AUGUST, 1915.

Soutb Plac~ Etbical Soci~ty, South Place, Finsbury, E. C.

ebject of tbe Society.

"The Object of the Society is the cullivation of a rational religious sentimcnt, the study of ethical principles, and the promotion of human welfare, in harmony with advancing knowledge."

MEMBERSHIV. Any person In sympathy with the Object ot tbe Societ,Y is oordially invited to beeo",.

& Member Particnlar. ot Membership mDy.bl> obtruned In the Library betore Dnd after the Sunday services, or on application to tho Hon. Registrnr, Miss F. BEOD"!, South Plnee Institute, Finsbury, E .D.

:IlSSeeUlTES. Any person interested in the Sooiety's work bot not wishing to become a Member.

may join aa an Auooiate. Particulars may be obtained trom the Hon. Registrar as above.

n"rinu 'he m""th oJ A "nIL.t tile Chapel al/ct SItI!day Scllool ,vill be cloud. The "rvice. ?vill be resumed 0" September 5.

Rambles.

All d"y Hamhlos will ue hold DU tho Sundl\ys in AU/.:l1st. (t.ho Soclety's serviecs ueing 811bp nderl). MOI"nhors nnd friends l\rc cordially invited to join in t.hese excursions.

Monday, August 2. - Burnham Beeches and District. Conduct.ed hy Mr. N. Lms'rOlm. Tr,,;n lrom Paddingt.on, 9.21. Tako rolurn tickeL t.o GCrrards Cross, 2/. . (Will those il1t.enljjl1g to lJc at this ramulo kinrlly notify the Secrotary not later than Sntur<'lay morning, July 31 t

Sunday, August S. - Leith IHill. Conductod by Mr. F. A. ilAwrrlNS. Train from Lunrtoll Brltlgo (S.l>. & C.Uy.), 10.34. Take rotul"Il tickot to Dorking. Tea at Cold harbour.

Sunday, August 15.- Dheshunt and Broxbourne. Conducted uy Mr. W. T. WaCEY. Trnin from Liverpool Strect,lO.29. Take retul"Il ticket to Cheshunt.l/6.

Sunday, August 22.-Epping and Nazeing. Conducted uy Mr. W. T. WaCEY. Ttaill frum Livorpool Street, n.M), Talce return ticleet. to Epping. 2/:1.

Sunday, August 29.-Caterham, Marden Park, Oxted and GOdstone . Conducted hy Mr. 1'. M. Onm\". Take return t.lckot t.o Caterbam, 2/4. Tea at. !.lodslone. Train from Lonilon B,·id/.:o (·.ll.&C.Uy.), lU.31.

Hamblers aro part.icularly requested to ronfirm tho timC8 of t.mins, as t.horo is f\ possibility of alteratioll!:; being: mnde by the Railway C mpanios.

N.B. '-Uamulors should uring thoir lunch on nll aoo\'o excursions.

Cour"" Tiokets for the Twenty'eiihtb Season, 2 •. 6d .• aob, may be bad ot tbe HOIl. Scc., W. T. WIXon, 63, Grovelands Road, Palmer'. Grecn, N.

Lending Library.

The I,onning Llbr,,,'Y will bo closod <'luring AI1!(ust. an<'l will reopon In Sopt.ombcr. In view of tho Annual Stock-Taking, unrrowcrs hll.\'ill/.: books in their possossion "re particularly requested to roturn them In conformity with tho s pecinl notice IIppear ing n.t the end of Lending LIbrary announcement. in annther part of t.hls Issue.

Bon Librari...... {Mis. MAHY RnVLINoB, 406. Mare Street, Hackney, N.E. . \T' 'LL18 M!N8FORD, Ch~rry Tree Oonrt, 63, Aldengate Street, R.C.

2

Sub-Committees. TilE following sub·committees have been appointed for the year 1915.16 :

BlliltiillC.-E. F. Errington, \V. T. Harvey, N. Lidstone, F. M. Overy, E. Snelling, Wallis l\Iansford, F. H. Mansford (Secretary).

Concert.-Miss F . Arnold, Miss F. Becham, Mi s A. Bentley, F. W. anning, Mrs. A. J. lements, E. Cunningham, Miss II. M. Fairhall, A. E.

