SOCIAL STUDIES SOCIAL STUDIES REMEDIATION FOR THE REMEDIATION FOR THE ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL

GRADUATION EXAMGRADUATION EXAM

THE UNITED STATES THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

GOVERNMENT FOLLOWING GOVERNMENT FOLLOWING THE REVOLUTIONARY WARTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR Following the Revolutionary War, Following the Revolutionary War,

thirteen independent states were left thirteen independent states were left to figure out how to govern to figure out how to govern themselves. Colonists were loyal to themselves. Colonists were loyal to the state they lived in. Each state the state they lived in. Each state established its own government. established its own government. Most state constitutions included a Most state constitutions included a bill of rights that guaranteed certain bill of rights that guaranteed certain important rights. These rights important rights. These rights included freedom of the press, included freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and the right to freedom of religion, and the right to trial by jury.trial by jury.

FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNITED FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTSTATES GOVERNMENT Magna CartaMagna Carta (1215)= written (1215)= written

document protecting the rights of document protecting the rights of English nobles. Made the king’s English nobles. Made the king’s power not absolute.power not absolute.

John LockeJohn Locke= English philosopher = English philosopher who believed government should who believed government should derive its power from the people derive its power from the people whom it governed.whom it governed.

The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening= a general = a general revival of evangelical Christianity in revival of evangelical Christianity in the American colonies, reached its the American colonies, reached its peak in the early 1740’s. peak in the early 1740’s. Contributed to a sense of American Contributed to a sense of American nationality before the Revolution.nationality before the Revolution.

FOUNDATIONS CONTINUEDFOUNDATIONS CONTINUED Jacques RousseauJacques Rousseau= French = French

philosopher who wrote philosopher who wrote The Social The Social ContractContract in 1762. Believed the right in 1762. Believed the right to rule should come from the people to rule should come from the people and not a king. and not a king. The Social Contract The Social Contract TheoryTheory expressed the idea that expressed the idea that there should be an agreement there should be an agreement between the people and the between the people and the government that limits the rights and government that limits the rights and duties of each. duties of each. Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson agreed with this theory, and it agreed with this theory, and it became one of the philosophies for became one of the philosophies for colonial separation from England colonial separation from England expressed in the Declaration of expressed in the Declaration of Independence (1776).Independence (1776).

FOUNDATIONS CONTINUEDFOUNDATIONS CONTINUED Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu published published

The Spirit of the LawsThe Spirit of the Laws in 1748. In in 1748. In this book, he expressed that this book, he expressed that government should possess government should possess legislative, executive, and judicial legislative, executive, and judicial authority. Government must make, authority. Government must make, enforce, and interpret the laws of the enforce, and interpret the laws of the land. He thought the functions of land. He thought the functions of government should be divided into 3 government should be divided into 3 branches and powers should be branches and powers should be defined and separated so no branch defined and separated so no branch acquired too much power.acquired too much power.

The challenging life on the frontier The challenging life on the frontier taught the colonists the values of taught the colonists the values of independence and self-reliance.independence and self-reliance.

FOUNDATIONS CONTINUEDFOUNDATIONS CONTINUED Freedom of religionFreedom of religion= Many people came = Many people came

to the thirteen colonies seeking freedom to the thirteen colonies seeking freedom from religious persecution.from religious persecution.

House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses= the first colonial = the first colonial assembly, established on July 30, 1619 in assembly, established on July 30, 1619 in Jamestown to represent the colonists in Jamestown to represent the colonists in Virginia. Symbolized the authority of the Virginia. Symbolized the authority of the people to limit the power of the king.people to limit the power of the king.

The First and Second Continental The First and Second Continental CongressCongress= brought together delegates = brought together delegates from each of the 13 colonies except from each of the 13 colonies except Georgia. Meetings were a model for Georgia. Meetings were a model for forming U.S government.forming U.S government.

The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence= = established principles of human rights. established principles of human rights. Foundation for government to establish Foundation for government to establish equal rights.equal rights.

ARTICLES OF ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONCONFEDERATION Following the Declaration of Following the Declaration of

Independence the Second Independence the Second Continental Congress appointed Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft a national a committee to draft a national constitution. constitution.

