx8 krIne

j8aVyu& htu& ke mae$6elno wpyog Ub j wpyogI 2e.5 Wga(1985) Aee Aaif/kanI =aXaAo

ma4ena A_yask/m rcvanI p/ik/yama& j8aVyu& 2e ke drek VyiKtne Aek j pít ke Ai_agm9I

_a8avay to te Aek srÌ rIte A_yas krI =ktI n9I.6 vXI i=xkne to cošs smyma&

A_yask/m pUro krvano hoy te9I te zDp9I AagX v0to rhe 2e. pir8ame nbXa

iv¼a9IRAo =aXakIy cošs maXàma& potana A)yynnu& ivqyvStu s&pU8Rp8e =IÌ =kta

4 Teed Rebecca, Game-based learning. Web page on Starting point>Teaching entry

level>Geoscience @ http:/serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/games/index.html 5 Usuf, Rukaiya H. The use of models in the teaching of science, A case study of selected secondary schools in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria., in Teaching of Science, @ http://www.ncsu.edu/ ncsu/aern/tscience.html 6 Uga, O. Curriculum development for Africa. Afrikana-Feb. Publishers Ltd, Nigeria, 1998, p. 236


5

n9I Ane vgR sa9e rhevama& Asm9R bne 2e. A_yasma& pa2X rhI jta& teAo hta=a Ane

inra=a Anu_ave 2e Ane ko:k v`t A_yas 2o6I deva su0I pho&cI jay 2e.

p/a. y=pale (1993) i=x8m&{yalyne Aek p{ama& j8aVyu& 2e ke _aar ivnana

_a8trma& puStkona _aOitk _aar krta& je _a8avayu& 2e tenI pUrI smj pDtI n9I te v0u

mh]vnu& 2e. tene kar8e 38a _a8I =ke teva iv¼a9IRAo vhela W5I jay 2e.7 tem8e j8aVyu& 2e

ke 38u& p8 A0Uru& smjayu& hoy tena krta 9oDu& p8 pUrepuru& smjayu& hoy te v0u saru& 2e.7 _aar

ivnana _a8tr A&genI raQ4^Iy slahkar simitAe tena Ahevalma& j8aVyu& 2e (1993)

i=xko Ane baXko =Exi8k p/ik/yama& Aan&dnI lag8I gumavI be5a 2e. mo4a _aagna

iv¼a9IRAo ma4e -8vanI ik/ya k&4aXajnk, ibnAan&ddayk Ane kDvo Anu_av bnI rhe

2e.8 ma)yimk Ane wCctr vgoRma& A)yynna mnoiv}aan p/ma8e =I`vvane bdle gi8tna

tkRne Aa0are i=x8 Apay 2e. tene kar8e baXk ma4e gi8t Aek rhSymy (esoteric)

ivqy (discipline) bnI rhe 2e, jenI Vyavhairk iv¼ma& ko: `as wpyoigta n9I.8

wpr j8aVya jevI nkaraTmk babto jNm n le te ma4e A)yynnI Asm9Rta

0ravta Ane 0ImI gitAe _a8ta Aava iv¼a9IRAone pUrto smy, ¼+y[aaVy sa0no μara

magRd=Rn ke ANy saihTy pUru& pa6vama& Aave to teAo p8 ivqy sm@ =ke 2e, inpu8ta

p/aPt krI =ke 2e, kar8ke dreknI =I`vanI t9a g/h8 krvanI rIt Alg Alg hoy 2e.

te9I AeknI Aek babtne Anek rIte rjU krIAe Ae v0u saro Ai_agm 2e, jene je AnukUX

Aav=e te te Apnav=e.

7 Yashpal, Letter to the Education Ministry as Chairman of National Advisory Committee “To

Advise on Improving the Quality of Learning While Reducing the Burden on School Students, July 1993 (http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/r/2R/I3/2RI30201.htm)

8 Yashpal et al, Learning Without Burden - Report of the National Advisory Committee Appointed by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Education, New Delhi, July 1993 (http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/r/2R/I3/2RI30201.htm)


6

i=x8no Vyap v0ta& =aXaAoma& iv¼a9IRAonI s&~ya v0I 2e. Aap8a de=ma& Aevu&

p8 jova mXe 2e ke jem jem iv¼a9IRAonI s&~ya v0tI jay 2e tem tem prIxama& inQfX

jnar iv¼a9IRAonu& p/ma8 p8 v0tu& jay 2e.9 =aXa 2o6I jnaranI t9a frI9I prIxa

AapnarnI s&~ya p8 v0tI jay 2e. pir8ame ik&mtI manv-s&sa0n Ane na8a&no bga6

9ay 2e. hal Aap8a de=ma& vgR &6oma& 309I 80 je4la iv¼a9IRAonI s&~ya jova mXe 2e.

v0u iv¼a9IRAovaXa vgRma& Aapvama& Aavtu& =Exi8k kayR iv¼a9IRAona VyiKtgt tfavtone

s&toqI =Ktu& n9I, kar8 ke Aaà vgRne Aapvama& Aavtu& i=x8 m)ymkxana iv¼a9IRAone

)yanma& raÌne krvama& Aave 2e. te9I vgRna& tejSvI baXkono smy bg6e 2e t9a nbXa&

baXko pUrepUru& sm@ =kta& n9I. Aa rIte wd\_avtI i=x8kayRnI xit iv¼a9IRAonI s&~ya

v0e tem v0I =ke 2e. Aa xit invarva A&ge ik/yaTmk =Exi8k p/ik/ya yo@ =kay.

gujrat raJy ma)yimk i=x8bo6R, ga&0Ingrna pUvRsicv @. ke. p4el (2004)na

mt p/ma8e AekvIsmI sdIma& }aanno ivSfo4 9yo 2e. Jyare iv¼ nanu& Ane smIp deày 2e

Ane manvI s&3qR krIne iv¼manv bnva maihtInI tKinkI(information technology)

no wpyog krI AagX v0I r¬o 2e t9a ivkas krI r¬o 2e Tyare p/vtRman i=x8p³itma&

p8 ik/yaTmk i=x89I iv¼a9IRAoma& rhelI Aa&tirk =iKtAo =aXakxaAe ivkas pame to

isi³na& i=`r sr krvama& teAo sfX bn=e. te £i7gt =Exi8k kayRma&9I bhar AavI

vEi¼k p6karne pho&cI Svym\ kam krto 9=e to iv¼a9IRnI tkR=iKt, t9a ik/ya=iKt v0=e

Ane te vgR`&6ma& meXvela }aanno wpyog krta& =I`=e.10

=Exi8k sa0no μara 9tI =I`vvanI p/ik/ya, Ane te p8 SvinimRt, mOilk =Exi8k

sa0no μara 9tI hoy to te Aek p/kare Aa=avadI tTv}aan Aa0airt p/ik/ya 2e, jema&

9 pir8ampuiStka, ma)yimk =aXa&t p/ma8p{a prIxa, v6odra‰ gujrat ma)yimk Ane wCctr ma)yimk i=x8 boDR, prIxa

iv_aag, macR 2004, p<. 7 10 p4el, @.ke., Aamu`, p/ojeK4Ýp/v<i]a ³ara i=x8, s&d-Rg/&9[ae8I, s&padk Š ka&it_aa: p4el, Amdavad‰ -aivk p/ka=n,

2004, p<. 4


7

A)yyn Ane A)yapn b e s&kXayela 2e. tema& mUX_aUt babt Ae 2e ke ko: p8 i=xk

mo4a_aagna iv¼a9IRAone z6p9I, rspUvRk, AaTmiv¼aspU8R Ane tejSvI A)yyn ma4e

kdac p/erI =ke t9a ho&i=yar Ane tejSvI iv¼a9IRAonI jem j m&d, p/er8a=UNy Ane AinC2a

0ravta iv¼a9IRAone p8 wTsaiht krIne A)yyn p/it p/erI =ke. Aa p/karnu& A)yapn

iv¼a9IRna la&ba gaXanI samaijk t9a vEyiKtk p/gitno Aa0ar bnI =ke Ane tene potanu&

kayR jate krva jevI @vn @vvanI sacI rIt =I`vI =ke. vXI sa9e sa9e te i=xkma& p8

wTsah, Aa=a jNmavI =ke.