Fenton, Miss E . M. Gould, F. A. Hawkins, Miss H. IIochfeld, Miss L. Isaacs, E. S. King, \V. Maidstone, Miss L. l\I. Simes, Miss F. J. Simons, F. Slattery, D. C. Tait, Miss M. Taylor, W. \'arian, J. P. Wadge, S. IT. \Voolhouse, A. J. elements (Secretary).

DisCIIsS7·oll.-Miss H. M. Fairhall, Mrs. Uolyoake Mar h, Miss F. A. Law, W. L. Martin, F. M. very, E. Snelling, D. C. Tait, Wall is Mansford, C. J. Pollard (Secretary).

Fillallu.-J. Aldred, Miss F. 13echam, E. Cunningham, \V. T: IIarvey, Miss F. A. Law, K. Lidstone, E. Snelling, W. T. Wixcey, F. M. Overy (Secretary).

Le1lding Library.-Miss H. M. Fairhall, Miss G. Gowing, n. B. Gowing, Miss E. M . Gould, H. T. Herne, Miss Johnson, Mrs. Keeling, Miss F. A. Law, W. L. Martin, Mrs. F. M. Overy, Miss Wellington, Miss Mary Rawlings and Wallis Mansford (Librarians).

Members'.-VV. T. Harvey, Miss F. A. Law, Mrs. N. Lidstone, W. L. Martin, F. M. Overy, Mrs. F. A. Reichert, Mrs. H. W. Un thank, E. Williams, E. Hill (Secretary).

Music .-A. J. Clements, Miss E . M. Gould, H. B. Gowing, Mrs. St. Aubyn, F. A. Hawkins (Secretary). .

Pllblicatiolls.-Miss Halls, Mi~s [Jenman, W. L. Martin, E. Snelling, Mrs. H. W. Unthank, E. 'vVilliams (Secretary).

Rambles.-Miss Arnold, E. F. Errington, Miss H. M. Fairhall, Miss G. Cowing, H. 13. Gowing, '. Lidstone, \V. L. Martin, Mrs. 1'. M. Overy, Mr . F. A. Reichert, F. A. Reichert, D. '. Tait, Mis5 WiJliams, S. IT. Woolbou e, W. T. Wixcey ( ecretary).

Soirtfc.-Miss M. Barralet, Mrs . S. G. Fenton, n. n. Gowing, Mrs. Keeling, Mrs . N. Lidstone, Mrs. F. M. Overy, F. M. Overy, Mrs. E. Pollard, Miss Raftery, Mrs. St. Aubyn, E. Snelling, \V. T. Wixcey, Miss G. Gowing (Secretary).

SII.lday School.-Miss G. Gowing, J. Hallam, Mrs. N. Lidstone, Mrs. C. E. Lister, Mrs. I-Iolyoake Marsh, Mrs. F. M. Overy, Mrs. Wade, Miss F. A. Law and Mrs. St. Aubyn ( ecretaries).

Ex.Officio Members of all Sub.Colllmittees.-F. vV. Read (Treasurer), Mrs. C. Fletcher Smith and C. J. Pollard (Secretaries) .

Lending Library. Tm: Librarians have pleasure in announcing the additions which have been made to the Library during the past year.

Mrs. William Allingham has kindly presented "Letters to William Allingham" (T 10), "Evil May Day" and "Ashby Manor" (1911), by William Allingham (R 4) . The Committee are indebted to Mr. Herbert Burrows for the gift of "\Villiam Clarke-a Collection of His Writings" (1908), edited by I-I. Burrows and J. A. Hobson; Biographical

ketch by H. Burrows (R 12); and to Mr. J. A. Hobson for "Morals in Evolution: A Study in Comparative Ethics," by L. T. IIobhouse (19151 (T 10)' also to Mr. S. K. Ratcliffe for" Margaret E. Noble (Sister Nivcdita) ---'-Studies from an Eastern Home" (T 10).

