south point hotel & conference center august 20 - 23, 2018 ioa-pag vegas/… · saad jasim,...

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South Point Hotel & Conference Center

August 20 - 23, 2018

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjNofG2z_DNAhVD64MKHTUCBW0QjRwIBw&url=http://www.suez-environnement.com/&psig=AFQjCNEBv4zyK89aWisfkr1OStza8-kTTw&ust=1468505498740123

Table of Contents

Schedule at a Glance .......................................................................................... 2

Hotel Maps…………………………………………………………………………………………………….4-5

Program at a Glance………………………………………………………………………………………….6

Conference Center Map…………………………………………………………………………………….7

Executive Operating Committee………………………………………………………………………..8

Upcoming IOA Events………………………………………………………………………………………..9

Conference Planning Committee……………………………………………………………………..10

IOA Logo Shirts………………………………………………………………………………………………..11

General Information…………………………………………………………………………………..12-13

Workshop: Overview of Ozone and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)…14-15

Committees…………………………………………………………………………………………………….16

Welcome Reception………………………………………………………………………………………..17

Keynote Presentation…………………………………………………………………………………18-19

Exhibit Hall Map………………………………………………………………………………………………20

Exhibitor Information…………………………………………………………………………………21-24

Memorial Scholarship……………………………………………………………………………………..25

Technical Session Descriptions……………………………………………………………………26-34

Technical Tour…………………………………………………………………………………………….36-37

Abstracts…………………………………………………………………………………………………….38-75

Notes………………………………………………………………………………………………………….76-78

Conference Survey…………………………………………………………………………………………..79

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Program at a Glance Sunday, August 19, 2018 1:00 – 5:00 PM IOA-PAG EOC Meeting Napa C 1:00 – 6:00 PM Registration Open Registration Desk Monday, August 20, 2018 8:00 – 6:30 PM Registration Open Registration Desk 8:30 – 4:00 PM Ozone Workshop Napa A & B 9:30 – 1:00 PM IOA-PAG Board Meeting Napa C 4:30 – 5:30 PM Municipal Committee Napa C 7:00 – 10:00 PM Welcome Reception Grand Ballroom B Tuesday, August 21, 2018 8:00 – 5:00 PM Registration Open Registration Desk 8:30 – 9:45 AM Opening Plenary Grand Ballroom B 9:45 – 10:30 AM Break – Exhibit Hall Grand Ballroom A 10:30 – 12:00 PM Technical Sessions Napa A, B, C, D 12:00 – 1:30 PM Lunch Grand Ballroom B 1:30 – 3:00 PM Technical Sessions Napa A, B, C, D 3:00 – 3:30 PM Break – Exhibit Hall Grand Ballroom A 3:30 – 5:00 PM Technical Sessions Napa A, B, C, D 5:30 – 7:30 PM Exhibitors Reception Grand Ballroom A

Wednesday, August 22, 2018 7:30 – 10:00 AM Registration Open Registration Desk 9:00 – 10:00 AM Technical Sessions Napa A, B, C, D 10:00 – 10:30 AM Break – Exhibit Hall Grand Ballroom A 10:30 – 12:00 PM Continuation of Technical Sessions Napa A, B, C, D 12:00 – 1:30 PM Lunch Grand Ballroom B 1:30 – 3:00 PM Technical Sessions Napa A, B, C, D 3:00 – 3:30 PM Break – Exhibit Hall Grand Ballroom A 3:30 – 5:00 PM Continuation of Technical Sessions Napa A, B, C, D 5:00 – 7:00 PM Conference Reception Conference Foyer

Thursday, August 23, 2018 8:00 – 3:00 PM Technical Tour

(Please arrive by 7:45am, Busses will depart from Tour Bus Lobby)

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2018 International Ozone Association - Pan American Group

Executive Operating Committee

Eric Wert, President Southern Nevada Water Authority

Ben Kuhnel, President-Elect

Arcadis

John Overby, Past President Ozone Water Systems

Saad Jasim, Vice President

City of White Rock

Denise Funk, Vice President Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources

Keisuke Ikehata, Vice President

University of California, Riverside

Daniel Smith, Vice President University of Alberta

Nick Burns, Secretary

Black & Veatch

Jim Klein, Treasurer Airsep/Chart Industries

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Upcoming IOA Events

2018 IOA EA3G Group Conference The next IOA-EA3G Conference will be held from September 5-7, 2018, in Lausanne, Switzerland. Information about the conference will be available in future issues of Ozone News and on the EA3G website (www.ioa-ea3g.org).