This was the This was the first constitutionfirst constitution.. It was It was ratifiedratified, or approved, by , or approved, by

all 13 colonies in March, 1781, all 13 colonies in March, 1781, before the Revolutionary War before the Revolutionary War ended later that year.ended later that year.

ARTICLES OF ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONCONFEDERATION The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation

proposed an alliance between proposed an alliance between the 13 independent states. A the 13 independent states. A congress much like the congress much like the Continental Congress made up Continental Congress made up the central government. The the central government. The following summarizes the following summarizes the powers of the national powers of the national government under the Articles of government under the Articles of Confederation.Confederation.

ARTICLES OF ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONCONFEDERATION GAVE CONGRESS THE POWER GAVE CONGRESS THE POWER

TOTO* declare war and make peace* declare war and make peace* raise an army and navy* raise an army and navy* make foreign treaties and * make foreign treaties and

alliancesalliances* coin and borrow money* coin and borrow money* regulate weights and measures* regulate weights and measures* establish a post office* establish a post office* regulate Indian affairs* regulate Indian affairs* pass laws by 9 of the 13 states* pass laws by 9 of the 13 states* make amendments only with a * make amendments only with a unanimous vote of all statesunanimous vote of all states

ARTICLES OF ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONCONFEDERATION PREVENTED CONGRESS FROMPREVENTED CONGRESS FROM

* Levying taxes* Levying taxes* Regulating foreign or domestic * Regulating foreign or domestic

tradetrade* Settling disputes among states* Settling disputes among states* Collecting state debts owed to* Collecting state debts owed to

the central governmentthe central government* Enforcing any of its powers* Enforcing any of its powers

STRENGTHS AND STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF ARTICLES WEAKNESSES OF ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONOF CONFEDERATION STRENGTHS=STRENGTHS= states retained rights and states retained rights and

the central government established a post the central government established a post office.office.

WEAKNESSES=WEAKNESSES= *loose bonds developed between *loose bonds developed between independent statesindependent states

*one vote in Congress was given to each *one vote in Congress was given to each statestate

*there was no executive or judicial power*there was no executive or judicial power

*amendments required a unanimous vote*amendments required a unanimous vote

THE CONSTITUTIONAL THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONCONVENTION It became clear by the spring of 1787 It became clear by the spring of 1787

that the Articles of Confederation that the Articles of Confederation needed to be changed if the United needed to be changed if the United States of America was going to States of America was going to survive as a nation. Congress called survive as a nation. Congress called on the thirteen states to send on the thirteen states to send delegates to Philadelphia to revise delegates to Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. the Articles of Confederation. Twelve states sent a total of 55 Twelve states sent a total of 55 delegates (Rhode Island did not). delegates (Rhode Island did not). The convention in Philadelphia was The convention in Philadelphia was called the called the Constitutional Constitutional ConventionConvention (1787). (1787).

The delegates feared that a The delegates feared that a strong central government strong central government would compromise state power, would compromise state power, but they knew it was necessary. but they knew it was necessary. They wanted a republic in which They wanted a republic in which the citizens would elect the citizens would elect representatives to make and representatives to make and enforce laws. They also wanted enforce laws. They also wanted a written constitution that a written constitution that spelled out the powers of the spelled out the powers of the government.government.

The Virginia delegates presented a plan The Virginia delegates presented a plan for the new government. Under the for the new government. Under the Virginia PlanVirginia Plan, representation in , representation in Congress would be based on a state’s Congress would be based on a state’s population. This plan satisfied states with population. This plan satisfied states with large populations, but angered small large populations, but angered small states who would have less states who would have less representation.representation.

Delegates from New Jersey also made Delegates from New Jersey also made their own proposal. In the their own proposal. In the New Jersey New Jersey PlanPlan, each state would have an equal , each state would have an equal voice in Congress. This proposal voice in Congress. This proposal satisfied the smaller, who wanted satisfied the smaller, who wanted representation equal to the larger states. representation equal to the larger states. However, the larger states were upset by However, the larger states were upset by this proposal, feeling that this proposed this proposal, feeling that this proposed congress would not reflect the nation’s congress would not reflect the nation’s population.population.