3

Through purchase and gifts from members and friends of the Society, the following books have been added:

"Germany and the Next '''ar'' (1914), by Friedrich von Bernhardi (T 11); "Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature" (I SI), by n. Martineau and IT . G. Atkinson (R 12); "Charles Kingsley-His Letters and Memories of his Life" (2 vols., illustrated, 1885), (M 2); "The Anglo-German Problem" (19T2), by Charles Sarolea (1' 11); "The Riddle of the Sands," by Erskine Childers (. Il); "On the Duties of Man," by ]oseph Mazzini (R 9); "Supernatural H.eligion" (TC)02), by]. R. 'eeley (1 12); Memoir of Laurence Oliphant and j\lice 01iphant, his Wife" (2 vols.), by Margaret O l iphant (T TO); "South Place Heport and lI1ol/thly ' _isls." October, 19 13, to September, H)14 (B 7); "Sketches from Li fe in Town and Country-and Some '-erses" (Q 10) and" Healing of Nation~" (1915), (R 9), by Edward Carpenter; "The V,rar: Its Origins and }Yarnings" (1914), by Frank ]. Adkin. (1' I1); "The German War Book" (1915), Translated by]. H. Morgan (1' Il); "Tbe War of Steel and Geld" (1914), by H. N . llrailsford (T 11); "Tbe Kaiser's \Var" (1914), by ~ustin Harrison (1' Il); "Under the German Ban in Alsace and Lorraine," by M. Betbam-Edwards (1' 1I); "War and Democracy" (1915), by R \V. Seton-\Vatson, ]. Diner \vilson, Alfred E. Zimmern, and Arthur Greenwood (1' Il); "Treitschke and the Great War" (1915), by Joseph McCabe (1' Il); "James Jobn Garth \vilkin­son-Memoir and Letters" (19II) (R 12)' "The Price of Love" (1914), by Arnold Bennett (1' 10); "The Revolt of the Angels" (1914), by Anatole France, Translated by Mrs. Wilfred Jackson (S 12); "Beyond Good and Evil" (1914), by Friedrich Nietzsche, Translated by Helen Zimmern (H. 9); "The 'Yorld in Alliance" ([915), by Frank Koel Keen (R 9); "Women's SufIrage-A Short History of a Great Movement," by Millicent Garrett Fawcetl (Q 4).

TMPORTANT NOTICE.

In view of tbe Annual Stocktaking, it is p'lrticularly requested of borrowers that all books not al ready returned be forwarded to tbe Library not later than Saturday, August 7, directed to tbe lIon. Librarians, South P lace Chapel. The Library Committee desire the special attention of mem­bers and friends to tbis request, as non-compliance will cause inconvenience.

Hon. Libraria11s-

MARY RAWLTNGS, 406, Mare Street, Hackney, N .E. WALLIS MANSFOJ!D, Cherry Tree ourt, Aldersgate, City.

Reprisals. A DISCOURSE DELIVlm£D AT SOUTH PLACE T1APEL, ]PLl' 4, 191 5,

llY ]. A. IIonsoN, M .A.

LAST week I received a copy of tbe new edition of the important book which my friend Professor IIobhouse has written under the title of "MNals in Evolution," and, turning over its pages, I seemed to realise anew and more clearly than before tbe slowness and difficulty of tbe process by which mankind has risen from tbe morals of tbe brute to tbe civilisation of to-day; how it bas taken countless ;:cons for the different nations of tbe world to come into group being, and by gradual association to build up habits which would humanise and rationalise the equipment of blutal instincts with which they started tbeir career; how bard a task it has been to build up the delicate and not too firm spiritual foundatron of our civilisation. Now it is this spi ritual fortress which is being battered by the hands of war at tlle present time, and we are all of us compelled to ask oursel ves tbe question,

4

How many stones will at the close be left standing one upon anotber? All nations engaged in this struggle will emerge with damaged standards of thought, feeling, and conduct, witb disordered intelligence and brutalised character. Of this tbere can be little doubt to anyone who thinks. I know that there are some who speak of the process of a great war like this as if it were some redeeming moral process, some mode of spiritual regeneration by which the nations, lost in industrialism and in gross material self·seeking, bould somehow enter into a fuller, freer, nobler atmosphere of self·sacrifice.

There are, doubtless, evidences which seem to support this view, but if we look closely to the action of the s~parate herds and recollect that this very process of falling back into" herd.life" is for the express purpose of supporting antagonism between two or more herds, we then real ise that so far from being an advance it is a degradation of all the faculties which make what is valuable in Our modern life. Slowly, very slowly, have we passed from the " berd-mind " of the clan to the larger life of the modern city or nation and that still larger life which we hoped was expressed in the new international activities and associations wbich have been woven in recent times .

