SOME SPECIFIC Q-EEG APPLICATIONS RELATED TO

NEUROCOGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS

Biljana Gjoneska1, Silvana Markovska-Simoska1, Tatjana Zorcec 2

1Division of Neuroinformatics, Bioinformatics Unit, ICEIM, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, R. Macedonia

2 Pediatric Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Skopje, R. Macedonia

NEUROINFORMATICSNEUROINFORMATICSDevelopment of tools and databases for Development of tools and databases for

management and sharing of neuroscience datamanagement and sharing of neuroscience data

Q-EEGQ-EEG(Quantitative EEG / Computerized EEG / Brain Mapping(Quantitative EEG / Computerized EEG / Brain Mapping))

RECORDING OF MULTICHANNEL EEGRECORDING OF MULTICHANNEL EEG

SIGNAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTION OF FEATURESSIGNAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTION OF FEATURES

ANALYSIS OF FEATURESANALYSIS OF FEATURES

COMPARISON OF EEG DATACOMPARISON OF EEG DATA

I. INTRODUCTIONI. INTRODUCTION

EPILEPSY

CEREBROVASCULAR PATHOLOGIES

SCHIZOPHRENIA

DEPRESSION/MANIA

ATTENTION DEFICIT ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDERHYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

INATTENTIVENESSINATTENTIVENESS

DISTRACTIBILITYDISTRACTIBILITY

IMPULSIVITYIMPULSIVITY

HYPERACTIVITYHYPERACTIVITY

Q-EEG AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOLQ-EEG AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL

ATTENTION ATTENTION DISORDERSDISORDERS

SOME DISORDERS WITH UNDERLYING

ORGANIC PATHOLOGY

II. THE CYSTIC FIBROSIS STUDYII. THE CYSTIC FIBROSIS STUDYTIME PERIOD: 1st of February – 30th April, 2007

PLACE: Department of Psychophysiology - Pediatric Clinic, Skopje, R.M DEFINITION: Prospective, Randomized and Controlled clinical study

PARTICIPANTSPARTICIPANTS

Table No. 2 – EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

Table No. 1 – CONTROL GROUP

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY DATA RECORDING:DATA RECORDING: Software program BOSLAB DATA PROCESSING:DATA PROCESSING: Software program WINEEG

STATISTICAL OPERATIONS:STATISTICAL OPERATIONS: Statistica 5 (T test for small samples)

Musicians Number Mean Min. Max. Range Variance Std. Dev.Age 10 21 16 24 8 5.33 2.31

Mature CF Patients Number Mean Min. Max. Range Variance Std. Dev.Age 13 14.81 8 24 16 28.98 5.38

THE PROCEDURE PER PARTICIPANT WAS CARRIED OUT WITH THE BIPOLAR EEG ELECTRODES PLACED AT F3-O1 AND F4-O2 AND

THEY INCLUDED:

- INITIAL EEG ASSESSMENT WITH EC & EO;- ONE NEUROFEEDBACK (NF) ALPHA-INCREASING SESSION;

- FINAL EEG ASSESSMENT WITH EC & EO.

INVESTIGATED PARAMETER:INVESTIGATED PARAMETER:

ALPHA PEAK FREQUENCY (APF) EXPRESSED TROUGH THE FREQUENCY IN WHICH THE AMPLITUDE OF ALPHA RHYTHM IS THE HIGHEST AND OBTAINED AFTER PERFORMING FAST FURIER TRANSFORMATION OVER THE DATA

PROCEDUREPROCEDURE

RESULTS FOR CFRESULTS FOR CFAPF VALUE AFTER THE INITIAL SESSION

APF VALUE FOR CF PATIENTS: INITIAL VS. FINAL SESSION

CONCLUSIONS FOR CFCONCLUSIONS FOR CF-CF IS LIKELY TO HAVE NEGATIVE PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL IMPACT FROM THE DISORDER-THERE ARE GOOD PERSPECTIVES FOR THE Q-EEG EVALUATION AND NF TREATMENT OF MENTAL PROBLEMS IN CF PATIENTS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THEIR CAPACITY FOR SELF-MANAGEMENT -FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS SHOULD BE CONDUCTED IN ORDER TO CONFIRM THESE RESULTS

