solid waste management. did you know?? one ton of recycled paper uses 64% less energy 50% less water...
TRANSCRIPT
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Solid Waste Management
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Did you know??
• One ton of recycled paper uses •64% less energy•50% less water•Causes 74% less air pollution
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•Saves 17 trees
•Creates 5 times more jobs than one ton of paper product made from virgin wood pulp.
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Did you know??
• New York City alone throw out enough garbage each DAY to fill the Empire State Building.
• In one day, Americans get rid of 20,000 cars and 4,000 trucks.
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In the U.S.
• Industry, people and institutions produced 230 million pounds of waste in 1999.
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• This amount of trash equals almost 4.5 pounds of waste per person per day.
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Four Main Categories of Waste
•Municipal solid waste• Industrial waste• Hazardous waste•Wastewater
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• Municipal solid waste is waste that consists of paper, yard waste, food and plastic. Solid waste management can be handled in several ways.
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• Industrial waste comes from the production of consumer goods, mining, agriculture & petroleum extraction & refining.
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• Hazardous waste is solid or liquid waste that is toxic, chemically reactive, flammable or corrosive. This includes paint, batteries, household cleaners to medical waste.
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•Wastewater is another type of waste that includes the water that is used in our households, business, industries, or public facilitates. All the water that goes down the DRAINS!!
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Waste Management
• How we deal w/any unwanted material or substance
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• Sanitary landfills - A landfill is a regulated area where wastes are placed in the land.
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• Landfills are constructed in several layers to prevent contamination of the soil and water around them and to handle odor, gases and waste volume.
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• Examples: • Municipal Waste Landfill, • Construction and Demolition Waste • Resource Recovery (Waste-to-energy facilities)
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Steps in creating a sanitary landfill
1. Landfill is lined with a plastic liner and several feet of clay on the bottom and sides of the hole.
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• This lining prevents most substances from leaking out of the landfill into the ground and water.
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2. Wastes are compacted and covered with several inches of soil on a daily basis to help reduce odor, and to control litter, insects and rodents.
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3. Landfills must be monitored in order to prevent the contamination of groundwater and other areas around the landfill.
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4. Newer landfills have leachate collection systems. Collects water that has percolated through the landfill and contains contaminate substances (leachates/leeching).
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5. Methane collection system. Landfill gas (LFG) forms when trash begins to decompose in an anaerobic environment. Landfill gas consists of 50 % methane and 50% carbon dioxide. Some landfills collect the gases and convert them to electricity.
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6. The primary decomposers of garbage are bacteria and fungi.
Decomposers – organisms that break down dead organic wastes.
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7. The amount of moisture and air, temperature, light and the decomposing material all affect the rate at which microbes can digest the garbage.
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8. According to the EPA, 25% of all monitored landfills in the US are leaking their contents into the groundwater.
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Capturing Energy from Landfills
• Deep inside the landfills, bacteria decompose waste in an oxygen-deficient (anaerobic) environment.
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• This decomposition produces landfill gas called methane. We collect this methane thru a network of pipes by vacuum pressure.
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• The collected gas can provide energy for 25,000 homes.
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Landfill Construction Simulation
• http://polaris.umuc.edu/mts/ENVM/newsimu/02-constr/constr.html
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• Largest landfill in US – Fresh Kills, Staten Island, NY
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Incineration
• One way in which we try and reduce the amount of waste is by combustion. Combustion is disposing of trash by controlled burning.
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• These stations are sometimes called WTE facilities because as the wastes burn energy is produced.
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1. Combustion of trash reduces the volume of the wastes by 90% and the mass by 75%.
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2. Burning at such high temperatures destroys harmful compounds and kills disease-causing bacteria.
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3. Burning trash also creates energy and it can convert water into steam to generate electricity.
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4.Combustion also pollutes the air. A scrubber uses a liquid spray to neutralize acidic gases in combustion smoke. Filters are also used to remove ash particles from the smoke.
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5. Facilities are called Waste to Energy Facilities b/c we capture energy from the burning of trash to help create electricity.
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SOLID WASTE BREAKDOWN• Paper: 2-4 weeks
• Cotton rags: 1-5 months• Orange peel: 6 months• Wool sock: 12 months• Plastic bags: 10-20 yrs.• Leather shoes: 25-40 yrs.• Aluminum cans: 200-500 yrs.• Glass bottle: undetermined• Cardboard box: 2 months• Diapers – 450-550 years!!• Kleenex – almost as soon as it gets wet• Jeans – 7 years• Rubber (sole of boot): 50-80 years….tire: 1000
years
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Paper vs. Plastic
• Plastics buried in a landfill can take an estimated time of up to 500 years to break down..
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• Plastic is made from long complicated chains of atoms called polymers. Bacterial and other decomposers do not find these polymers very appetizing.
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• Some plastics are photodegradable, which means they break down in the presences of light.