Ameirkama& gi8t i=x8na :ithas A&gena Myuizymma& ke4lIk =Exi8k sa0no

A&genI maihtI wplB0 2e.11 tema& d=aRVya p/ma8e iSvs i=x8kar Jhon peS4olae$zInI dlIl

2e ke jo ivcaro t9a s&kLpnaAo•)y9oR, ideas– mUtR vStuAo ke ¼+yman ic{a8o (visual

images) sa9e joDayela& hoy to temne iv¼a9IRAo sarI rIte =I`I =ke 2e. te9I ke4lak

AmeirknoAe Aa ivcarno Aml krIne go`8pºIvaXa gi8ti=x8ma& pUrv8I krva ma4e

kaXapai4ya pr ic{ao, AakqRk -I&&&tic{ao (charts) t9a ANy mUtR vStuAone

A)yapnkayRma& smaivQ4 kya% 2e. sn 1833ma& Ameirkana kneik\4k4 raJyna Vya~yata

Ane i=x8su0ark joisAah holb/uke =aXaAo Ane 3rma& vaprI =kay teva _aUimitna

p/itk<it (models) bnaVya hta. te p/ma8ma& 38a sSta p8 hta.

gi8tÝiv}aannu& i=x8 raQ4^na ivkasma& mhamUlo faXo Aape 2e. gi8tma& par&gt

VyiKt ANy xeàma& ka5u& ka7I =ke 2e. samaijk @vnma& p8 in8Ryo levama& t9a ki5n

magRma&9I rSto ka7vama& p8 gi8ti=x8ma& mh]vnI g8atI iv¿leq8 Ane Aa&trgU&98nI

ivKselI xmta wpyogI bne 2e. iv¼a9IR vE}aaink rIte ivcarta& =I`e 2e Ane tene tevI 4ev

p6e 2e. Aam Aa Ai_agm baXkna VyiKtgt ivkasma& p8 mh]vno _aag _ajve 2e. te9I

11 National Museum of American History, Behring Centre: Slates, slides rules and software-

Teaching Mathematics in America, (Webpage), http://americanhistory.si.edu/teachingmath/


8

A_yaske gi8tÝA)yapnna s&d_aRma& =Exi8k sa0nonI Asr ckasvano A_yas ha9

0yoR 2e.

=Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapnna Ai_agmne p/ayoigk rIte ckasI jovanu& ivcarelu&

2e. Aa Ai_agm9I }aanaTmk •bo0aTmk– xeà pr Ane tenI sa9e sa9e _aavaTmk xeàne

lgta& lx8o pr p8 =I Asr 9ay 2e te ckasvama& AaVyu& 2e. Aam, jate potana ivcar9I

nvI rIte bnavela& (original and innovative) =Exi8k sa0no μara gi8tivqyna

s&d_aRma& A)yapnkayR›/mnI Asrne Aek judI j rIte tpasvano A_yas ha9 0yoR 2e.

p/Stut s&=o0n A_yasnu& =IqRk Aa p/ma8e 2e.

“gi8ti=x8ma& iv¼a9IRAonI =Exi8k isi³ wpr SvinimRt mOilk =Exi8k sa0nonI 9tI Asrno A_yas”

“A study of the effect of self-made original (innovative) teaching aids

on the educational achievement of the students in mathematics”

1.3 A_yasna hetuAo ‰

p/Stut A_yas•s&=o0n–na hetuAo nIce mujb hta.

1. 0or8-9ma& gi8tivqyna ps&d krela 6 Aekmo ma4e mOilk =Exi8k sa0no tEyar

krva& Ane tena wpyog μara i=x8ÝkayR›/mnI rcna krvI.

2. 0or8-9na gi8tivqyna ps&d krela Aekmo ma4e p/mai8t kso4InI rcna krvI.

3. gi8tÝA)yynrsÝs&=oi0nInI s&rcna krvI.

4. pr&pragt vgRÝA)yapn p³itnI tulnaAe =Exi8k sa0no μara i=x8kayRnI

0or8-9na iv¼a9IRAona A)yynrs pr 9tI Asr tpasvI.

5. pr&pragt vgRÝA)yapnnI tulnaAe =Exi8k sa0no μara t9a i=x8kayRnI 0or8-

9na iv¼a9IRAonI isi³ pr Asr tpasvI.


9

6. gi8ti=x8 ma4e rcela =Exi8k sa0nonI, iv¼a9IRAonI =aXaAo je juda juda

p/karna& samaijk Ane Aai9Rk pirbXo 0ravta ivStaroma& AavelI 2e tena

s&d_aRma&, Asrkarkta tpasvI.

7. gi8tÝA)yyn ma4e 0or8-9na gi8tna SvinimRt mOilk =Exi8k sa0nonI rcna

baXko pase kravvI.

1.4 s&=o0nnu& xeà ‰

A_yasnI iviv0 iv¼a=aàAona& juda& juda& xeàoma& 38a& s&=o0no ha9 0rvama&

Aavta& hoy 2e. i=x8=aSà iv¼a=aàma& p8 s&=o0nna& iviv0 xeàoma& s&=o0no ha9

0ray 2e. iviv0 xeàma& 9ta s&=o0none pir8ame je te iv¼a=aà sm<³ bntI jay 2e Ane

i=x8na& iviv0 pirma8o p8 SpQ4 9ay 2e. s&=o0ko μara Kya pirma8one v0u )yanma&

ràyela 2e tenI ja8karI p8 mXe 2e. ‘co9a sveR Aof irscR :n AeJyuke=n (1991)’ma&

i=x8ma& s&=o0nona iviv0 xeàono wLle krelo 2e.12

A_yasno ivqy, hetuAo Ane p/ik/ya tpasta& p/Stut A_yas s&=o0nna& juda& juda&

xeào sa9e s&kXayelo 2e. Aa A_yas gi8tivqyna A)yapnna s&d_aRma& krvama& AaVyo

2e. Aa9I te gi8ti=x8na xeà sa9e jo6ayelo 2e.

=Exi8k sa0no μara kratu& A)yapn Ae i=x8 ma4enI p/yuiKt g8vama& Aave 2e.

p/Stut A_yasma& SvinimRt mOilk =Exi8k sa0no ivKsavvama& AaVya& hta& Ane tenI

Asr ckasvama& AavI 2e. Aa9I Aa A_yas =Exi8k 4eKnolo@na xeà Ane A)yapn

p/yuiKt (teaching strategy) sa9e p8 s&kXayelo 2e.

s&=o0nkayR drMyan gi8tivqynI A)yynrsÝs&=oi0nInI rcna, ivkasaTmk

kso4IAonI rcna Ane BLyUip/N4 p/ma8enI s&kilt kso4InI rcna krvama& AavI htI Ane

12 Buch, M.B., (Chief Editor), Forth Survey of Research in Education (NCERT), Noida,

Publication department of NCERT, 1991, p. 9-10


10

temno wpyog krvama& AaVyo hto. te9I te kso4IAo sa0n trIke mapnna xeàne p8 Sp=eR

2e.

Aam, p/Stut s&=o0n tena& juda& juda& pirma8ona s&d_aRma& juda& juda& s&=o0nxeàone

Sp=eR 2e. pr&tu mUX_aUt rIte te gi8ti=x8 Ane =Exi8k 4eKnolo@na xeào sa9e s&kXayelu&

2e.