To plunge back into the "herd-mind" of which Professor Murray* speaks is to lose two things. In the first place, it is to lose individuality, for the "herd-mind" deprives the individual of the necessity or the right to separate thought and feeling. That is the first moral damage done by a reversion from modern personality into the "herd-mind." The second is that the" herd-mind" is absolutely exclusive; it looks to the welfare of the herd, and beyond that there is not merely indifference: there is positive antagonism. We go back to the time when an outsider was an enemy, when the very word" stranger" was the same word as "enemy." That is the life to which we are invited to go back, and we are rapidly descending to that lower stage. 'Vith the "herd-mind" we are coming rapidly to what is called the doctrine of collective responsibility. Those of you who have read the Hebrew Scriptures know how difficult it was for the Jews to get out of the attitude of mind by wh ich they held that a whole family or clan was responsible for the misdeeds of one of its members. In war time we get repeatedly tbat state of mind in whicb a whole nation is made responsible for tbe iniquities of some of its unknown members. It is not certain German commanders or certain German soldiers wbo commit atrocities, it is "tbe Germans" who commit tbese outrages, and we are ready to saddle the whole nation with the wrong-doing of a few of its members. And not merely in tbought, but in action, are we led to this course of judgment. ·When Germans commit outrages in Belgium or destroy our vessels on the sea, what is the state of mind of the ordinary Englishman? It is that he would like to "take it out" of any German. The hairdresser or tbe pork-butcher in the next street is tbe nearest German, and although it is clear that he has tbe least responsibility for what bas taken place, tbat is the person one would like to deal with becau e be is accessible and because our mind bas got bold of the doctrine, if it is a doctrine, of collective responsibility. At the same time, we have no hesitation in demanding tbat the individuals wbo are responsible for tbe outrages sball be separately punished, tbat we shall hang tbe Kaiser and Van Tirpitz.

Tbis is a typical instance of the de-rationalising influence of tbe war spirit. Consistency of tbought, the very essence of all tbat we mean by reason, is inhibited by this state of mind. \Ve pass through a general phase of moral deterioration. It is inevitable that this should be so among those of us wbo

*lI1r. !iObSOII'S secol1d read£llg was a passage from tlte writings of Professor Gilbert Murray.

"- --'--

5 J are watchi ng these calamities-the cheapening of life itself, a certain callousness regarding pain and misery is inevitable. It comes perhaps as I i a self-protecting instinct, for if we reali ed the true meaning of war as it 1 is realised by those who are taking part in it, if we realised without the .' acti vi ty of the belligerent to take off our feelings, that realisation wou Id ,'" absolutely destroy the sanity of the waiting populations. So it is that. it becomes necessary and right that we should be callous.

More insidious still is the attack which is made upon reason and morals under t.he name of reprisals. In the first. place the reprisal wears a cloak of just.ice in t.he eyes of those who apply it. Bacon defined revenge as a sort of wild justice. Now we prefer the t.erm "reprisals" because it has a better sound than that of revenge. In substance and in essence it IS the same, and produces the same results. It conveys, however, some notion of reciprocity, even what is called retal iation; it appeals to a sense of equality. 'Ye have the idea that we are measuring out punishment to one to whom punishment is due, and, moreover, t.hat we are giving a punishment. t.hat. fits the crime. All t.hat is contained in what we think the word " repri. als" means. Hut how difficult it is of accomplishment. There are those who, at the beginning of this war, took a fairly literal notion of the wa} in which punishment should be dealt out to the wrong-doers. The partial de truction of Rheims Cathedral was to be met in a few months' time with the corresponding destruction of Cologne Cathedral. The books taken from Louvain and other libraries were to be replaced by the spoils from Dresden and Berlin. The first thing we were to do when we got into Germany was to destroy Krupp's works and to raze to the earth the whole town of Essen. That, of course, was wild talk, but it partook of the first meaning of reprisals, and it was little else than a cover for the vindictive sentiment.