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• Other plastics are biodegradable, which means that they degrade by the action of microbes(bacteria/fungi)
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• Biodegradable plastic bags have been developed. They are made of plastic webbing and cornstarch.
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• Paper presents a space problem. There is more paper used than plastics but it does not compact. Paper will not rot when sealed air tight.
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WASTE REDUCTION & RECOVERY
• There are three goals of waste reduction & recovery.
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• Reduce the amount of waste
• Reuse as much as possible
• Recycle materials
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REDUCE
•We have many disposable materials in our society. We have been referred to as the “throw away society.”
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• Source Reduction is preventing waste generation.
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• Less consumption - only purchase what you need • Less packaging
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• Reducing using non-biodegradable plastics• Design goods that last!• Financial incentives – “Bottle Bills”
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• Zero Waste – the design & management of products & processes to decrease the amount of waste and the toxicity of materials are not burned or buried.•
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Composting
• Biological way to rid of wastes.•Worm, bacteria, fungi decompose fruit and other organisms decompose piles of fruit & veggies, food scraps, wood and lawn clippings
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• Composting begins by microorganisms digesting and excreting the organic matter into the pile. As the temperature rises more organisms are attracted to the pile.
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• The product of composting is a dark brown substance called humus. Humus is very rich in nutrients and an important part of good soil
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REUSE
• Reusing items rather than throwing them in the trash is another way in which we can reduce the amount of waste. • Give items away for redistribution.
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RECYCLE
• Recycling is a series of activities that reuse a product’s raw materials to manufacture new products.
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1. Collect the materials: glass, plastic, steel, paper, plastic and aluminum
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• Curbside pick-up is growing in popularity.
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2. Manufacturing: • Each recyclable has its own process where it is broken down and then made into something new.
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3. Recycling loop is completed when recycled products are bought. Buying recycled products also saves resources for future generations.
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• Amount of items being recycled:
–42% of all paper–40% of plastic soft drink bottles–55% of aluminum cans–56% of all steel packaging
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• Paper, especially newsprint, is recycled and used on farms to enrich soil and livestock bedding.
• Not all glass can be recycled.
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• Plastics are recycled based on their SPI code numbers 1-7.
• Metals that are commonly recycled are steel and aluminum.
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• Recycling aluminum cans have diverted more than two billion pounds of aluminum from the landfills.
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• Recycling DOES make a difference!!!!!!
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Benefits of Recycling
• Saves Natural Resources
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• In 2005, Pennsylvanians recycled 1.2 million tons of steel which saved 1.4 million ton iron ore, 829, 786 ton of coal, & 71, 124 ton of limestone.
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• Recycling newsprint, office paper & mixed paper saved the equal to 78 million tree seedlings.
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• Saves Energy
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• Saves Environment
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• Value to economy–52, 316 jobs in PA
• Good Business
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• In 2008, Pennsylvania recycled over 5.4 million tons of resources.
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• The materials Pennsylvanians recycled in 2005 saved almost 98 trillion British thermal units of energy and cut more than 2.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions from the air.
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• Respectively, that's the equivalent of eliminating the output from three large coal-fired power plants and taking 1.7 million cars and light trucks off the road.
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• Reduces greenhouse gas emissions–In 2005, recycling reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 2.5 million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE) or 9 million tons of Carbon Dioxide (MMTCO2).
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• Reduces emissions of air & water pollutants–Reduced water emissions total nearly 9,000 tons
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• Value to economy52, 316 jobs in PA
• Good Business
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• In 2008, Pennsylvania recycled over 5.4 million tons of resources.
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• The materials Pennsylvanians recycled in 2005 saved almost 98 trillion British thermal units of energy and cut more than 2.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions from the air.
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• Respectively, that's the equivalent of eliminating the output from three large coal-fired power plants and taking 1.7 million cars and trucks off the road.
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Penn Waste Single Streaming
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Hazardous Waste
•metals,• paints, • e-waste, •medical waste, etc.
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1. Landfills that have been especially designed...water tight liners away from aquifers.
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2. Surface Impoundment: liquid hazards waste mixed w/water. When the water evaporates it just leaves the solid wastes residue. Process is repeated many times. Then the solid residue is gathered & buried.•
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3. Deep well injection: A well is drilled deep beneath the water table. Wastes are injected into it & its kept deep underground.
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4. Radioactive wastes (radon): It is also buried deep underground in containers that will not corrode. Tanks near nuclear power plants can also store it.
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RCRA
• Resource conservation and Recovery Act (1976)
• This is a federal law which helps to govern our waste management system.
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• *To protect public from harm caused by waste disposal.• *To encourage reuse, reduction and recycling• *To clean-up spilled or improperly stored wastes
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CERLCLA
• This law established a federal program to clean up U.S. sites polluted w/hazardous waste from past activities. The EPA administers this cleanup program that is called the Superfund.
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Complete the chart in your notes…