1.5 s&=o0nno p/kar ‰

p/Stut s&=o0n mUlgt Ane ik/yaTmk s&=o0nnI sr`am8Ima& Vyavhairk

s&=o0nna p/karnu& 2e kar8 ke Aa s&=o0nma& =Exi8k sa0nona sE³a&itk ~yalne Vyvharma&

mUkI gi8ti=x8na s&d_aRma& tenI Asr ckasvama& AavI 2e Ane s&=o0nna& pir8amo

Vyavhairk rIte wpyogma& l: =kay tem 2e.

s&=o0n drMyan Aekà kratI maihtI Ane tena p<9šr8na Anus&0anma&

s&=o0nna& be p/kar 2e. (1) gu8aTmk s&=o0n Ane (2) s&~yaTmk s&=o0n.

Aa pEkI p/Stut s&=o0n s&~yaTmk p/karnu& s&=o0n 2e kar8 ke s&=o0n drMyan

Aekà krvama& AavelI maihtI s&~yaTmk p/karnI 2e Ane tenu& yoGy Aa&k6a=aSàIy

p/yuiKtAo v6e p<9šr8 krvama& AaVyu& 2e. Aa wpra&t s&=o0nna p/karo jeva ke AEithaisk

s&=o0n, sveRx8, kar8ÝtulnaTmk s&=o0n vgerene )yanma& leta& p/Stut s&=o0n Aek

p/karnu& p/ayoigk s&=o0n 2e. Aa A&genI p/ayoigk yojnanI ivgt p/kr8-3 s&=o0n

yojnama& d=aRvvama& AavI 2e.

1.6 s&=o0nnI wTkLpnaAo ‰

s&=o0n jo p/ayoigk p/karnu& hoy to smSyana wkel ma4e wTkLpnaAo ba&0vI p6e

2e. wTkLpnaAo ba&0va9I smSyana wkelno rSto sUze 2e Ane Aam te Aek p/kare smSyane


11

vE}aaink rIte jovanI Aa& o 2e13 Ane te A_yasna hetuAone Anu£p keva& pir8amo p/aPt 9=e

te A&gena& taikRk Anumano p8 d=aRve 2e.14

p/Stut s&=o0nnI wTkLpnaAo nIce p/ma8e 2e.

1. ALpivkist ivStarnI =aXana 0or8-9na s&d_aRma& =Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapn

pamta p/ayoigk jU9na iv¼a9IRAona Ane samaNy vgRpítAe A)yapn pamta

iny&iàtjU9na iv¼a9IRAona gi8tivqyna p/aPta&konI srasrI vCce sa9Rk tfavt

nih hoy.

2. suivkist ivStarnI =aXana 0or8-9na s&d_aRma& =Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapn

pamta p/ayoigk jU9na iv¼a9IRAona Ane £i7gt vgRpítAe A)yapn pamta

iny&iàt jU9na iv¼a9IRAona gi8tivqyna p/aPta&konI srasrI vCce sa9Rk tfavt

nih hoy.

3. A)yapnp³it Ane gi8tna srera= p/aPta&ko vCcena s&b&0 pr =aXana ivStarnI

Asr 9tI nih hoy.


pamta p/ayoigk jU9na iv¼a9IRAo Ane £i7gt vgRpítAe A)yapn pamta

iny&iàt jU9na iv¼a9IRAona maihtI0ar8 (retentive memory)na p/aPta&ko vCce

sa9Rk tfavt nih hoy.

5. suivkist ivStarnI =aXana 0or8-9na s&d_aRma& =Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapn

pamta Ane samaNy vgRpítAe A)yapn pamta iv¼a9RIRAona maihtI0ar8na

p/aPta&ko vCce sa9Rk tfavt nih hoy.

13 desa:, hir_aa: gu. Ane desa:, k<.go., s&=o0n p³itAo Ane p/ivi0Ao •Õ@ Aa.–. Amdavad ‰ yuinvisR4I g/&9 inmaR8bo6R,

gujrat raJy, ÓÛÚ×, p<. ÛÖ 14 wca4, idne=c&² A., samaijk =aS{aoma& s&=o0nsmSya ps&dgIna sE a&itk Ane Vyavhairk Aa0aro rajko4 ‰ pars p/ka=n,

ÓÛÛÙ, p<. 20.


12

6. A)yapnp³it Ane gi8tna maihtI0ar8 (retentive memory)na p/aPta&kona

s&b&0 pr =aXana ivStarnI Asr 9tI nih hoy.


pamta iv¼a9IRAo Ane samaNy vgRp´itAe A)yapn pamta iv¼a9IRAona

gi8tivqyk A)yynrsna p/aPta&konI srasrIAo vCce sa9Rk tfavt nih hoy.

8. suivkist ivStarnI =aXana 0or8ÝÛna s&d_aRma& =Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapn

pamta iv¼a9IRAo Ane £i7gt vgRp´itAe A)yapn pamta iv¼a9IRAona

gi8tivqyk A)yynrsna p/aPta&konI srasrIAo vCce sa9Rk tfavt nih hoy.

9. A)yapnp³it Ane gi8tivqyk A)yynrs vCcena s&b&0 pr =aXana ivStarnI

Asr 9tI nih hoy.

1.7 A_yasma& smaivQ4 clo ‰

p/ayoigk s&=o0noma& clonu& S9an AgTynu& 2e. te9I tena ivqenI ivSt<t maihtInu&

mh]v 2e. clno A9R sada =Bdoma& jo:Ae to je lx8 A9va gu8 Aek krta& v0u mULyo

0ar8 krI =ke jenI ik&mtma& ciltta 2e te lx8 A9va gu8 tevo 9ay. wca4 (2000)na

d=aRVya mujb p/ayoigk s&=o0noma& s&=o0k Svt&à Ane prt&à cl vCcena kar8ÝAsr

s&b&0ono A_yas kre 2e.15 ANy clo pr A&ku= meXvIne s&=o0k Svt&à clne lagu pa6e 2e

Ane tenI prt&à cl pr 9tI Asr tpase 2e. Aa9I p/yogma& vprayela iviv0 clo ivqe

SpQ4ta j£rI bne 2e. p/Stut A_yasma& ps&d krela clo Aa mujb 2e.

1.7.1 Svt&à cl (independent variable) ‰ Svt&à cl Ae p/ik/yama& w¥Ipk ke p/ik/yk

hoy 2e, je 34nanI A&tgRt ik/ya krIne tene Asr pho&ca6e 2e. wca4na m&tVy mujb

“Svt&à cl Ae Aevo cl 2e ke jene s&=o0k Avlokn he5XnI 34na prno teno

15 wca4, idne=c&² A. s&=o0nnI ivi=Q4 p³itAo. sOraQ4^ yuinvisR4I, rajko4,ÔÒÒÒ, p<. ÙÖ.


13

s&b&0 nšI krva ma4e ps&d kre 2e, lagu pa6e 2e Ane mape 2e.”16 p/Stut A_yasma&

Svt&à cl trIke A)yapn p³it 2e. AhI& Svt&à cl be p/karna 2e Š (1) =Exi8k

sa0no μara A)yapn Ane (2) samaNy vgR-A)yapn p³it9I A)yapn.

Aak<it - 1.1 ‰ A)yapn p´itna p/karo

p/kar-1

p/kar-2

1.7.2 prt&à cl (dependent or predicted variable) ‰ Svt&à clnI Asr

pamnar clne prt&à cl khe 2e. wca416na mtanusar Svt&à clno Aml

krva9I, tene dUr krva9I ke tema& ferfar krva9I j e cl wd\_ave 2e, A¼+y 9ay 2e

ke ferfar pame 2e te clne prt&à cl khevama& Aave 2e. p/Stut A_yasma& smaivQ4

prt&à clo à8 hta‰ (1)gi8tivqyma& isi³, (2) maihtI0ar8 (retentive

memory) Ane (3) gi8tÝA)yynrs.

Aak<it - 1.2 ‰

A_yasma& AavrI levayela prt&à clo

p/kar-1 gi8tivqyk isi³

maihtI0ar8

p/kar-2 gi8tA)yynrs

16 wca4, wproKt p<. 25.