QEEG & ADHDQEEG & ADHD

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN ADHD AND HEALTHY

SUBJECTS

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN ADHD AND OTHER

PATHOLOGIES

SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC TOOL TO SUBTYPE ADHD

KROPOTOV AND MUELLER DESCRIBEDKROPOTOV AND MUELLER DESCRIBED DISTINCT EEG CLUSTERS DISTINCT EEG CLUSTERS OF ADHD CHILDRENOF ADHD CHILDREN

- ββ OVER-ACTIVATED OVER-ACTIVATED ACTIVITYACTIVITY IN FRONTO-CENTRAL OR PARIETAL IN FRONTO-CENTRAL OR PARIETAL CORTEX (~ 30%)CORTEX (~ 30%)

- SLOW SLOW αα EXCESS IN: SENSORY-MOTOR CORTEX; IN POSTERIOR EXCESS IN: SENSORY-MOTOR CORTEX; IN POSTERIOR TEMPOTRAL AND/OR TEMPORAL CORTEX; OVER WHOLE CORTEX (~30%)TEMPOTRAL AND/OR TEMPORAL CORTEX; OVER WHOLE CORTEX (~30%)

- INCREASED INCREASED θθ IN FRONTO-CENTRAL AND FRONTO-MIDLINE CORTEX , AS IN FRONTO-CENTRAL AND FRONTO-MIDLINE CORTEX , AS WELL AS INCREASED WELL AS INCREASED θθ//ββ RATIO IN SOME DERIVATIONS (~40%) RATIO IN SOME DERIVATIONS (~40%)

ADHD SUBTYPESADHD SUBTYPES

2007 2007 ZORCEC, POP-JORDANOVA, MUELLERZORCEC, POP-JORDANOVA, MUELLER

CONFIRMED EXISTENCE OFCONFIRMED EXISTENCE OF

MORE SPECIFIC EEG CLUSTERSMORE SPECIFIC EEG CLUSTERS

OF ADHD CHILDRENOF ADHD CHILDREN

III. THE ADHD STUDYIII. THE ADHD STUDYSUBJECTS: SUBJECTS: 20 children diagnosed with ADHD

INCLUSION CRITERIA: INCLUSION CRITERIA: ADHD diagnosis (according to icd-10); Schoolage children (7-12 years); IQ > 90; Free of any medications,

Absence of comorbidities; Informed consent from the parents

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYRECORDING APARATURE: RECORDING APARATURE: Standardized 21 Mitsar EEG

MONTAGE: MONTAGE: International 10/20 system

REFERENTIAL MONTAGE:REFERENTIAL MONTAGE: Linked earlobes

ELECTRODE IMPEDANCE: ELECTRODE IMPEDANCE: < 5 kΩ

DIGITIZATION RATE: DIGITIZATION RATE: 512 samples per minute

BAND-PASS FILTER: BAND-PASS FILTER: 1-50 Hz

SLOW SLOW αα EXCESS SUBTYPE EXCESS SUBTYPE MOST OF THE CHILDREN (~45%)MOST OF THE CHILDREN (~45%)

IMPAIRMENT IS IN THE LIMBIC SYSTEM. GENERATOR IS THE MIDDLE FRONTAL CORTEX IMPAIRMENT IS IN THE LIMBIC SYSTEM. GENERATOR IS THE MIDDLE FRONTAL CORTEX AND ANTERIOR CINGULAR GYRUS. AND ANTERIOR CINGULAR GYRUS.

THIS INFLUENCES EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS WHICH ARE THE HIGHEST COGNITIVE PROCESS. THIS INFLUENCES EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS WHICH ARE THE HIGHEST COGNITIVE PROCESS.