THE CONSTITUTIONAL THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, CONTINUEDCONVENTION, CONTINUED After much debate, the After much debate, the

delegates arrived at the delegates arrived at the Great Great CompromiseCompromise which divided which divided Congress into two houses. In Congress into two houses. In the upper house, the the upper house, the SenateSenate, , each state was represented by each state was represented by two senators. In the lower two senators. In the lower house, the house, the House of House of RepresentativesRepresentatives, each state , each state had representatives in had representatives in proportion to its population.proportion to its population.

The Great Compromise= How The Great Compromise= How should slaves in the Southern should slaves in the Southern states be counted?states be counted? Northern states said slaves should not be Northern states said slaves should not be

counted in the population since they were counted in the population since they were considered property. Southern states considered property. Southern states wanted them to be counted in the wanted them to be counted in the population in order to increase their population in order to increase their representation in the House of representation in the House of Representatives. As a compromise, it Representatives. As a compromise, it was agreed that each slave counted as was agreed that each slave counted as 3/53/5 of a person. For example, if a state of a person. For example, if a state had 5,000 slaves then it would only count had 5,000 slaves then it would only count 3,000. This policy set a belief that the 3,000. This policy set a belief that the government believed a black slave was government believed a black slave was only worth 3/5 of any other persononly worth 3/5 of any other person

Another conflict b/w northern and Another conflict b/w northern and southern states was the issue of southern states was the issue of slave trade with Africa. The north slave trade with Africa. The north wanted to abolish slave trade, but wanted to abolish slave trade, but the south insisted that it was a vital the south insisted that it was a vital part to the southern economy. part to the southern economy. Congress agreed not to interfere with Congress agreed not to interfere with the slave trade for 20 years.the slave trade for 20 years.

To keep harmony b/w the north and To keep harmony b/w the north and south, delegates also agreed to south, delegates also agreed to prohibit export taxes and to require a prohibit export taxes and to require a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to pass any treaty. This kept the to pass any treaty. This kept the states from passing taxes or treaties states from passing taxes or treaties that would be harmful to another that would be harmful to another region.region.

U.S. GOVERNMENT UNDER U.S. GOVERNMENT UNDER THE CONSTITUTIONTHE CONSTITUTION After many compromises, the delegates After many compromises, the delegates

of the Constitutional Convention wrote of the Constitutional Convention wrote the the United States ConstitutionUnited States Constitution (1789). (1789). The Constitution spreads the power The Constitution spreads the power between the national and state between the national and state governments. governments.

The Constitution gives some powers to The Constitution gives some powers to the national government, lets some the national government, lets some powers stay with the state, and lets both powers stay with the state, and lets both share some powers. This practice of share some powers. This practice of dividing power is called dividing power is called federalismfederalism. . Federalism keeps any one of the Federalism keeps any one of the governments from gaining too much governments from gaining too much control.control.

CONSTITUTIONALISMCONSTITUTIONALISM

This term refers to a This term refers to a government in which power is government in which power is divided among various groups, divided among various groups, but all groups obey a system of but all groups obey a system of laws called a laws called a ConstitutionConstitution..

THE THREE BRANCHES OF THE THREE BRANCHES OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENTTHE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

LEGISLATIVELEGISLATIVE= = CongressCongress makes the lawsmakes the laws

EXECUTIVEEXECUTIVE= The = The PresidentPresident carries out the laws or puts them carries out the laws or puts them to use.to use.

JUDICIALJUDICIAL= The = The Supreme Supreme CourtCourt and other courts interpret and other courts interpret or explain the laws.or explain the laws.

CHECKS AND BALANCESCHECKS AND BALANCES

Knowing that the limits of the Knowing that the limits of the powers and responsibilities of powers and responsibilities of each branch were not always each branch were not always clear, the writers of the clear, the writers of the constitution developed a system constitution developed a system of of checks and balanceschecks and balances to to keep the branches equal in keep the branches equal in power.power.

The system of checks and The system of checks and balances include the following:balances include the following: The President can choose cabinet members, The President can choose cabinet members,

federal judges, and ambassadors, but the Senate federal judges, and ambassadors, but the Senate must give advice and can approve or reject the must give advice and can approve or reject the President’s choice.President’s choice.