A)yapn p³it

=Exi8k sa0no μara

samaNy vgR-A)yapn p³it

A)yapn p³it

=Exi8k sa0no μara



14

1.7.3 pirvtRk cl ‰ wca4 (2000)17na d=aRVya mujb pirvtRk cl Aek `as p/karno

gO8 Svt&à cl 2e ke je mu~y Svt&à cl Ane prt&àcl vCcena s&b&0ne Asr kre

2e ke kem te tpasva ma4e ps&d krvama& Aave 2e.

Aak<it - 1.3 ‰

b¨e p/yogoma& Aavta Svt&à, prt&à Ane pirvtRk clono k/imk s&b&0

p/yog – 1

p/yog – 2

ivStar •pirvtRk cl– A)yapn p³it • Svt&à cl– =Exi8k isi´ •prt&à cl–

Aa A_yasma& pirvtRk cl trIke =aXano ivStar hto. te be p/karna

hta. (1) ALpivkist Ane (2) suivkist ivStaro. p/Stut A_yasma& smayela

iviv0 clo vCceno s&b&0 Aak<it-1.1, 1.2 Ane 1.3ma& d=aRvelo 2e.

1.7.4 A&kui=t cl ‰ wca4na mte p/ayoigk s&=o0noma& Jyare Svt&à clno Aml calto

hoy Tyare ke4la&k ANy bharna clo prt&à cl pr Asr n kre tevI kaX@ levI

p6e 2e Ae4le ke Aava clonI Asrne A&kui=t, t4S9 ke AsrhIn krvama& Aave

17 wca4, pUvoRKt p<. 26-27


=Exi8k sa0no μara


i Isuivkist ivStar

Ó. gi8tivqyma& isi³ Ô. maihtI0ar8 Õ. gi8tÝA)yynÝrs

ALpivkist ivStar

=Exi8k sa0no μara

Ó. gi8tivqyma& isi³ Ô. maihtI0ar8 Õ. gi8tÝA)yynÝrs


15

2e.17 Aava clone A&kui=t clo khevama& Aave 2e. p/Stut A_yasma& nIcena

A&kui=t clo hta.

ü =aXakIy pyaRvr8 ‰ p/yog-1ma& be jU9o•iny&iàt jU9 Ane p/ayoigk jU9–nI

ps&dgI Aek j =aXama&9I krI htI Ane p/yog-2ma& p8 bë jU9onI ps&dgI

Aek j =aXama&9I krI =aXakIy pyaRvr8nI Asr sman bnavI htI.

ü iv¼a9IRAonI A_yasxmta ‰ tene sman bnavva bë p/yogoma& bë jU9o

ma4ena iv¼a9IRAo Aek j 0or8(0or8-9)ma&9I ps&d krvama& AaVya hta.

ü ivqya&g ‰ bë p/yogoma& iny&iàt t9a p/ayoigk jU9na& baXkone sman Aekmnu&

i=x8kayR krI Aekmnu& pirbX A&kui=t kyuR& htu&.

ü A)yapnkO=Ly ‰ bë p/yogoma& Aek j i=xk (A_yask) μara i=x8kayR

krvama& AaVyu& htu&, je9I i=xknI A)yapnxmta sman rhe.

ü p/kI8R ‰ b0a j vgoRma& A)yynno smy svarno ra~yo hto. drek jU9nu&

i=x8kayR bIja jU9nI gerhajrIma& krayu& htu&.

1.7.5 Aa&trvtIR cl ‰ p/yogkayRma& Svt&à clna AmlIkr8 drMyan ke4lak clo

prt&à cl pr Asr kre 2e pr&tu tenI Asr jo: =katI n9I ke mapI =katI n9I.

Aava clonI AsrnI maà 0ar8a j 9: =ke 2e. wca4 Aava clone Aa&trvtIR

cl khe 2e.18 p/Stut A_yasma& A)yapnnI nivnta, i=xkno iv¼a9IRAo sa9eno

Vyvhar, iv¼a9IRna 3rnu& pyaRvr8, iv¼a9IRnI ivqysjjta, A_yas A&genu& p/er8

(motivation) vgere jeva clo Aa&trvtIR ho: =ke.

17 wca4, pUvoRKt p<. 26-27 18 wca4, pUvoRKt p<. 28


16

1.8 A_yasma& smaivQ4 pair_aaiqk =BdonI Vyavhairk Vya~ya A9va smjUtI ‰

p/Stut A_yasma& vprayela iviv0 pair_aaiqk =Bdo t9a ivi=Q4 pdonI Vyvharu

Vya~ya A9va smjUtI AhI& d=aRVya p/ma8e 2e.

1.8.1 gi8ti=x8 ‰ p/Stut s&=o0nma& gujrat raJy =aXa pa5ypuStk m&6X μara

p/kai=t 0or8-9na gi8tivqyna Aekmonu& pr&pragt, £i7gt ke samaNy

vgRp³itnI rIte A9va mOilk, SvinimRt =Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapn-A)yyn

Ae4le gi8ti=x8.

1.8.2. mOilk SvinimRt =Exi8k sa0no ‰ mOilk SvinimRt =Exi8k sa0no Ae Aek krta&

v0are =Exi8k sa0nonu& A9RpU8R s&yojn 2e. Aava& Anek sa0no Ane p/v<iäAona

wpyog μara i=x8 AapI =kay 2e. p/Stut s&=o0n ma4e mOilk •jate ivcarI

ka7ela&– Ane SvinimRt •jate bnavela&– =Exi8k sa0no Ae4le gi8tivqyma& ps&d

krela Aekmona ivqyvStunI rjUAat ma4e i=xk μara ivqyvStu smjavta& Ane

às tEyar krayela& sa0no jeva& ke p/itk<itAo (models), _aI&tle` (Charts),

rmk6a&, rmto, =Exi8k na4k, Tvirt p/½o]arI (quiz) vgere 2e. i=x8shayk

sa0no (teaching aids)ne ke4lak ivμanoAe nvoNmeqo (innovations) k¬a& 2e, je

baXkma& tena _a8vana ivqyma& Ane tena& ivqya&goma& rs Ane £ic v0are, tenI

smj8ne bXvär kre t9a tena kayRp/d=Rn (performance)ne v0u sarI rIte W&cI

kxaAe l: jay.19

1.8.3 =Exi8k isi´ pr Asr ‰ gi8ti=x8 s&b&i0t isińa mULya&kn ma4e iviv0

p/karnI kso4IAo l:ne tena p/aPta&kone jU9 p/ma8e t9a ivStar p/ma8e sràvvama&

19 Brookes, Michelle C. Fun educational toys can please kids, parents, the Atlanta Journal -

Constitution (home edition), Atlanta, Ga., November 27, 2004, page FE 11, http://proquest.umi.com


17

AaVya hta. Aa sr`am8Ima& mXela tfavtne =Exi8k isi´ prnI Asr g8vama&

AavI 2e.

1.8.4 =Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapn kayR›/m ‰ A_yaske A)yapn ma4e jate ivcarI

ka7Ine bnavela& sa0no vDe kratu& A)yapn kayR. dreknI =I`vanI rIt Alg

hova9I AeknI Aek babt Anek rIte rjU krI =kay te ma4e Aa p/yuiKt yojvama&

AavI 2e.