2019 IOA Pan American Group Conference The next IOA-PAG Conference will be held from August 26-29, 2019, at the Marriott Buckhead Hotel & Conference Center in Atlanta, GA. Information about the conference will be available in future issues of Ozone News and on the PAG website (https://ioa-pag.org/2019-IOA-PAG-Conference-Atlanta).

2019 IOA World Congress The 23rd IOA World Congress will be held from October 25-29, 2019, in Nice, France. Information about the conference will be available in future issues of Ozone News and on the EA3G website (www.ioa-ea3g.org).

2020 IOA Pan American Group Conference The 2020 IOA-PAG Conference will be held from August 17-20, 2020, at the South Point Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, NV. Information about the conference will be available in future issues of Ozone News and on the PAG website (https://ioa-pag.org).

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http://www.ioa-ea3g.org/

https://ioa-pag.org/2019-IOA-PAG-Conference-Atlanta



https://ioa-pag.org/

IOA Logo Shirts Many conference attendees have inquired about how to purchase an IOA polo shirt. Purchase yours today at the Registration Desk for a cost of $40.

Supplies are

Limited!

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General Information

Registration Desk Conference Registration desk will be open during the following times at the locations indicated below:

Sunday, August 19 1:00 – 6:00 PM Monday, August 20 8:00 – 6:30 PM Tuesday, August 21 8:00 – 5:00 PM Wednesday, August 22 7:30 – 10:00 AM

Exhibit Hall The Exhibit Hall will be in the Grand Ballroom A, and will be open during the following times:

Tuesday, August 21 9:45 – 5:00 PM 5:30 – 7:30 PM (Exhibitor’s Reception)

Wednesday, August 22 8:00 – 3:45 PM

Mobile App Details Customize your conference schedule and keep connected on-site through IOA’s Mobile App. It includes the conference schedule, session descriptions, maps, and exhibitor information. Getting started is easy. Download the “IOA LV18” App on your mobile device, or access the web app at http://6ghm81.m.attendify.com/

Badges Delegates, speakers, exhibitors and guests must wear their identification badges at all times to gain admission to the conference sessions and tradeshow. In the event that your badge is lost or misplaced, a replacement may be obtained at the Registration desk during published hours at a cost of $15.

Cell Phone PolicyPlease mute or turn off cell phones, pagers, etc. during conference presentations.

Conference Evaluation Please provide us with feedback regarding your experience at the 2017 IOA World Congress. A Conference Survey is included as the last page within the Conference Program. Please complete the form and turn in at the Registration Desk or with any session moderator. Your feedback will help with planning future IOA events!

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http://6ghm81.m.attendify.com/

Conference Proceedings Copies of all papers will be available online at www.ioa-pag.org for all registered conference attendees approximately one month following the conference. Authors are invited to submit their paper, or an expanded version of their paper, for peer review and consideration for publication in Ozone: Science & Engineering. Submissions can be made at http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/bose.

Insurance The Organizing Committee and the International Ozone Association (IOA) will accept no liability for personal injuries sustained by or for loss or damage to property belonging to Conference participants, either during or as a result of the Conference or during the Technical Tour.

Lost and Found Check with the IOA registration staff if you have lost or found an item and need assistance. You may also check with the hotel’s registration desk.

Photography Photographs will be taken during the Conference. By registering for this event, you agree to allow IOA to use your photo in any IOA-related publication or website.

Smoking The Conference has been designated a non-smoking area. Smoking is only allowed outdoors, in designated areas.

Speaker Ready Room There will not be a speaker ready room at this year’s conference. If you need any assistance, please see the Registration Desk.

Emergencies Security should be called in the event of any kind of emergency and/or medical situation. All officers are trained in Basic First Aid, CPR, and the use of an AED machine. There is a full medical bag along with an AED machine located at the facility and within easy access of every South Point security officer. In the event of an emergency, if you are near a house phone, you can dial direct to Security Dispatch (extension 77550) and state your emergency. If using a cell phone, dial the main number (702/796-7111), and ask for security dispatch or advise the operator of your problem.

