socio-economic impact of ca technology and role of ict to improve dissemination of technology - s
TRANSCRIPT
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Socio-economic impact of CA technology
and role of ICT to improve dissemination oftechnology
SEP teamCIMMYT
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Key questions on RCT adoption raised by CIMMYT
agronomists
(CSISA-SEP meeting, June 2010)
1. Despite economic benefits of new RCTs, early adopters are
less. Why ?
2. How to reduce time lag in technology dissemination?
3. How do we overcome the social barriers?
4. If there are risks in CSISA Technologies how to mitigate and
communicate? How to compensate the farmer for any loss
due to slippages in technology transfer?
5. How to make efficient use of contact farmers in technologydissemination?
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Adoption of RCTs: How different is the process from
conventional technologies?
Input-saving (e.g. Tractor) and land-saving (e.g. hybrid
seed) technologies: Are they perceived similarly by
farmers? CA is knowledge intensive and complex system to learn
Small/marginal farmers vs. Large farmers: How does the
resource ownership affect adoption pattern? Local adaptations of CA practices (e.g. reduction in tillage
after introduction of ZT drills), Technology-specificity.
Understanding the constraints (information, social,
financial, technical, infrastructural, policy etc.) is alsochallenging at times.
A simple answer to these questions is that the answer is not
that simple.
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Categories of individual innovativeness
Pioneers/Innovators
2.5%
Early adopters
13.5%
Early majority
34%Late majority
34%
Laggards
16%
Source: Surrey, 1997.
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Association of scale of operation and adoption of ZT
technology (Haryana- ZT Case study)
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Major factors affecting adoption of CA
1. Education of farmer: +ve
2. Age of farmer: -ve (,,)
3. Farm size: +ve (,,)
4. Tenure: almost no impact
5. Off-farm income: almost no impact.
6. Experience with CA: +
7. Technical assistance: +ve (mostly)
8. Rainfall: +ve (mostly)
9. Income: +ve (mostly)
10. Program participation: +ve
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What is Impact assessment?
Studies whether the change in well-being are indeed due to
the program intervention and not to other factors.
Problem of assessing counterfactual (A beneficiarysoutcome in the absence of the intervention)
Different evaluation methods:
Randomized evaluations (experiments)
Propensity Score Matching
Double difference methods
Instrumental variable method
Regression discontinuity and pipeline methods etc
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Case study- Adoption and impacts of ZT wheat in West
Bengal
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Different studies conducted on ZT during 2009-2011 period
Conducted household survey among 180 households of Haryana(NW India) to study the impacts of and constraints for adoption of
ZT wheat, and the results are compared with another ZT adoptionstudy (IFAD funded) from NE Indo-Gangetic Plains
Ambala, Kurukshetra and Karnal districts of Haryana formed thestudy districts.
Other efforts on-going in CIMMYT on ZT wheat: CSISA baseline household survey (n = 1296) includes questions on
awareness and adoption of ZT across hubs.