1.8.5 gi8t-A)yynrs ‰ p/Stut A_yasma& Aek prt&à cl trIke gi8tÝA)yynrs

levama& Aavelo 2e. rs(interest)na iviv0 pir_aaqakIy =aiBdk A9oR AhI& rjU

krela 2e. mnovE}aaink pir_aaqa Ane iv_aavnama& rsnI Vya~ya krta& k<.go. desa:

(1981) j8ave 2e ke ko: vStu, VyiKt, p/ik/ya ke 34na trf )yan AapI tena

s&b&0ma& lag8I Anu_avvanu& vl8. tema& _aavaTmkta sa9e bOi³k pasu& p8 ho:

=ke Ane te shjv<iäjNy ke pyaRvr8ma&9I s&paidt ho: =ke.20 tneja (1989)na

mte ko: cošs vStu A9va kayRne Anu£p p/v<i]ama& joDavana vl8 (Disposition

to engage in activities that are appropriate to some definite object or

act) ne rs khe 2e.21 AoKsf6R iv¼iv¼alyno A&g/e@ =Bdko= (1989) rs =Bdne

iviv0 rIte rjU kre 2e, jema&9I Aek A9R =Exi8k rs sa9e s&b&0 0rave 2e Ane te 2e

@}aasa (curiosity) ke )yanakqR8 (attention) jgavva&.22

wpr d=aRvelI rsnI judI judI =aiBdk iv_aavnana s&d_aRma& A_yaske

iv¼a9IRAona gi8tivqyna A)yyn ma4ena rs trIke ivza9IRnu& gi8tivqy

_a8va, smjva, teno wpyog krva, tene ivqe nvu& ja8va ma4enu& sahijk vl8

trIke Vya~yaiyt krelo 2e. tene gi8t-A)yynrs trIke d=aRvvama& Aavelo 2e.

20 desa:, k<.go. mnovE}aaink pir_aaqa Ane iv_aavna Amdavad. yuin. g/&9inmaR8 bo6R, gujrat raJy ÓÛÚÓ, p<. ÓÓØ. 21 Taneja, R.P. , Dictionary of education. New Delhi; Anmol Publications, 1989, p. 125. 22 Simpson, J.A. and E.S.C. Weiner(Ed) The Oxford English Dictionary (Second edition) Vol.

VII Oxford : Clarendon press, 1989, p. 1100.


18

A_yaske gi8tÝA)yynrs ja8va ma4e gi8tivqyk A)yynrsÝs&=oi0nInI

rcna krI 2e. Aa rss&=oi0nInI rcnama& iv¼a9IRAona gi8tÝA)yynrsne

lgta mu~y pasa&Aone )yanma& ra`vama& AaVya hta, je nIce p/ma8e 2e.

ü i=x8kayR ‰ vgR`&6ma& 9tu& gi8ti=x8kayR, A)yynkayR,

A)yynÝA)yapn p/ik/ya

ü le nkayR ‰ vgRno&0po9I, g<hkayR, Sva)yaypo9I

ü =Exi8k p/v<iä ‰ gi8tivqyk p/v<iäAoma& _aagIdarI, hrIfa: vgere

ü ANy ‰ gi8t ivqyno =o`, vacn, mulakat, smUh ma)ymno wpyog,

iv=eq p/v<iä

Aam gi8tÝA)yynne lgta Aa iviv0 pasa&Aone Aa0are

gi8tÝA)yynnI rss&=oi0nI tEyar krvama& AavelI 2e. Aa gi8t-A)yyn

rss&=oi0nIne “gi8t mne gme 2e?” Aevu& nam Aapvama& Aavelu& 2e.

p/Stut A_yasma& iv¼a9IRAe gi8tA)yyn-rss&=oi0nI ‘gi8t mne gme

2e?”ma& p/aPt krela p/aPta&kne gi8t A)yyn rs p/aPta&k trIke SvIkarela 2e.

1.8.6 maihtI0ar8 (retentive memory) ‰ k<.go. desa: (1981)na mte maihtI0ar8

Ae4le Anu_avo ke i=x8ne mnma& jaXvI ra`vu& te. saru& maihtI0ar8 9yelu& hoy to

punŠSmr8 sarI rIte Ane zDp9I 9: =ke 2e.23 mnovE}aaink pir_aaqa Ane

iv_aavnama& maihtI0ar8ne Aa p/ma8e d=aRvelu& 2e. A_yaske p/Stut A_yasma&

iv¼a9IRAonI Aek mihne levayelI punŠkso4Ina p/aPta&ko μara _a8ayelu& ke4lu& yad

r¬u& 2e tenu& mapn kyuR& 2e. Aa A_yasma& maihtI0ar8ne bIja prt&à cl trIke

levama& Aavelu& 2e. punŠkso4Ima& 2Ae Aekmona A)yapnkayRne A&te iv¼a9IRAone je

BLyUip/N4 p/ma8enI s&kilt kso4I AapI htI te j kso4I Apa: htI. b¨e

23 desa: k<.go., pUvoRKt p<. 207.


19

kso4IAoma& tem8e meXvela p/aPta&ko vCcena tfavtnee mUlvvama&& AaVya hta. Aa

tfavt jem Ao2o tem maihtI0ar8 v0u •ivSm<it Ao2I– tem g8vama& AaVyu& htu&.

bI@ rIte khIAe to Aa tfavt jem v0u tem maihtI0ar8 Ao2u& Ane ivSm<it v0u 2e

tem SvIkarvama& AaVyu& htu&.

1.8.7 samaNy vgRÝA)yapn ‰ p/Stut A_yasma& iny&iàt jU9ma& gi8tivqyna Aekmonu&

fKt kaXapai4yakayR sa9enI Vya~yanp³it9I £i7gt rIte Ae4le ke pr&pragt

p´itAe A)yapn kayR krvama& AaVyu& htu&. Aa rIte Vya~yanp³it μara krvama&

Aavela A)yapnkayRne samaNy vgRÝA)yapn trIke SvIkarvama& AaVyu& htu&.

1.8.8 p/ayoigk jU9 ‰ p/Stut A_yasma& be p/yogo krvama& AaVya hta. 0or8-9ma&

krvama& Aavela ALpivkist ivStarna p/yog-1 Ane suivkist ivStarna p/yog-

2ma& je iv¼a9IRAona jU9oma& =Exi8k sa0no μara i=x8kayR krvama& AaVyu& htu& te

jU9one p/ayoigk jU9o trIke SvIkarvama& AaVya& hta&.

1.8.9 iny&iàt jU9 ‰ p/Stut A_yasma& be p/yogo krvama& AaVya hta. 0or8ÝÛma&

krvama& Aavela ALpivkist ivStarna p/yog-1 Ane suivkist ivStarna p/yog-

2ma& je iv¼a9IRAona jU9oma& samaNy vgRÝA)yapn krvama& AaVyu& htu& te jU9one

iny&i{at jU9 trIke SvIkarvama& AaVya& hta&.

1. 8.10 ALpivkist ivStar ‰ p/Stut A_yasma& je ivStarnI vStIna mo4a_aagna

lokona&& Aai9Rk, samaijk Ane =Exi8k Str nIca& mnaya& 2e te ivStarne

ALpivkist ivStar g8vama& AaVyo 2e.

1.8.11 suivkist ivStar ‰ p/Stut A_yasma& je ivStarnI vStIna mo4a_aagna lokona&&

Aai9Rk, samaijk Ane =Exi8k Str nIca& mnaya& n9I te ivStarne suivkist

ivStar g8vama& AaVyo 2e.


20

1.9 A_yasnI sa9Rkta ‰

mo4a_aagna i=xko ktRVyinQ5, p/itb³ Ane ivqyne ja8nara hoy 2e pr&tu temnI &

iv¼a9IRAo prnI 2ap Alg Alg hoy 2e. iv¼a9IRAonI =I`vvanI 7b p8 judI judI

kxanI hoy 2e. te Kya& to 38I `rab hoy A9va to 38I sarI p8 hoy. drek i=xk potanu&

[aeQ5 p/dan krvanI :C2a 0rave pr&tu tema&9I fKt 9o6a j sfX 9ay 2e, Jyare ANy inQfX

rhe 2e.

Aa A_yasnI sa9Rkta Aema& rhelI 2e ke tema& vpravelI =Exi8k pít, jo sfX

rhe to te nIce mujbnI piriS9itAo s@R =ke tevI Aa=a b&0ay.

drek i=xk temnI A)yapnik/yane Aeksrò su d Anu_av kevI rIte bnI =ke te

ma4e tema& sik/y ferfaro lavI =ke.

(1) h&me=a Asrkark rhI =ke.

(2) iv¼a9IRAo kevI rIte sara _a8nara bne te sm@ =ke.

(3) baXko manisk rIte vgR`&6ma& rhe tevu& vatavr8 kevI rIte s@R =kay te ja8I =ke.

