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Welcome to the SOLAS
Summer School
29 Aug - 9 Sept 2005
Institut d'Etudes Scientifiques de Cargèse
Université de Corse, France
With assistance from: Casey Ryan, SOLAS International Project [email protected]
Prof. Peter S. Liss
Chair, SOLAS SSCSchool of Environmental Sciences,
University of East Anglia, Norwich,
United Kingdom
SOLAS Summer School Steering Committee
Corinne Le Quéré University of East Anglia and BAS, UK
Véronique Garçon Laboratoire d'Etudes en Geophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, Toulouse, France
Peter Liss University of East Anglia, UK
Wade McGillis Columbia University, US
Maurice Levasseur Laval University, Canada
Ulrich Platt University of Heidelberg, Germany
Mits Uematsu University of Tokyo, Japan
Rik Wanninkhof National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, US
Financial support
CNRS
What is SOLAS?
A Multidiciplinary and GlobalScale Research Programme
The Goal: “To achievequantitative understanding ofthe key biogeochemical-physical interactions andfeedbacks between the oceanand the atmosphere, andhow this coupled systemaffects and is affected byclimate and environmentalchange”.
Structure
SOLAS is Sponsored by SCOR,IGBP, CACGP and WCRP
IGBP Core Project
Part of the Earth SystemScience Partnership
The Scope of SOLAS
SOLAS Science Focus 1:Biogeochemical Interactions and
Feedbacks Between Ocean and Atmosphere
1.1 Marine ParticleEmissions and theirTransformations
1.2 Trace Gas Emissionsand PhotochemicalFeedbacks
1.3 DMS and Climate
1.4 Fe and MarineProductivity
1.5 Ocean-AtmosphereCycling of Nitrogen
Trichodesmium - an important N2-fixer that
requires large amounts of bioavailable Fe
Focus 2:Exchange Processes at the Air-Sea Interfaceand the Role of Transport and Transformation in theAtmospheric and Oceanic Boundary Layers
2.1 ExchangeAcross the Air-SeaInterface
2.2 Processes inthe OceanicBoundary Layer
2.3 Processes inthe AtmosphericBoundary Layer
Processes responsible for the exchange of mass,
momentum, and heat transport.
Focus 3: Air-Sea Flux of CO2 and OtherLong-Lived Radiatively Active Gases
3.1 Geographic andSub-Decadal Variabilityof Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes
3.2 Surface LayerCarbonTransformations in theOceans: Sensitivity toGlobal Change
3.3 Air-Sea Flux ofN2O and CH4
Net air-sea CO2 flux based on interpolation of
air-sea pCO2 differences (Takahashi et al.,
2002)
SOLAS Foci and Activities
FOCUS 1: BiogeochemicalInteractions and Feedbacksbetween Ocean andAtmosphere
FOCUS 2: ExchangeProcesses at the Air-SeaInterface and the Role ofTransport andTransformation in theAtmospheric and OceanicBoundary Layers
FOCUS 3: Air-Sea Flux ofCO2 and Other Long-LivedRadiatively Active Gases
Activity 1.1 Sea-salt Particle Formation andTransformations
Activity 1.2 Trace Gas Emissions and PhotochemicalFeedbacks
Activity 1.3 Dimethylsulphide and Climate
Activity 1.4 Iron and Marine Productivity
Activity 1.5 Ocean-Atmosphere Cycling of Nitrogen
Activity 2.1 Exchange Across the Air-Sea Interface
Activity 2.2 Processes in the Oceanic BoundaryLayer
Activity 2.3 Processes in the Atmospheric BoundaryLayer
Activity 3.1 Geographic and Sub-Decadal Variabilityof Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes
Activity 3.2 Surface Layer Carbon Transformationsin the Oceans: Sensitivity to Global Change
Activity 3.3 Air-Sea Flux of N2O and CH4
CROSS-CUTTINGACTIVITIES
Modelling
Remote
Sensing
Time Series
Studies
Palaeo
3 ImplementationPlans currently beingfinalised
Selected SOLAS Activities in 2004-5
Open ScienceConference
WG on SurfaceFluxes
and many more…
Products
www.solas-int.org
are you on the email list?
Implementation Plans coming soon
SOLAS National Reps
Australia Neil Tindale [email protected] Christian Lancelot [email protected] Amauri Pereira de Oliveira [email protected] Maurice Levasseur [email protected] Giovanni Daneri [email protected] (Beijing) Guang-Yu Shi [email protected] (Taipai) Gwo-Ching Gong [email protected] Søren E. Larsen [email protected] Catherine Goyet [email protected]
Rémi Losno [email protected] Uli Platt [email protected]
Doug Wallace [email protected] Dileep Kumar [email protected] Colin O'Dowd [email protected] Maurizio Ribera d'Alcala [email protected] Mitsuo Uematsu [email protected] (ROK) Sung Yang [email protected] Hein de Baar [email protected] Zealand Phil Boyd [email protected] Truls Johannessen [email protected] Sergey Gulev [email protected] Emilio Fernández [email protected] David Turner [email protected] Philip Williamson [email protected] Wade R McGillis [email protected]
SOLAS Scientific Steering CommitteeMembership
Peter Liss (Chair) UKWade McGillis USAPeter Schlosser USABill Miller CanadaOsvaldo Ulloa ChileChristiane Lancelot BelgiumShigenobu Takeda JapanTruls Johannessen NorwayDoug Wallace GermanyPatricia Matrai (Vice-Chair) USAUlrich Platt GermanyBarry Huebert USAMitsuo Uematsu JapanElsa Cortijo FranceKen Denman CanadaDileep Kumar IndiaGerrit de Leeuw NetherlandsTim Jickells UKGuang-Yu Shi China
Structure
SOLAS Science 2007
6-9 March 2007, Xiamen China
Canada ($7.5M, 80 scientists)
UK ($20M, 5 years)• UK NERC funding the IPO for 5 years
• Plans for a monitoring stationon Cape Verde
National Programmes
Canada
UK
NZ, China (Beijing) 8M), Japan, Brazil,Belgium and France have funded SOLASprogrammes. EU SOLAS STREPS to be fundedshortly.