That sentiment contains a survival of barbaric justice. "An eye for an eye" and "a tooth for a tooth . ' Such was the doctrine of reprisals, and it mattered lit.tle who was the individual whose" tooth" was drawn or who lost his" eye." This is, however, quite a natural feeling, and is a feeling which one cannot condemn very strongly when it is attached to genuine emotion. I met a young Lancashire man the other day who had come back from the Dardanelles, and he was eager above all things t.o get back again, as a number of his close personal friend had been killed out there, and he wanted to " take it out" of the Germans. This i an instinct.i\'e feeling of retal iation, and it is far less injurious than what. I would call the" polky " of reprisals. That is t.he view t.o which I would direct your attention t.his morning-to t.hose elderly gentlemen in this country who would lay down a plan of war on the basi of repnsals. If in this country the Germans drop bomb on undefended towns, they desire t.hat our airmen should go and drop bombs on their undefended towns. It is quite true that the town of Karlsruhe contained an enemy force, but that was not the reason given by the French authorities; the reason was that it was done as a "reprisal."

Now, in any case this policy of reprisals is a direct reversal of the golden rule; it is an expression of the deliberat.e intention of the community to do as they are done by, t.o do as they have been done by. It is, ill other words, a competition ill descending morals. It is defended, by those who do defend it-and they are very numerou -on the ground that it is useful, that it will teach the enemy" a lesson," and they will refrain from certain forms of outrage when they see that we can better their inst.ruction. On that ground this country is invited to use poisonous gases; on that ground attempts have been made to discriminate in the treatment of prisoners. But here we are met with a simple question of psychology, a simple question of the analysis of actual motives based upon experience. Will reprisals of this kind convict tbe enemy of sin, and will it cause them to desist? To suppose that it will shows a total incapacity on our part to put ourselves int" the minds of the enemy. We actually pretend to suppose that they will recognise that they have done wrong, and not only so, but that they will recognise the particular suitability of the punishment meted out to them. Of course, experience shows that the opposite results will ensue. Instead of seeing it in our light they see it as a gross and wanton injury which calls for reprisals on their part, and so begins a competition in reprisals with the result that the most brutal and reckless of the opponents will win. And we ~ have our elves said that the Germans are more brutal and reckless than we.

6

The question of reprisals is not a new one, nor is it confined to modern days.

For many years past we have been engaged in a war of words in this country, in a fiscal controversy, and in that controversy it was shown that you could not succeed in inducing a country which bas passed an injurious tariff to reduce tbat tariff by putting duties on its commodities. That, in fact, retaliation, instead of leading to a lower tariff, led the country to put on a higher tariff in order to meet your reprisals, and so arose what was called a tariff war, which went on until almost tbe whole of tbe commerce between the two countries was suspended. We learnt nothing apparently from that, neither we nor any other country. For although I am sp aking of the policy of reprIsals as affecting ou r nation, tbat is only because 1 am address­ing an Engli h audience. The same is true of the human nature of any other belligerent. It is the same folly for the Germans to practise reprisals as it is for u , and they do imagine that they are engaged in a policy of reprisals. The most outrageous of all actions, the sinking of the Lusi tania, and their submarine policy were initiated by them on the express ground that they were reprisals against the declared intention of our nation to starve the German nation by cutting off supplies of food by sea.

Theoretically, of course, if the reprisals could be so fitly adjusted as to drive home into the minds of the enemy our meaning and to show them clearly and effectively that their actions do not pay, they might be justified. But history shows that this is hardly ever possible, that the necessary con­ditions hardly ever exist; and it is highly improbable that the acts of reprisal could be so adjusted in their magnitude and direction as to produce the desired result. It is because they do not contain the elements of justice, because they are not decided upon in an atmospbere of justice, because, in other words, they are not the decrees of an impartial tribunal, but of a very partial and inflamed one, that they are bound to fail.

But there are those who go further-or perhaps it is a different argument, for these arguments slide pretty easily into one another-there are those who not merely say there is a utility in reprisals, but tbat tbere are cases where reprisals are necessary. This doctrine of necessity requires a separate investigation. It can be put with great plausibility and force. Shall we not endanger the very existence of our nation if we allow the enemy to win by the abuse of rules of war which we observe? The best way of dealing with that is to seek to discriminate between these rules of war and to ask ourselves what are those rules of war which we must obey and what we may remit if the enemy refuses to observe them.