BEHAVIOURALLY, CHILDREN HAVE EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS.BEHAVIOURALLY, CHILDREN HAVE EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS FOR ADHDRESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS FOR ADHD

HIGH HIGH ββ ACTIVITY IN FRONTO-CENTRAL / PARIETAL CORTEX ACTIVITY IN FRONTO-CENTRAL / PARIETAL CORTEX ~ 20% BELONG TO THIS SUBTYPE ~ 20% BELONG TO THIS SUBTYPE AND HAVE UNIDENTIFIED IMPAIRMENT AND HAVE UNIDENTIFIED IMPAIRMENT

“TYPICAL” ADHD BEHAVIOR WITH EASY AND FAST BLOCKADES IN THEIR EFFICIENCY

INCREASED INCREASED θθ AMPLITUDE IN FRONTO-CENTRAL CORTEX AMPLITUDE IN FRONTO-CENTRAL CORTEX ~ 30% BELONG TO THIS SUBTYPE ~ 30% BELONG TO THIS SUBTYPE

IMPAIRMENT IS IN THE CORTEX-BASAL GANGLIA-THALAMUS-CORTEX LOOP.IMPAIRMENT IS IN THE CORTEX-BASAL GANGLIA-THALAMUS-CORTEX LOOP.

““TYPICAL” ADD BEHAVIORTYPICAL” ADD BEHAVIOR

IV. THE ELF-EMF META-ANALYSIS IV. THE ELF-EMF META-ANALYSIS SOURCES FOR INVESTIATION: ONLINE DIGITAL ARCHIVES (PUBMED, SCIRUS, WORLD HEALTH, ORGANIZATION); REFERENCED ARTICLES; INTERNATIONAL EMF PROJECTS (COST 281, EMF-NET, REFLEX, WHO-EMF)

NAME OF THE STUDY No Age Range Mean Age M/F Ratio

“Frequency-specific responses in the human brain caused by electromagnetic fields” (1)(1) 19 21 - 62 32 11/8

“Influence of an alternating 3Hz magnetic field with an induction of 1 militesla on chosen parameters of the human occipital EEG” (2)(2)

62 18 - 25 25.5 36/26

“Preliminary analysis of the effects of DTX mobile phone emissions on the human EEG” (3) (3) 10 / / /

“Alterations in human EEG activity caused by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields” (4)(4)

33 20 - 59 30 24/9

“Mobile phone 'talk mode' signal delays EEG-determined sleep onset” (5)(5)

10 18–28 22 /

RELEVANT STUDIES: DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS

Study EMF production

Explored Frequency Protocol

1Artificial:

Helmholtz Coils

1.5 Hz & 10HzEEG recording during presentation of the EMF

for 2 sec, followed by an inter-stimu lus period of 5 sec. for a total of 50 trials.

2Artificial:

Helmholtz Coils

3 Hz5 min. field-off EEG,

20 min EEG under stimulation, 5 min. field-off EEG

33Artificial: Artificial:

Helmholtz Helmholtz CoilsCoils

2 Hz2 Hz5 min. control period, then 2 trains separated by 5 min. control period, then 2 trains separated by

a 1 min. con trol pe riod. At the end again 5 a 1 min. con trol pe riod. At the end again 5 min. control periodmin. control period

44Artificial: Artificial:

Helmholtz Helmholtz CoilsCoils

50, 16.66, 13, 50, 16.66, 13, 10, 8.33 & 10, 8.33 &

4Hz4Hz

2 min. EEG under stimulation, 2 min. EEG under stimulation, 1 min. field-off EEG1 min. field-off EEG

55Natural:Natural:

Mobile Phone Mobile Phone DeviceDevice

2 & 8Hz.2 & 8Hz.

EEG recording whilst exposure to talk, lis ten, EEG recording whilst exposure to talk, lis ten, standby and sham (nil signal) randomly, for standby and sham (nil signal) randomly, for

30 min. In the next 90 min is a sleep 30 min. In the next 90 min is a sleep opportunity.opportunity.