Germany and Norway have submittedproposals.
Networks being built in the USA, India,South Korea, Russia, Chile and China (Taipei)
National Programmes
NASA Margulis & Lovelock
Science Highlights
a new response to Fe addition
direct measurements of gas
exchange
organics in aerosols
interannual variability in CO2 flux
effects of lowered seawater pH
iodine biogeochemistry
Jickells et al 2005
Fe addition to the ocean
S. Turner
SEEDS 1
Plankton net samples (100mm, 0-20m)in the patch on day 2 and day 11
Day 11 Day 2
NW Pacific Iron Enrichment
2004.07.27
SEEDS II
7-day backward trajectories during July, 2004 -SEEDS II
Thanks to Atsushi Tsuda
7-day backward trajectories during July, 2003
Thanks to Atsushi Tsuda
NZ SOLAS Air-sea Gas Exchange Experiment
Inside
Patch
Outside
Patch
J.Hall, NIWA
Trace gas response
SoFex
(Wingenter,PNAS 2004)
Trace gas response
EisenEx
(Liss et al,Tellus 2005)
Day since fertilisation
In
Out
SOLAS synthesis and planning
meeting in October 2005Led by Phil Boyd and Tim Jickells
Changes in various ice core and marine sediment parameters between the Holocene and the end of the last ice age. a) delta18O(a temperature proxy), Fe and MSA (an atmospheric oxidation product of DMS) from Antarctic ice cores. b) CO2 from theVostok ice core; TOC (total organic carbon), alkenones and dinosterol (proxies for surface ocean productivity) in a sedimentcore from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean . (Turner et al., 1996)
Science Highlights
a new response to Fe addition
direct measurements of gas
exchange
organics in aerosols
interannual variability in CO2 flux
effects of lowered seawater pH
iodine biogeochemistry0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20
Tracer N-2000Tracer Wat-91Tracer-WannRnC-14bombC-14 natk, 600 W-92k, 600 L&MS-86W-99
k, 600 (
cm
/hr)
U10
(m/s)
with thanks to Rik Wanninkhof
Parameterisations of transfer velocity
high wind speedmeasurement of gasexchange
dual tracers (SF6 / 3He)
with different solubilities
SOLAS hopes to advanceunderstanding so thatflux can be obtainedfrom measurements ofCw and Ca
few data at high winds,where parameterisationsdiffer most
windspeed
gas t
ransfe
r velo
city
Flux = k (Cw - Ca)
Global uptakesLiss and Merlivat-83: 1 Pg C/yrWanninkhof-92: 1.85 Pg C /yrWanninkhof&McGillis-99: 2.33 Pg C/yrZemmelink-03: 2.45 Pg C/yr
with thanks to Rik Wanninkhof (Takahashi et al., 2002)
Direct gas exchange measurements of DMS
Science Highlights
a new response to Fe addition
direct measurements of gas
exchange
organics in aerosols
interannual variability in CO2 flux
effects of lowered seawater pH
iodine biogeochemistry
Marine biogenic particles-aerosol-cloud interactions
Leck et al, 2004
Arctic Ocean Expedition 2003
DMS
NH3
I2
org-I
VOCs…
From O’Dowd et al. 2004 Nature
Mace HeadIreland
Science Highlights
a new response to Fe addition
direct measurements of gas
exchange
organics in aerosols
interannual variability in CO2
flux
effects of lowered seawater pH
iodine biogeochemistry
Interannual variability in air-sea CO2 flux
McKinley et al (2004) Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol 18
Interannual CO2 flux variabilityi) in the Pacific
Interannual CO2 flux variabilityii) in the Southern Ocean
Every month has >1observation within a 4°by 5° grid box
2 of 3 months has >1observation within box
1 of 3 months has >1observation within box
Seawater pCO2 measurements
SOLAS IPY
2007/9R. Bellerby
Science Highlights
a new response to Fe addition
direct measurements of gas
exchange
organics in aerosols
interannual variability in CO2 flux
effects of lowered seawater pH
iodine biogeochemistry
The effect of lowered pH:i) in the lab
300 ppmv
750 ppmv
(2100)
Mesocosm experiments in Bergen 2003. More planned for 200as part of CarboOcean, an EU SOLAS project
The effect of lowered pH:ii) in mesocosms
DMSPp DMSPd DMS
Future 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 4 7 10 13 16 19
day
nM
Present 4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 4 7 10 13 16 19
day
nM
Past 7
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 4 7 10 13 16 19
day
nM
Mesocosm 2004, Bergen(data from Valia Avgoustidi) Science Highlights
a new response to Fe addition
direct measurements of gas
exchange
organics in aerosols
interannual variability in CO2 flux
effects of lowered seawater pH
iodine biogeochemistry
Iodine Chemistryin the MBL
John Plane, UEA, co-chairImplementation Group 1, with
Maurice Levasseur Chair,Canadian SOLAS
Carpenter et al, 2001
B. Allan, UEA F. Fordyce et al.
BGS
Capacity Building
Summer School
Open Science Conference
Travel grants
• APN, SCOR, IAI, IOCCorsica, France, 2003
& 2005. Plans for 2007