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http://www.ioa-pag.org/

http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/bose

Monday, August 20, 2018

Workshop: Overview of Ozone and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)

The International Ozone Association (IOA) will host an ozone process workshop on Monday, August 20, 2018 for participants who are both new and experienced with ozone. In the morning, speakers will focus on review of ozone and advanced oxidation process fundamentals and considerations for safe and successful ozone process operation and maintenance. In the afternoon, speakers will focus on preventive maintenance, utility operation, and bromate control. Utility managers, operators, consulting engineers, manufacturers, regulators, and academics interested in ozone water treatment will find this workshop useful.

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Monday, August 20,2018

Workshop: Overview of Ozone and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)

Agenda

8:30 AM Registration Desk Opens, Continental Breakfast Served

9:00 – 9:30 AM Current Status of Ozone/AOP Use at Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants in North America (Craig Thompson, West Yost Associates)

9:30 – 10:45 AM Ozone Fundamentals: Process Overview, Considerations for Successful Design, Operation, and Control, and Ozone/Oxygen Safety (Ron Joost, Carollo Engineers, Inc.)

10:45 – 11:00 AM Break

11:00 – 11:40 AM Advanced Oxidation Process Fundamentals: Hydroxyl Radical Formation and Contaminant Oxidation (Erik Rosenfeldt, Hazen and Sawyer)

11:40 – 12:00 PM Panel Discussion

12:00 – 1:00 PM Lunch

1:00 - 2:15 PM Ozone Preventive Maintenance (John Overby & Mark Fisher, Ozone Water Systems, Inc.; Jim Klein, Chart; France Meder, Teledyne)

2:15 – 2:30 PM Break

2:30 – 3:00 PM Role of Ozone in Drinking Water, Wastewater, and Potable Reuse (Denise Funk, Gwinnett County)

3:00 – 3:30 PM Bromate Formation and Minimization Strategies (Glen de Vera, Southern Nevada Water Authority)

3:30 – 3:45 PM Book Review: Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment (Eric Wert, Southern Nevada Water Authority; Mihaela Stefan, Trojan Technologies)

3:45 – 4:00 PM Panel Discussion

4:00 PM Adjourn

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Municipal Committee Monday, 4:30-5:30 PM, Napa C

Committee Chair: Bill Mundy, Halton Region Vice Chair: Ben Kuhnel, Arcadis

The Municipal Committee is a voluntary group of members representing public water and wastewater treatment providers, consultants, engineers, manufacturers, and others interested in promoting practical, cost effective, beneficial, and safe uses of ozone in water and wastewater treatment.

IOA-PAG Committees

The IOA-PAG has several committees seeking your participation! Please contact one of the committee chairs for more information.

Finance Committee Committee Chair: Jim Klein, AirSep/Chart Industries

Vice Chair: John Overby, Ozone Water Systems

Membership Committee Committee Chair: Eric Wert, Southern Nevada Water Authority

Technical Committee Committee Chair: Keisuke Ikehata, PACE Engineering

Vice Chair: Eric Wert, Southern Nevada Water Authority

Conference Planning & Support Committee Committee Chairs: Jen Fuel, Southern Nevada Water Authority

Vice Chair: Eric Wert, Southern Nevada Water Authority

Exhibitor & Sponsorship Committee Committee Chairs: Denise Funk, Gwinnett County Water Resources

Vice-Chair: Angelo Mazzei, Mazzei Injectors

Industrial Committee Committee Chair: John Overby, Ozone Water Systems

Vice Chair: Jim Klein, AirSep/Chart Industries

Regulatory Committee Committee Chair: TBD

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Monday, August 20, 2018

Welcome Reception Join us at the in the Grand Ballroom from 7:00-10:00 PM for the Welcome Reception. Joins us for drinks, appetizers and games!

Sponsored By:

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Tuesday, August 21, 2018 (Opening Session begins at 8:30am)

Keynote Speaker – Rick Warner Rick Warner’s career focus is bringing communities together to solve complex water challenges and create unique opportunities. As a passionate and recognized water leader, Rick has served in numerous leadership positions, including as the 2016/17 President of the Water Environment Federation, and as 2018 Chair of the Board of Advisors to the Nevada Water Innovation Campus. Rick has traveled globally to share his insights, knowledge and enthusiasm for water. Mr. Warner’s expertise spans watershed protection, drinking water, wastewater treatment, and water recycling. Rick has essential experiences in non-potable water reuse systems and is presently co-leading a multiagency regional team developing Nevada’s first potable reuse project in Reno, Nevada. The Reno area team selected ozone – biologically activated carbon-based processes to meet Nevada’s potable reuse regulations through spreading basins and direct injection wells. From 2017-2021, treatment effectiveness will be proven through a series of demonstration-scale projects, ranging from 30 to 500 gallons per minute. Rick is a registered professional engineer in the state of Nevada. He received a B.S. and an M.S. in civil engineering from the University of Nevada, Reno.