(4) A)yapnp/ik/ya su0re te ma4e tenI p³itma& keva p/karnu& vEiv)y lvay te no&0I =ke.

(5) temnI A)yapnik/yane temna potana ma4e t9a iv¼a9IRAo ma4e, Aem bë ma4e, Aek

srò su`d Anu_av bnI =ke te ma4e sik/y ferfaro lavI =ke.

=Exi8k tkinkI (technology) Ae i=x8p/ik/yane v0u Asrkark Ane fXdayI

bnavva ma4e 38a p/vaho vheta mUKya 2e. i=x8nI inQpiä gu8aTmk Ane s&~yaTmk rIte

v0arva ma4e i=x8p/ik/ya Ane pir8am bëne )yanma& leva& p6e. Aa ma4e iviv0 Ai_agmo,

p/yuiKtAo Ane p³itAono p/yog temj wpyog krvo j£rI bne 2e. ps&d krayela ivqyna

jate bnavela, nanama& nana Aekmone p8 Anek rIte smjavta& t9a SpQ4 krta& =Exi8k

sa0no A)yapnÝA)yynnI p/ik/yama& nvo Aayam rjU kre 2e. te vgRi=x8kayRma& v0u

wpyogI 9: p6e tem 2e. =Exi8k sa0no μara 9ta i=x8kayRma& iv¼a9IRna A)yynnI


21

VyiKtgt gu8väanI sa9e sa9e smg/ vgRnI A)yynxmta pr p8 _aar mUkvama& Aave 2e.

sa9e sa9e ATy&t j£rI AevI baXkonI sjRnaTmk xmta Ìlvvano ~yal p8 ràyo 2e.

te9I p/Stut A_yas μara Aek ivi=Q4 Ai_agmno ivSt<t ~yal mXI =k=e tevu& A_yasknu&

manvu&& 2e.

p/Stut A_yasnI s&kLpnanI p¾ad_aUimma& gi8tivqyma& =Exi8k sa0no μara

A)yapnkayR›/mnI rcna kra: 2e, jenI smajna ALpivkist Ane suivkist Aem bë

ivStarna ma)yimk =aXana baXko pr Asr ckasvama& AavI 2e. te gi8ti=x8ne

smajna b0a vgoRna baXkoma& Asrkark bnavvama& wpyogI 9: p6=e AevI maNytane

Aa0are Aa p/yog krayo 2e.

p/Stut A_yasna kayR›/mnI rcnama& ivqyvStuna mu¥aAo, i=x8kayR ma4e temnu&

iv_aajn, Anu£p =Exi8k hetuAo, ivi=Q4 hetuAo Ane p/ayoigk kayR krI =ke teva

¼+yÝ[aaVy =Exi8k sa0no, p/v<iäAo Ane tenu& Aayojn smaivQ4 2e. te vgRi=x8kayRna

Aayojn Ane Amlma& wpyogI 9: p6=e temj =aXakxaAe iv¼a9IRAoma& A)yyn p/Tye

iv0eyaTmk vl8 ivKsavvama& sco4 purvar 9=e AevI 0ar8a ràyelI 2e.

A_yask μara A)yapnkayR›/mnI }aanaTmk•bo0aTmk–, _aavaTmk Ane sjRnaTmk

Aem à8 xeàma& Asr ja8vano p/yas 9yo 2e. p/Stut A_yasna p/yog A&tgRt

iv¼a9IRAonI ivqyna Aekmo p/ma8e sfXta ja8va ma4e Aekmkso4IAo t9a ivkasaTmk

kso4IAo rcvama& AavelI 2e t9a A_yasma& levayela b0a Aekmo ma4e BLyUip/N4 p/ma8enI

s&kilt kso4I rcvama& AavelI 2e. Aa bë p/karnI kso4IAo Aekmkso4IAo Ane s&kilt

kso4IÝ i=xkone mapn Ane mULya&kn kayR ma4e v0u Asrkark sa0n£p bnI =ke. teAono

indan Ane wpcaraTmk kayRma& wpyog krI =k=e. A_yasma& nbXa iv¼a9IRAonI nbXa:

dUr krva ma4e p8 teAo wpyogI 9: p6e tem 2e. Aa p/yogma& baXkonI

maihtI0ar8xmta(retentive memory) pr 9tI Asr p8 tpasvama& AavI 2e, je9I


22

i=xko t9a valIAone teno SpQ4 ~yal AavI =ke. Aam p/Stut s&=o0n }aanaTmk xe{aIy

mULya&knna iviv0 pirma8o pr p/ka= paDe 2e.

_aavaTmk xeàma& baXkna gi8tivqyk A)yynrs pr =Exi8k sa0no sa9ena

kayR›/mnI Asr tpasvama& AavI 2e, jena μara =aXa t9a i=xko iv¼a9IRAoma&

gi8tivqyma& A)yynrs W_ao krI =k=e Ane temnI sjRnaTmk =iKt `IlvI =k=e.

Aa ma4e s&=o0nkayRna _aag £pe tEyar krelu& Aek AgTynu& wpkr8

gi8tÝA)yynnI rss&=oi0nI 2e, je i=x8jgt Aa wpkr8no wpyog iv¼a9IRAona

gi8tivqyk A)yynrs ja8va ma4e krI =k=e. iv¼a9IRAona _aavaTmk xeànI ja8karI

meXvva ma4e Ane vgR`&6 kxaAe ke vgR`&6 bharnI p/v<iäAoma& rs ivksavva ma4e v0u

wpyogI 9: p6=e. iv¼a9IRAone =Exi8k sa0no, rmto, p/itk<itAo (models), rmk6a&,

ca4Rs, iKvz vgere jeva& SvinimRt sjRno p8 krva ma4e p/erI =kay 2e. Aa rIte }aanaTmk,

_aavaTmk Ane sjRnaTmk Aem à8ey rIte iv¼a9IRAonI A)yyn9I xmta v0arI =ka=e.

1.10 A_yasno Vyap ‰

nIce d=aRvela mutaAo p/Stut A_yasno Vyap SpQ4 kre 2e.

ü p/Stut A_yas Amdavad =herna ALpivkist Ane suivkist ivStarona ma)yimk

kxana 0or8-9na iv¼a9IRAona s&d_aRma& krvama& Aavelo 2e.

ü A_yasma& gujratna 0or8-9na iv¼a9IRAone Vyapiv¼ trIke g8vama& AaVya 2e.

ü Aa A_yasma& gujratI ma)ymnI =aXaAona iv¼a9IRAono smave= krvama& AaVyo 2e.

ü gi8ti=x8 ma4e gujrat raJy pa5ypuStk m&6X μara p/kai=t 0or8-9na

gi8tivqyna pa5ypuStkma&9I _aUimitivqyna 6 Aekmo ps&d krvama& AaVya 2e.

ü =Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapn kayR›/mnI rcna 0or8-9na gi8tivqyna

pa5\ypuStkma&9I 6 Aekmo ma4e krvama& AavI 2e.


23

ü =Exi8k sa0no μara krta A)yapnnI tulna samaNy vgRÝA)yapn sa9e krvama&

AavI 2e.

ü p/Stut A_yasma& 3 prt&à clo pr =Exi8k sa0nonI Asr tpasvama& AavI 2e.

Aama& gi8tivqyk isi´, maihtI0ar8 Ane gi8tivqyk A)yynrsno smave=

krvama& AaVyo 2e.

ü A_yaske ‘jU9 Aa0airtÝi=xk sUict Ai_agm’no wpyog krI i=x8kayR kyuR& htu&.

ü A_yaske gi8tivqyk A)yynrsÝs&=oi0nInI rcna gujratI _aaqama& krelI 2e.