The Congress can pass a bill, but the President can The Congress can pass a bill, but the President can vetoveto it, preventing it from becoming law. it, preventing it from becoming law.

The President can make treaties with other The President can make treaties with other countries, but the Senate must give advice and can countries, but the Senate must give advice and can approve or reject these treaties.approve or reject these treaties.

The Congress can pass a bill, and the President The Congress can pass a bill, and the President can sign it into law, but the Supreme Court can can sign it into law, but the Supreme Court can interpret the law in a way different from what interpret the law in a way different from what Congress intended.Congress intended.

This system slows the process of making decisions This system slows the process of making decisions which is good b/c it gives citizens time to learn which is good b/c it gives citizens time to learn about the issues. It also gives the government time about the issues. It also gives the government time to think about the effects of any new law.to think about the effects of any new law.

THE CONSTITUTIONTHE CONSTITUTION The PreambleThe Preamble states the purpose of states the purpose of

establishing a new government under the establishing a new government under the Constitution.Constitution.

Article 1Article 1 establishes the establishes the Legislative Legislative Branch (law-making branch)Branch (law-making branch). This . This branch consists of a two-house Congress. branch consists of a two-house Congress. The two houses are the The two houses are the SenateSenate and and House House of Representativesof Representatives..

Section 8, Clause 18 of Article 1 is known Section 8, Clause 18 of Article 1 is known as the as the Elastic ClauseElastic Clause. The Elastic Clause . The Elastic Clause gives Congress the power to pass gives Congress the power to pass legislation that is “necessary and proper” legislation that is “necessary and proper” for doing its job. It allows Congress to for doing its job. It allows Congress to stretch the meaning of its delegated stretch the meaning of its delegated powers outlined in Section 8, Clauses 1-17.powers outlined in Section 8, Clauses 1-17.

THE CONSTITUTIONTHE CONSTITUTION Article 2Article 2 outlines the outlines the Executive Executive

BranchBranch. It gives executive power to . It gives executive power to the the President of the United StatesPresident of the United States who is responsible for enforcing the who is responsible for enforcing the laws passed by Congress.laws passed by Congress.

Article 3Article 3 explains the explains the Judicial Judicial BranchBranch. The judicial branch of the . The judicial branch of the federal government is the federal federal government is the federal court system. The Constitution court system. The Constitution establishes the establishes the Supreme CourtSupreme Court which is responsible for interpreting which is responsible for interpreting the laws made by Congress.the laws made by Congress.

THE CONSTITUTIONTHE CONSTITUTION Article 4Article 4 gives the gives the Relations Among the Relations Among the

States and Between States and Federal States and Between States and Federal GovernmentGovernment. It ensures that each state . It ensures that each state recognizes the acts of other states. For recognizes the acts of other states. For example, a state must recognize a marriage example, a state must recognize a marriage license issued by another state.license issued by another state.

Article 5Article 5 provides for provides for amendmentsamendments to the to the Constitution.Constitution.

Article 6Article 6 covers other miscellaneous covers other miscellaneous provisions like prior public debts, supreme law provisions like prior public debts, supreme law of the land, and oaths to support the of the land, and oaths to support the Constitution.Constitution.

Article 7Article 7 explains explains ratificationratification of the of the Constitution. Ratification of 9 out of the Constitution. Ratification of 9 out of the original 13 states would establish the original 13 states would establish the Constitution as law in those states.Constitution as law in those states.

RATIFYING THE RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION The delegates of the The delegates of the

Constitutional Convention were Constitutional Convention were mostly pleased with the mostly pleased with the government described by the government described by the United States Constitution. United States Constitution. However, before the However, before the Constitution became law, it had Constitution became law, it had to be to be ratifiedratified, or approved, by , or approved, by the states.the states.

Supporters of the Supporters of the Constitution= Constitution= FederalistsFederalists

Federalists believed that the United States Federalists believed that the United States needed a strong national government.needed a strong national government.

They recognized the weaknesses of the They recognized the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation where individual Articles of Confederation where individual states could reject national policy.states could reject national policy.