RELEVANT STUDIES: EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROTOCOL

Significant differences were found between sham and real exposure for the relative spectral amplitudes of θ and β band and θ/β ratio. Namely, θ/β ratio becomes almost 6% higher over the left occiput after turning on the field. (2)(2)

In each subject, the magnetic field altered ongoing brain activity at the frequency of stimulation from one or more electrodes. The effect was more likely at 10 Hz compared with 1.5 Hz. Namely, significant increase in 10 Hz (α) EEG power was registered. (1)

Significant increases and decreases in EEG power spectral density at various brainwave frequencies in the γ band (3)(3)

The results indicate that there was a significant increase in α1, α2, and β1 at the frontal brain region, and a significant decrease in α2 band in parietal and occipital region (4) (4)

Post-exposure, sleep latency after talk mode was markedly & significantly delayed beyond listen & sham modes. This condition effect over time was also quite evident in 1-4 Hz EEG frontal power which is frequency range particularly sensitive to sleep onset. Namely, EEG δ-power increased significantly in the second 10 min period after listed and sham exposures, the third period after standby exposure, but no period after talk exposure. (5)(5)

RESULTS FOR ELF-EMF META-ANALYSISALL STUDIES DEMONSTRATE CHANGES

Q-EEG INTERDIGITATED WITH NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND Q-EEG INTERDIGITATED WITH NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND EDUCATIONAL DATABASES CAN:EDUCATIONAL DATABASES CAN:

- DEFINE MORE PRECISELY THE NATURE OF BRAIN’S INTEGRITY- OUTLINE (OTHERWISE UNTRACEABLE) SPECIFIC PATTERNS FOR CERTAIN POPULATION

PERSPECTIVES OF Q-EEGPERSPECTIVES OF Q-EEG

BRAIN-RATE BRAIN-RATE PARADIGM: PARADIGM: DEFINED AS A MEAN FREQUENCY OF BRAIN OSCILLATIONS WEIGHTED OVER THE ALL BANDS OF THE EEG POTENTIAL (OR POWER) SPECTRUM.

ib i i i

i i

Vf f P fV

i

iVV

i - denotes the frequency bandVi - is the corresponding mean amplitude of the electric potential (or power).

(Pop-Jordanova & Pop-Jordanov, 2005)

,

V. BRAIN-RATE EXPLORATIONSV. BRAIN-RATE EXPLORATIONSSUBJECTS:

40 Healthy individuals; 27.7 mean age (18 - 50); 17 M / 23 F;

METHODOLOGY: Raw EEG in four conditions with Mitsar/WinEEG acquisition software: Eyes closed (EC); Eyes opened (EO); Visual continuous performance task (VCPT); Emotional continuous performance task (ECPT). Brain-rate evaluation is the final procedure.

Brain-rate values in different conditions

7.8

8

8.2

8.4

8.6

8.8

9

9.2

EC EO VCPT ECPT

Brai

n-ra

te

BRAIN RATE

RESULTS

BRAIN RATE MEAN VALUES t-val. p

EC vs. EO 9.104631 / 8.413977

9.104631 / 8.345526

9.104631 / 8.249175

3.56208 0.001058

EC vs. VCPT4.13332 0.000204

EC vs. ECPT4.36068 0.000104

15

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BRAIN-RATE VALUES

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

brai

n-ra

te v

alue

s ECEOVCPTECPT

16

CONCLUSIONS FOR BRAIN-RATE

• BRAIN-RATE CAN SERVE AS A SIMPLE COMPLEMENTARY INDICATOR OF MENTAL AROUSAL LEVEL I.E. MENTAL ACTIVATION/DEACTIVATION.

• SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER VALUES OF BRAIN-RATE IN EC VS. EO/VCPT/ECPT CONDITIONS ARE OBTAINED.

• THIS IS A RESULT OF INTERNALLY DIRECTED ATTENTION, ALSO REFFERED BY COOPER, CROFT, DOMINEY, BURGESS & GRUZELIER, 2003.

• MAXIMUM VALUES OF FB ARE OBTAINED IN C3 AND C4, WHILE THE MINIMUM IN CZ POINT.