1.11 A_yasnI myaRdaAo ‰

A_yaske s&=o0n kayRma& Ùb kaX@ lI0I hova 2ta& ko: p8 s&=o0n b0I rIte

s&pU8R •svaR&gs&pU8R– Ane myaRda vgrnu& hoy tem bnI =ktu& n9I Ane tena pir8amo drek

piriS9itma& drek smye ke S9Xe lagu pa6I =kay nih. Aa9I A_yaske potana A_yasnI

myaRdaAo SpQ4p8e rjU krI 2e, je Aa mujb 2e.

ü A_yasnI myaRda mu~yTve nmUnanI sIimttana s&d_aeR 2e.

ü p/yogkayRma& gi8tivqyna smg/ A_yask/m ma4e kayR›/mnI rcna, AmlIkr8 Ane

A)yapn Ùb j mo4u& kayR bne 2e, temj smy Ane [amnI rIte pho&cI vXvu& mu+kel bne

2e. Aa wpra&t te =aXanI VyvS9ama& p8 A6c8£p bne 2e. te9I A_yaske bë

p/yogoma& 0or8-9na gi8tivqyna _aUimit iv_aagna maà 6 Aekmono smave= kyoR 2e.

ü =aXakIy VyvS9a jaXvva b e ivStarnI Aek Aek =aXanI ps&dgI krvama& AavI

htI.

ü A_yasma& AavrI levayelI s&kilt kso4I t9a maihtI0ar8kso4I ma4e je p/½pà

tEyar krayu& htu& te fKt BLyUip/N4 p/ma8e 2e.


24

1.12 kayRyojna ‰

p/Stut s&=o0nma& 0or8-9na iv¼a9IRAonI gi8tivqynI isi³ ivksavva ma4e

mOilk SvinimRt =Exi8k sa0nonI rcna krvama& AavI htI. tenI Asr tpasva ma4e sO

p/9m 0or8-8na gi8tivqyna A_yasne Aa0are Aek 25 gu8•p/aPta&ko–nI pUvRkso4I

AapIne iv¼a9IRAona be smkx jU9o pa6vama& AaVya& (one to one matching). Tyarbad

Aek jU9ne £i7gt Vya~yan p³it μara i=x8 AaPyu& t9a bIja jU9ne SvinimRt =Exi8k

sa0no μara i=x8 Aapvama& AaVyu&. phela jU9ne iny&i{at jU9 Ane bIja jU9ne p/ayoigk jU9

g8vama& AaVyu& htu&. b e jU9oma& ivqyAekmo p/ma8e A)yapn krIne 2 Aekmkso4IAo

levama& AavI. A)yapnne A&te BLyUip/N4 p/ma8enI Aek s&kilt kso4I μara gi8tivqynI

isi³ prnI Asr tpasvama& AavI. car A5vai6ya p2I te j kso4I frI9I l:ne

iv¼a9IRAonu& maihtI0ar8 (retentive memory) tpasvama& AaVyu&. Aa rIte iv¼a9IRAonI

bo0aTmk (cognitive) isi³ mapvama& AavI. te wpra&t temnI _aavaTmk (affective) p/aiPt

ja8va ma4e A_yasnI =£Aatma& Ane A&te gi8tivqyna A)yynma&na temna rs

tpasva rss&=oi0nInI p/½avil Aapvama& AavI htI. Aam Aa A_yasma& =Exi8k

sa0no vDe krata A)yapnnI iv¼a9IRAonI =Exi8k isi³, Smr8xmta t9a gi8tivqyk

A)yynrs prnI AsrnI ckas8I kra: htI. vXI iv¼a9IRAone p/yogma& vprayela

A9va tena jeva ANy sa0no jate bnavva p/er8a Ane magRd=Rn p8 AaPyu& htu&.

smg/ kayR ma4e “smkx jU9 p/ayoigk p³it”no wpyog kyoR hto, jema& be

ivStarnI =aXaAoma& p/yog 1 •ALpivkist ivStar– Ane 2 •suivkist ivStar– ha9 0yaR

hta. b¨e p/yogoma& juda juda 2 Aekmo ma4e =Exi8k sa0no v6e krata i=x8nI Asr

mapvama& AavI htI Ane tenI £i7gt A9va samaNyvgR A)yapnnI sa9e sr`am8I

krvama& AavI htI. Aana μara juda juda ivStaroma&na p/vtRman iviv0 pirbXonI


25

iv¼a9IRAonI =Exi8k isi´ t9a gi8tivqyk rs pr 9tI Asr ja8I =kay teva& pir8amo

meXvaya& hta& Ane temnI tulna krvama& AavI htI.

1.13 s&=o0nnI kayR£pre a‰

smg/ s&=o0nnI kayR£pre`ama& mu~y car sopano 2e Š hetuAo Ane wTkLpnaAonI

rcna, p/yogkayRnu& Aayojn, p/yogno Aml Ane maihtInu& Aek{aIkr8, A9R34n Ane

tar8o. hetuAo Ane wTkLpnaAonI rcnanI rcnama& iviv0 clonI AoX` ini¾t krvama&

AavI 2e. p/yogkayRna Aayojnma& =Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapnkayRnI rcna, ANy

wpkr8onI rcna t9a Vyapiv¼ in0aRr8 •nmUnanI ps&dgI–no smave= krayo 2e. =Exi8k

sa0no μara A)yapnnI rcnana wpk/me krayelI p/ik/yaAoma& AekmonI ps&dgI,

gi8tivqyna _aUimitna ps&d krel Aekmonu& nana pe4a Aekmoma& iv_aajn, hetuAonu&

in0aRr8, vgR`&6 p/ik/yanu& Aayojn •pa5nu& Aayojn–, Aekmo p/ma8ena sa0nonI rcna,

sa0nonI Aekm p/ma8e ps&dgI Ane pa5nu& Aayojn, Aekmma& j£r te p/ma8e indanaTmk ke

ivkasaTmk kso4IAonI rcna, i=xke btavela =Exi8k sa0no jeva sa0no baXko bnave

te ma4enu& magRd=Rn, smg/ kayRne A&te AapvanI s&kilt kso4InI rcna ivgere mu~y 2e.

ANy wpkr8oma& gi8tivqyk A)yynrsnI s&=oi0nI rcna Ane p/ma8Ikr8, =Exi8k

na4knI rcna Ane AmlIkr8, BLyUip/N4 p/ma8enI s&kilt kso4I, Aekmkso4InI rcna,

jU9kayR, iKvznI rcna, ivgereno smave= 9ay 2e. p/yogna Aml bad maihtIna

AekàIkr8no tbšo Aave 2e. tema& prt&à clonu& mapn krva ma4e drek p/yogma&

pUvRkso4I, Aekmkso4IAo, w]ar•s&kilt–kso4I, maihtI0ar8kso4I t9a rss&=oi0nInI

pUvR Ane w]ar Ajmay= krIne p/aPta&koma& p/aiPt krvama& AavI 2e Ane tenI yoGy

Aa&k6a=aSàIy g8trI Ane sa9RktanI ckas8I krIne A9R34n Ane tar8o, sUcno

tarvvama& AaVya& 2e. temne t9a temna pe4aiv_aago t9a k/m=Š Aavta flkone Aak<it -

1.4ma& d=aRVya& 2e.