J t is quite clear that tbere are some rules which do not in vol ve the first conditions of humane conduct, which depend upon conventional agreements . You may illustrate it by the ordinary fight which takes place between two individuals. There are ordinary rules of the ring, and if one combatant refuses to obey these rules the other would be free from observing them. Of course, in the ordinary case of the ring you have your umpire, whereas in war there is no umpire, but you have a case like that of a man who strikes below the belt becau e he finds that his opponent is doing so, and that he will get tbe worst of it if he does not do the same. Similarly it may be argued that if a nation stretches the rights of earch at sea, or of contraband, then it may be rigbt for his enemy to do the same. "As you have broken this rule, therefore I am free to adopt your methods." 'Vhen one party has broken such a rule the others may do 'so, although even then there remains a certain responsibility. For in following the example of one who has done wrong, who has broken the rules, you are helping him to let down the whole process of law. But these are not the most difficult issues: there are larger questions. Are nations bound by the same rules of conduct as individuals? Has a man in some cases the right to do for his country what he would not bave a right to do for himself?

International law, as it is called, differs, of course, from what we call municipal law or the internal law of a nation, cbiefly on the ground that there is no sanction and that it is not based on the authority of any impartial legi lati ve body. I t cannot, therefore, be admitted right off that the morals and the obligations of nations towards one another are precisely tbe same as for individuals, that nation~ are nothing but larger individuals. If you

7

say they are, then what is the relation of these indi vid~als? They have not bound themselves together in any formal socIety; theIr relatlOns they may claim are the relations of primitive man or pnmitive tribes one to another. And that is the feeling and the actual motive whicb animates t~e ethICS of militarism. You as an individual member of your natlOn may he and steal and kill on bebalf of your country without any shame. That is a literal statement of fact. People do those things and they do not feel asbamed-that belongs to military ethics. .

Of course there survives in the minds of all of us, even of pacIfists, a certain sympa'tby witb actions done from sucb motives. Individuals who kill tyrants, whether tbe tyrant of theIr ~ountry or tbe tyrant .of another country, always win the ympathy and admIratlon even of responsIble people. I take it that all of us have a feeling of regard for one who, at great personal risk, has removed someone whom we consider as a tyrant. The common sentiments of humanity seem to assert themselves above all tbe rules of law. But this does not meet the hardest case witb which we are confronted in deal. ing with this question of reprisals. I bave said that tbere are certain rules whicb may be disregarded, but there remain certain rules of fundamental bumanity whicb no self.respecting nation ought to consent to break. The worst outrages attributed to the Germans i..n Belgium have been committed upon the plea of preserving the existence of their nation . To say tbat we should poison wells, that we should murder prisoners, to say that we should carry the doctrine of reprisals to an unlimited extent for the sake of pro. ducing a necessary result, is to utter the very core of moral falsehood. It may be said, I think, that no such real case of necessity can ever arise. The Germans defended their invasion of Belgium on the ground of nece sity. This action was not necessary. The term "necessity" was simply put tbere to stiffen the term" military utility," whicb is all tbat was g<!ined . The question when we drive it home is a tolerably simple one. Is it not better to lose in a fair fight than win in a foul? Deny tbis, and the whole structure of what we call morality immediately disappears; the whole doctrine as preached by the prophets of Germany is vindicated. I am glad to say that there are men, even dignitaries of the Church, who have recently been led to see the immense consequences of the moral issue which is contained in this demand for reprisals. The Archbishop of Canterbury says (1 am glad to be able to quote a dignitary of lh~ hurch in favour of any of the doctrines of Christianity): "Most earnestly do 1 trust that we shall never be induced or driven to a course which would lower us beneath the level of those we denounce." The Prime Minister, in his reply to the Archbishop, commends what he calls the" temper of righteous and consuming indignation of our people." If you put these two meanings together you will see the funda. mental fallacy of the moral situation.

The cruelty of the use of asphyxiating gases was execrated by a thou­sand tongues in this country, and yet a thou and tongues ask us to imitate it.

Then what becomes of this temper of "righteous and consuming in­dignation" if we imitate on the first opportunity the persons who have set this evil example? "In order to preserve our life we should have lost all that makes life worth living." As upholders of the morality and the character of a nation and of the character of the individuals who constitute that nation, we must at all risks deny the validity of this doctrine of necessity. \Ve may add that it is a false doctrine, that it cannot pay even for purposes of war, because even war is not fought merely by physical weapons: it requires a certain stubbornness of character and restraint in individuals in order to fight effectively. Now, these pOwers of self-restraint, the sense of goodness in our cause, would disappear if we imitated the vices of our enemies. Such conduct would sap our self-restraint, distort our intelligence, and damage our qualities of endurance and discipline. Even worse than ~his, it. would render .a sound settlement at the cl.ose of the war practically mlposslble. By fannmg the flames of exasperatlOn and revenge, it would leave a state of mind throughout the civi lised world which would render reconstruction well-nigh impossible-reconstruction upon anything like a reasonable and moral baSIS for the future . Accept the doctrine of "reprisals," and you commit a betrayal of the cause of civilisation for the world of the future cannot be built upon the memories of reciprocal'df::struc_ tion and atrocity.