Case-studies on improved zero and reduced tillage studies are on-
going in Bangladesh (power tiller operated seeder) and Nepal(direct seeded rice)
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Yield (t ha-1
) effect of zero tillage at different nutrient levels
ZT CTdifference and
significance
# mean (sd) # mean (sd) % over CT sig *
N @ 0 kg ha-1 17 2.9 16 2.0 48.2 0.03(0.9) (1.0) [0.01]
N @ 180 kg ha-1 51 4.5 75 4.3 6.1 0.08(0.8) (0.9) [0.21]
P @ 0 kg ha-1 17 4.2 16 4.1 4.2 0.58(0.9) (0.9) [0.72]
P @ 90 kg ha-1 51 4.1 57 3.7 9.7 0.14(1.1) (1.4) [0.32]
K @ 0 kg ha-1 10 4.6 31 4.0 13.7 0.03(0.7) (0.7) [0.03]
K @ 100 kg ha-1 51 4.1 66 3.8 6.7 0.30(1.2) (1.4) [0.66]
Source of data: field trials conducted in Punjab and Haryana (2009-10 season) (Jat ML and the hub
staff). *p-value from parametric t-test [from non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis rank test]
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Impacts of Laser Land Levellers in North WesternIndo- Gangetic Plains:
the use of a laser land leveller for land levelling enables higher yields and a
lower use of resources and inputs like water and fertilizer compared to the
traditional levelling practices
In areas like Western Indo-Gangetic plains where the yields are tapering off
and resources like water are under increasing pressure, such a technology
holds tremendous potential for saving scarce water resources and increasing
the stagnating yields Objectives:
(a) Explore the costs and benefits of using Laser Land Leveler in Haryana and
Punjab
(b) Evaluate the impacts of LLL on (i) water use (ii) yields (iii) input use
Sample size: 90 farmers in Punjab and Haryana each
In districts where CSISA baseline surveys have been conducted
Punjab: Bhatinda, Amritsar, Sangrur
Haryana: Karnal, Kurukshetra, Yamunanagar
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Some findings It is observed that farmers of all sizes are using the technology
including marginal and small farmers
Cost per acre on average is around Rs 500 per hour inclusive of
driver and diesel Average Time taken to level is about 1 -2 hrs per acre
Most of the farmers in the sample had got it done in 2009: Arecently expanding technology
Private service providers are the most common source of laserland leveller; in Punjab some get from cooperative society aswell
On average, yield differential in laser levelled land andtraditionally levelled land was reported to be around 2 qtls/acre
in rice and 1 qtl/acre in wheat. Water saving: Each irrigation takes about 1 hours less per
acre than before
Not much change in the use of other inputs like fertilizer
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Economics of using LLL in an average case
On average if we assume :
- rice-wheat cropping pattern: rice in kharifand wheat in rabi
- life of one levelling as 4 years
- yield differential in laser levelled land and traditionally levelled land to bearound 2 qtls/acre in rice and 1 qtl/acre in wheat
- current MSPs of Rs 1100/qtl of rice and Rs 1170/qtl of wheat remain constant
- discount rate as one
- cost of levelling per hour as Rs 500 per hour and time taken to level one acre ofland as 2 hrs on average, then
The total cost of levelling one acre = Rs 1000
The incremental benefit stream of the farmer then is:
(pR1yR1 +p w1 yw1)+ (pr2yR2 +pw2 yw2)+ (pr3yR3 +pw3 yw3)+(pr4yR4 +pw4
yw4 )
whereyRi and ywi is the additional yield of rice and wheat due to laser land
leveller in year i, respectively;pRi is the price of rice in year i; pwi is the price of
wheat in year i;
The monetary benefit or net present value of the income stream resulting fromlaser levelling one acre of land can be Rs 12, 480 per acre on average
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Information constraints
CA contradicts so much of the knowledge a farmer has
learned. CA principles and concepts are counterintuitive
and contradict the common tillage-based farmingexperience.
CA improves its performance over time. Hence practical
experience with CA is directly correlated with positive
attitude towards the technology.
Least experienced farmers anticipated more hurdles with
CA (Study among European and American farmers by Tebrugge and
Bohrnsen, 2000). Public knowledge about CA is much lower than other ways
of agriculture like organic farming.
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Technology Adoption- role of literacy,
social networks and ICT
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Source: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, as on March 31, 2011
Penetration of ICT in India
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Opportunities that ICT opens
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Evolution of modern ICT models in India
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Pre-requisite Identify farmers present information networks
and their information needs that help them tomitigate production and market risk.
Identify existing ICT based innovations in the
agriculture sector, key players and theinstitutional arrangements.
Characterization of current formal and informal
risk management strategies employed by the
rural poor in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP).
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Results from Scoping Study Increasing mobile phone and mobile phone based services
enhances the availability of content specific information and
further help in improving awareness, education, betteradoption of technology, better health and efficiency, reducedtransaction costs, better market efficiencies and betterclimate linked risk management.
Realising full potential of use of mobile phones will requiresignificant improvements in the supporting infrastructure andalso in capacity-building-particularly for small farmers-toenable them to use the information they access moreeffectively.