26

Aak<it - 1.4 s&=o0nnI kayR£pre`a

hetuAo Ane wTkLpnanI rcna

p/yogkayRnu& Aayojn p/yogno Aml maihtInu& AekàIkr8

clonI AoX`

Svt&à cl prt&à cl

A)yapn p³it •Ó– =Exi8k

sa0no μara A)yapn

•Ô–– samaNy vgRÝ

A)yapn A9va pr&pragt

A)yapn

gi8tÝivqyk isi´

MaaihtI 0ar8

prt&à clonu& mapn

•Ó– drek p/yogma& pUvRkso4I, AekmÝ kso4IAo t9a s&kilt kso4I μara p/aPta&konI p/aiPt

•Ô– yoGy Aa&k6a=aSàIy g8trI Ane sa9RktanI ckas8I

=Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapnkayRk/mnI

rcna

ANy wpkr8onI rcna

Vyapiv¼nu& in0aRr8

•Ó– gi8tivqyk A)yynrsÝ s&=oi0nInI rcna

•Ô– =Exi8k na4knI rcna Ane AmlIkr8

•Õ– BLyUip/N4 p/ma8enI s&kilt kso4I

•Ö– indankso4InI rcna

•×– Aekmkso4InI rcna

•Ø– jU9kayR •Ù– iKvznI rcna

Ane AmlIkr8

nmUnanI ps&dgI

p/yogÝÓ ‰ 0or8 Û ALpivkist ivStarnI =aXa

p/yogÝÔ ‰ 0or8 Û suivkist ivStarnI=aXa

iny&iàt jU9 p/ayoigk jU9 iny&i{at jU9 p/ayoigk jU9

•Ó– pr&pragt A)yapn μara A)yapnkayR •Ô– tbšavar i=x8kayR •Õ– isi³Ýp/aiPt •kso4I μara –

•Ó– =Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapnkayR •Ô– tbšavar i=x8kayR •Õ– isi³Ýp/aiPt •kso4I μara–

•Ó– =Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapnkayR •Ô– tbšavar i=x8kayR •Õ– isi³Ýp/aiPt •kso4I μara–

pirvtRk cl

gi8t A)yyn

rs

pirvtRk cl

Juda& juda& samaijk, =Exi8k Ane Aai9Rk

pirp/eåyvaXa ivStaronI Asr

•Ó– AekmonI ps&dgI •Ô– gi8tivqyna _aUimitna

ps&d krela Aekmonu& nana pe4aÝAekmoma& iv_aajn

•Õ– hetuAonu& in0aRr8, vgR &6 p/ik/yanu& Aayojn •pa5ÝAayojn–

•Ö– Aekmo p/ma8ena& sa0nonI rcna

•×– sa0nonI Aekm p/ma8e ps&dgI Ane pa5ÝAayojn

•Ø– drek pe4aÝAekmne A&te indankso4IAonI rcna

•Ù– i=xke btavela =Exi8k sa0no jeva sa0no baXko bnave te ma4enu&

R R

A9R34n Ane tar8o, sUcno

•Ó– pr&pragt A)yapn μara A)yapnkayR •Ô– tbšavar i=x8kayR •Õ– isi³Ýp/aiPt •kso4I μara –


27

1.14 hve p2Ina& p/kr8onu& Aayojn ‰

s&=o0nkayRma& hve p2Ina& p/kr8onI £pre`a nIce mujb 2e.

ü p/kr8-2ma& s&b&i0t saihTynI smIxa krvama& AavI 2e t9a temna9I p/Stut A_yas

kevI rIte judo pDe 2e te d=aRvvama& AaVyu& 2e.

ü p/kr8-3ma& s&=o0nyojna A&genI ivgto rjU krvama& AavI 2e, jema& Vyapiv¼,

nmUnaps&dgI, s&=o0np³it Ane p/yogyojna A&genI maihtI Aapvama& AavI 2e.

ü p/kr8-4ma& A_yask/mna Alg Alg Aekmone smjavta SvinimRt =Exi8k

sa0nonI rcnanI smjUtI t9a =Exi8k sa0no μara A)yapn kayR›/mnI rcna Ane

AmlIkr8 A&genI ivgto rjU krvama& AavelI 2e.

ü p/kr8-5ma& gi8tivqyk A)yynÝrss&=oi0nInI rcna Ane BLyUip/N4 p/ma8enI

s&kilt kso4InI rcna smaivQ4 2e.

ü p/kr8-6ma& p/yog drMyan Aekà 9yelI maihtInu& p<9šr8 d=aRvvama& AaVyu& 2e.

wpyogma& lI0elI Aa&k6a=aSàIy p³itno p8 indeR= krvama& AaVyo 2e Ane pir8amonu&

A9R34n rjU krelu& 2e.

ü p/kr8-7ma& A_yasne A&te p/aPt 9yela& tar8o, filta9oR Ane _aaiv s&=o0no A&genI

ivgto d=aRvvama& AavI 2e.

Aam p/Stut s&=o0nno smg/ Aheval kul 7 p/kr8oma& rjU krvama& AaVyo 2e.

1.15 wps&har ‰

Aa p/kr8na Aar&-ma& A_yasnI j£iryat d=aRvtI smSyanI £pre`a ccIR 2e.

tenI A&tgtR smSyak9n Ane wkelnI s&kLpnane AavrI levaya& 2e. A_yas •s&=o0n–na

hetuAoma& 0or8-9ma& gi8tivqyna ps&d krela 6 Aekmo ma4e mOilk =Exi8k sa0no, tena

wpyog vDe i=x8ÝkayR›/mnu& Aayojn, ps&d krela Aekmo ma4e kso4IAonI rcna t9a

gi8tÝA)yynrsÝs&=oi0nInI rcnano smave= 9ay 2e. vXI samaNy vgRÝA)yapn


28

•pr&pragt p³it–nI tulnama& =Exi8k sa0no μara i=x8kayRnI 0or8-9na iv¼a9IRAonI

=Exi8k isi³ Ane A)yynrs pr 9tI Asr tpasvano p8 hetu rhelo 2e. Aa wpra&t Aa

A_yasma& gi8ti=x8 ma4e rcela& =Exi8k sa0nonI iv¼a9IRAonI =aXaAo je juda& juda&

p/karna& samaijk, =Exi8k Ane Aai9Rk pirbXo 0ravta ivStaroma& AavelI 2e. tena

s&d_aRma& Asrkartane tpasvano hetu p8 ra`vama& Aavelo 2e.

p/Stut A_yas s&=o0nna& juda& juda& xeào sa9e s&kXayelo 2e. te gi8ti=x8na

xeà, =Exi8k 4eKnolo@na xeà Ane A)yapn p/yuiKt (teaching strategy)na xeà t9a

mapnna xeàne Sp=eR 2e. p/Stut s&=o0n Vyavhairk s&=o0nna p/karnu& 2e kar8 ke Aa

s&=o0nma& =Exi8k sa0nona sE³a&itk ~yalne Vyvharma& mUkI gi8ti=x8na s&d_aRma& tenI

Asr ckasvama& AavI 2e Ane s&=o0nna pir8amo Vyavhairk rIte wpyogma& l: =kay

tem 2e. vXI p/Stut s&=o0nne s&~yaTmk p/karnu& s&=o0n g8I =kay kem ke tema& Aekà

krvama& AavelI maihtI s&~yaTmk p/karnI 2e Ane tenu& yoGy Aa&k6a=aSàIy p/yuiKtAo v6e

p<9šr8 krvama& AaVyu& 2e. iviv0 p/karnI wTkLpnaAo nšI krIne A_yas ha9 0rvama&

AaVyo 2e. A_yasma& iviv0 p/karna clo smaivQ4 2e. tema& Svt&{a cl £pe A)yapn

p´itAo; prt&à cl £pe gi8tivqyma& isi´, maihtI0ar8 Ane gi8tivqyk

A)yynrs; pirvtRk cl £pe =aXano ivStar; A&kui=t cl £pe =aXakIy pyaRvr8,

iv¼a9IRAonI A_yasxmta, ivqya&g, A)yapnkO=Ly vgereno smave= 9yelo 2e. Aa

wpra&t p/Stut A_yasma& A)yapnnI nvInta, i=xkno iv¼a9IRAo sa9eno Vyvhar,

iv¼a9IRna 3rnu& pyaRvr8, iv¼a9IRnI ivqysjjta, A_yas A&genu& p/er8 (motivation)

vgere jeva clo Aa&trvtIR ho: =ke. 2eLle, Aa p/kr8ma& A_yasnI sa9Rkta, A_yasno

Vyap, A_yasnI nmUnanI sIimtta9I wd\_avtI myaRda, s&pU8R s&=o0np´it Ane

s&=o0nnI kayR£pre a t9a hve p2Ina& p/kr8onu& Aayojn p8 d=aRvaya& 2e.

s&=o0nsmsyano pircy - inflibnetshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3848/9/09_chapter...

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