Many prominent federalists such as Many prominent federalists such as James James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John JayJay wrote a series of newspaper articles wrote a series of newspaper articles that became known as the that became known as the Federalist Federalist Papers. Papers. They were written to persuade They were written to persuade the people of New York State to support the people of New York State to support the Constitution.the Constitution.

Opponents of the Constitution= Opponents of the Constitution= Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists Anti-Federalists thought the national Anti-Federalists thought the national

government would be too powerful and government would be too powerful and wanted more power for the states.wanted more power for the states.

They believe the method for electing the They believe the method for electing the President and Senate was far too removed President and Senate was far too removed from the people.from the people.

They opposed the longer terms of office They opposed the longer terms of office outlined in the Constitution b/c longer terms outlined in the Constitution b/c longer terms of office might make representatives less of office might make representatives less responsive to voters.responsive to voters.

Argued that the Constitution lacked a Argued that the Constitution lacked a specific bill of rights that protected specific bill of rights that protected individual liberties.individual liberties.

Despite all opposition, all states eventually Despite all opposition, all states eventually ratified the Constitution in ratified the Constitution in 17881788..

AMENDING THE CONSTITUTIONAMENDING THE CONSTITUTION Changes in the Constitution can be made Changes in the Constitution can be made

through through amendmentsamendments. The writers of he . The writers of he Constitution recognized the need to amend Constitution recognized the need to amend the document in order to keep the the document in order to keep the government flexible and current as government flexible and current as circumstances changed. Proposing an circumstances changed. Proposing an amendment to the Constitution requires a amendment to the Constitution requires a two-thirds majority vote in Congress or a two-thirds majority vote in Congress or a special convention called by two-thirds of special convention called by two-thirds of the state legislatures. The amendment the state legislatures. The amendment must then be ratified by the legislatures of must then be ratified by the legislatures of ¾ of the states or by a special convention.¾ of the states or by a special convention.

BILL OF RIGHTSBILL OF RIGHTS

Once the Constitution was Once the Constitution was ratified, Congress began ratified, Congress began working on changes to the working on changes to the Constitution to insure individual Constitution to insure individual rights. Congress wrote ten rights. Congress wrote ten amendments to the Constitution amendments to the Constitution to insure basic rights and to insure basic rights and freedoms for American citizens. freedoms for American citizens. The first ten amendments are The first ten amendments are called called The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights..

THE BILL OF RIGHTSTHE BILL OF RIGHTS 1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, 1. Freedom of religion, speech, press,

assembly, and petitionassembly, and petition 2. Right to keep arms-guns2. Right to keep arms-guns 3. Quartering of troops in homes only with 3. Quartering of troops in homes only with

people’s permissionpeople’s permission 4. Search and seizure- police need a 4. Search and seizure- police need a

warrant to search your homewarrant to search your home 5. Rights of accused persons- such as the 5. Rights of accused persons- such as the

right to remain silent and to have a lawyerright to remain silent and to have a lawyer 6. Right to a speedy trial6. Right to a speedy trial 7. Right to a jury trial in civil cases7. Right to a jury trial in civil cases 8. Rights concerning bail, fines, and 8. Rights concerning bail, fines, and

punishmentspunishments 9. Powers reserved to the people9. Powers reserved to the people 10. Powers reserved to the states10. Powers reserved to the states

OTHER IMPORTANT OTHER IMPORTANT AMENDMENTSAMENDMENTS 1313THTH= Slavery is abolished in the = Slavery is abolished in the

United States and its territories United States and its territories (1865)(1865)

1414thth= The Civil Rights of all people = The Civil Rights of all people born or naturalized in the United born or naturalized in the United States are guaranteed (1868)States are guaranteed (1868)

1515thth= All male citizens have the right = All male citizens have the right to vote regardless of race or color to vote regardless of race or color (1870)(1870)

1919thth= Women are guaranteed the = Women are guaranteed the right to vote (1920)right to vote (1920)