Secreta,it!8

8

Rf)Nf)RRRY f)PPICBRS.

F. W. RE .. D, 65, Ilarloy Road, Hadesdon, N. W.

{Mrs. O. FLKTOB&R S.UTB, 17, Sydenham Park, S.:m.

... C. J. POLLARD, .. Shankliu," 'Ihe Avenue, Chillgford.

neUlltraT of MembeTl and } Miss F. BECnAM, 47, Walsinghnm RoMl, Olapton, N.E. ABlOClatu .. . .., .. -

Sunday Lecture Secretary W. RA WLlNG8, 406, Mare Street, Hackney, N .E.

Jo;ditor of Monthly List... W. L. MARTIN, 10. Lu.coln Road, East Finobley, N.

LlbrariClm ... {Miss MARY RAWLlNGS, 406, Mare Street, Haokney, N.E.

.. ... .. . W.LLlS MU'BroIlD, Cherry Tree Oourt, 63, Alderslrat. Str .. t, E.C

Trea,ureTl and Tru.tee. {J. R. CAR1'ER, Old Ilall, Wal1lnl!1on, Surrey. of th. Robuildinu Fund E. UUNNTNGIfAJoI, 52, Bow Lane, CbeapBide, E .C.

JOHlC ALDRBD. E. OUNNINGlIAll E. F. ERRINOTON MISS H. M. FAIIlUA!.L E. J. FURBALL. A. E. FENTON. W. T. HARVII.

Building Concert Discussion Fina.nce Members Music publicatlons Ra.mbles SOIree

Sunday School

Orga.nlst

New Member:

Members of General eommittee.

MlR" F. A. L.w. N. LIDSTONI. Mlls. LIDSTONI. MRS. A. LISTER. F. M. OVERY. MRS. E. G. OVlRY. O. J. POLLARD.

Secretaries of Sub.eo .... mittees.

Miss MAUY RAWLINGS Mrs. F. A. RElellEllT E. SNELLING MRS. ST. ACllrN. D. CURISTIE TAIT Mrs. H. W. UNTUANK W. T. WIXcn.

F. RKR"ERT !hNsrORD, Walden, Kingsend, Ruislip.

ALfRED J. CLEMENTS, 25, Cam den RoMl, N.W.

O. J. POLLARD, U Shnnklin. JJ The Avenue, Chingford.

F. M. OVERY, 53, Sunderland Rond, Forest Rill, S.E

E. llILL 31. Portland ](ol\cl, Fin, bury Park, N.

Fn4NK A. HAWKINS, 13 , Thurlow Par'" RORd. Dulwich, S.E

E. WULTAMS, 28, Springficld, Upper Clllpton, N.E.

W. T. WIXeEr, 63, Orovelands Rond, Palmcra Green, N.

Miss GRACE GOWING, 302, Dahton Lnnc, Hackney. N . E.

{ Mi.s F. A. LAw, 59, Montpelicr Road, Peckham, S.E. Mrs. ST. ACnYN, 18, Emperor's Gate, S.W.

H. SMITH WEUSTER, 53, Loraine Road. Holloway, N.

Mr. W. A. Ross, 2, Alexaullro Mansions. Beaufort Street, Chelsea.

New Associate: Mr •. K. STEBDUW, 33, Ardloigh Hoad, N.

Cha.nges of Address: Mr.. W. DARRALET to 14, SlItberlanll Avonue, ~"ida lIill, W. Mrs. P. S. DrxoN t.o 96, Dlacl(stock Hoad, Fill!:llJuJ"y l'nrk. N. :r.Ir. & Mr •. W . C. WADE to 110, llighbur'y New ParI<, N. Mr. W. L. W -'-DE to do., do.

N.B.-.A1I communications for the Monthly Li.t should b. forwarded NOT LATER than the 15th of "" ,.,.,.io.., month to W. L. )iA11.TIK, 10, Linooln Rollod. East Finohloy, N.