The effectiveness of ICT in passing on information to farmers,particularly small landholders, holds the key to theirsuccessful utilization as a complementary disseminationmechanism for extension services.
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Results from Survey- Demographic and economic
characteristics of the surveyed farmers
Variable
All Surveyed
States Bihar Haryana Punjab
Uttar
Pradesh
West
Bengal
Age Category (Years)
less than 25 135 11 20 46 36 2226 to 40 443 100 93 100 64 86
41-55 404 80 87 54 80 103
more than 55 217 48 40 40 60 29
Mean Age 42 45 43 40 44 42
Education level (Years)
Illiterate 146 11 34 38 44 19
Primary schooling 235 32 41 61 30 71
Secondary & high school 673 141 146 122 138 126
Graduate & above 146 56 19 19 28 24
Land-holdings
Marginal (less than 2.47 acres) 436 80 32 24 132 168
Small (2.47-4.94 acres) 361 81 55 109 59 57
Semi medium (4.94-9.88 acres) 237 58 76 55 33 15Medium (9.88-24.7 acres) 135 20 62 39 14 0
Large(more than 24.7 acres) 31 1 15 13 2 0
Mean size of land holdings (acres) 5 4 10 7 3 2
Average no of plots 3 4 2 1 3 5
Average plot size (acres) 1.75 1.1 4 5 1.2 0.45
Notes: Only 6 females were reported in survey of 1200 interviewed farmers. Sample covers 240 farmers from each stateSource: Own Computation from CIMMYT survey 2011
Unit: no. of Farmers
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Pattern of Farmers Access to Basic
ICTs across surveyed states
Access to ICT gadgets*All SurveyedStates Bihar Haryana Punjab Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Radio 381 196 85 12 53 35
Television 948 168 237 237 150 156
Landline Phone 79 4 19 26 16 14
Mobile Phone 1188 239 239 238 234 238
Computer/Internet 56 13 11 24 7 1
Unit: no. of Farmers
* Farmers have access to multiple sources
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Information Needs of Farmers
Source: Mittal S, Gandhi S, Tripathi G (2010)
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Information need/demand identified in IGP
Information need Wheat Rice Maize
Pre sowing 23.44 20.12 20.99
Input supply 38.04 33.67 21.48
Input prices 12.49 11.94 17.53
Sowing 12.47 14.66 12.47
Agronomy and farm
practices 5.09 9.15 10.99
Harvesting 1.66 1.83 1.60
Packaging and storing 6.18 7.78 11.85
Marketing 0.63 0.84 3.09
No response ( number of
Farmers) 132 67 1040
Unit: Percentage of Respondent/Farmers
Note: Multiple Responses of the farmers were recorded.
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Farmers assessment on quality of Information
Other farmers are still the most useful and timely available source of information
Farmers rank television as amore useful source in comparison to mobile phones but for timeliness mobile phones are ranked better.
In the sample of 1200 farmers only 41 % farmers are suing mobile phones for agricultural information. As this percentage increase,
we expect that usefulness of mobile phones for delivering agricultural information to increase.
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Benefits of mobile phone based information
States
Percent of farmers
using mobile phonefor agricultural
information
Get betterconnected to
markets
Getting
better prices
Increasing
Yield
Bihar 51 99.2 65.9 21.1
Haryana 65 99.4 79.5 42.9Punjab 26 77.8 82.5 49.2
Uttar
Pradesh 45 69.7 69.7 29.4
West Bengal 17 65.9 48.8 34.1
Total 41 87.2 71.7 34.6
Note: This percent of farmers is from the 41% of farmers, who are using mobile phone to access agricultural information (CIMMYT survey 2011),Farmers have multiple responses
Unit: Percentage of Respondent/Farmers
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Role of information in managing risk
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Mobile based Information Delivery
system
Voice (IKSL)
Costlier than SMS Rate of technical failure is
more
Cant be stored, need to callback to retrieve
information
Timely delivery not assured
SMS (RML)
Literacy Localised language
Clarity of information- too
short Compatibility with mobile
handsets
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Case Studies
Source: Mittal. S (2011) Scoping Study (forthcoming)
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Thank You