THE FIRST GOVERNMENT THE FIRST GOVERNMENT UNDER THE CONSTITUTIONUNDER THE CONSTITUTION The The electoral collegeelectoral college (a group of (a group of

people representing each state) people representing each state) elected elected George WashingtonGeorge Washington as the as the first President (1789-1797). first President (1789-1797). President Washington appointed President Washington appointed Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson, author of the , author of the Declaration of Independence, as Declaration of Independence, as Secretary of StateSecretary of State, and , and Alexander Alexander HamiltonHamilton as as Secretary of the Secretary of the TreasuryTreasury. . James MadisonJames Madison was a was a leader in the leader in the House of House of RepresentativesRepresentatives. Hamilton’s goal . Hamilton’s goal was to build a strong economy, but was to build a strong economy, but he met with opposition in fulfilling his he met with opposition in fulfilling his goals, especially from Madison.goals, especially from Madison.

INTERPRETATION OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION Alexander Hamilton favored a Alexander Hamilton favored a loose loose

interpretationinterpretation of the Constitution. He felt of the Constitution. He felt that the government had more powers than that the government had more powers than were actually listed in the Constitution. were actually listed in the Constitution. Supported a strong central national Supported a strong central national government.government.

Thomas Jefferson favored a Thomas Jefferson favored a strict strict interpretationinterpretation of the Constitution. He of the Constitution. He cited the 10cited the 10thth amendment which stated that amendment which stated that powers not delegated to the federal powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or to government are reserved to the states or to the people. His literal interpretation of the the people. His literal interpretation of the Constitution meant that the national Constitution meant that the national government only had the powers government only had the powers specifically listed in the Constitution. specifically listed in the Constitution. Jefferson supported states rights more.Jefferson supported states rights more.

GEORGE WASHINGTON’S GEORGE WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS.FAREWELL ADDRESS. President Washington left office in 1797. President Washington left office in 1797.

In his farewell address he provided wise In his farewell address he provided wise advice on several subjects.advice on several subjects.

He emphasized that the United States He emphasized that the United States should stay neutral and avoid permanent should stay neutral and avoid permanent alliances with other nations.alliances with other nations.

He spoke about the dangers of forming He spoke about the dangers of forming political parties. He warned that political political parties. He warned that political parties would cause people to work for parties would cause people to work for their special interests rather than for the their special interests rather than for the public good.public good.

He believed that good government is based He believed that good government is based on religion and morality.on religion and morality.

FORMATION OF PARTIESFORMATION OF PARTIES Despite Washington’s warnings, Despite Washington’s warnings,

political parties arose in the United political parties arose in the United States quickly after he left office. States quickly after he left office. Alexander Hamilton led one party Alexander Hamilton led one party supporting a strong federal supporting a strong federal government. They called government. They called themselves themselves FederalistsFederalists. Thomas . Thomas Jefferson led the opposing party Jefferson led the opposing party supporting strong state supporting strong state governments. They called governments. They called themselves themselves Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans. Political parties . Political parties helped people to united on common helped people to united on common issues.issues.

John AdamsJohn Adams, a Federalist, became , a Federalist, became the second President of the United the second President of the United States in 1797. Adams appointed States in 1797. Adams appointed John MarshallJohn Marshall, also a Federalist, , also a Federalist, as the Chief Justice of the Supreme as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Marshall became one of the Court. Marshall became one of the most influential people to hold that most influential people to hold that office. He established the office. He established the supremacy of the national supremacy of the national government over the states. His government over the states. His decisions showed that the decisions showed that the Constitution could adapt to the Constitution could adapt to the changing size and needs of the changing size and needs of the nation.nation.

IMPORTANT COURT CASESIMPORTANT COURT CASES

MARBURY VS. MADISONMARBURY VS. MADISON 1803= John 1803= John Marshall established the Supreme Court’s Marshall established the Supreme Court’s right of Judicial Review. The court now right of Judicial Review. The court now had the right to declare whether laws had the right to declare whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional or passed by Congress were constitutional or not.not.

GIBBONS VS. OGDENGIBBONS VS. OGDEN 1824= the 1824= the Supreme Court ruled that Congress alone Supreme Court ruled that Congress alone had the power to regulate interstate and had the power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce. This decision allowed foreign commerce. This decision allowed the building of roads and canals to increase the building of roads and canals to increase without the restrictions of state monopolies.without the restrictions of state monopolies.