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Tuesday, August 21, 2018

“Innovative Partnership Creating Water Management Solutions”

Global water challenges are numerous – adversely affecting food supplies, public health, our environment, commerce, and quality of life. Water stress, urbanization, inadequate infrastructure and research funding, climate change, and depletion of freshwater supplies continue to place our water resource at risk. Communities are challenged to create lasting and impactful water solutions, which reflect local community values, regional water markets, sustainable practices, low carbon impacts, and lower total energy consumption. Faced with many of the most common global water stress conditions, a Reno, Nevada regional team consisting of six public agencies is jointly conducting a feasibility study in collaboration with the University of Nevada, Reno’s Water Innovation Campus to examine whether the State of Nevada’s newly adopted “A+” reclaimed water category offers significant water resource management benefits including improving efficiency, providing flexibility during periods of water scarcity, and diversifying the region’s water supply portfolio. Category A+ reclaimed water quality meets all Federal and State of Nevada drinking water standards and is intended for groundwater replenishment. A+ quality will be achieved from a combination of advanced water treatment processes and soil-aquifer-treatment and storage. Although the potential use of A+ reclaimed water to augment groundwater sources in Northern Nevada is viewed favorably by water managers, the regional team’s feasibility study is crafted to more fully develop an understanding of the social, economic and environmental elements. The Study will consist of multiple task elements including project development, community outreach, regulatory framework, pilot testing advanced water treatment technologies, water markets and water rights analysis, hydrogeologic investigations, demonstration-scale field trials, and funding strategies. The cornerstone of the effort is crafting a low energy advanced water treatment demonstration-scale projects utilizing ozone and biological activate carbon. Creating effective and less energy intensive water treatment technologies suitable for potable reuse could be a significant future water management solution.

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2018 IOA-PAG Conference Exhibitors

Exhibitor Information Booth

Number

De Nora Via Bistolfi, 35 20134 Milan, Italy Tel: +39 02 21291 http://www.denora.com

11

Suez 461 From Road Paramus, NJ 07652 Tel: (201) 767-9300 Fax: (201) 767- 6746 http://www.mysuezwater.com

15

Chart Industries/Airsep 260 Creekside Drive Buffalo, NY 14228-2075 Tel: (716) 691-0202 http://www.chartindustries.com

2/3

Mazzei 500 Rooster Dr. Bakersfield, CA 93307 Tel: (661) 363-6500 Fax: (661) 363-7500 http://mazzei.net

1

Xylem 1 International Drive Rye Brook, NY 10573 Tel: (914) 323-5700 Fax: (914) 323-5800 http://www.xylem.com

13

21

tel:+12017679300

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjnvvPdzfDNAhXL6oMKHRjhDIUQjRwIBw&url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/airsep-corporation&psig=AFQjCNFpdE05wyFopna8fDFJWsOuKqyjcg&ust=1468505041635414

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjdwsq-0_DNAhUhxoMKHZ18DzIQjRwIBw&url=http://www.visserssales.com/mazzei_injectors_selection.htm&psig=AFQjCNHfx6yNzEKDqEYFx_orFMymGffo_A&ust=1468506588419187

Exhibitor Information Booth

Number

American Development Corp. 821 William D. Jones Blvd. Fayetteville, TN 37334 Tel: (888)703-4786 https://www.adc-chem.com/

21

Analytical Technology 6 Iron Bridge Drive Collegeville, PA 19426 Tel: (610) 917-0991 Fax: (610) 917-0992 http://www.analyticaltechnology.com

10

Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc. 6306 North Alpine Road Loves Park, IL 61111 U.S.A. Tel: (815) 654-2501 Fax: (815) 654-2508 http://www.aqua-aerobic.com

18/19

Astro Pak 270 E Baker Street, Suite 100 Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Tel: (888) 278-7672 Fax: (949) 270-0849 http://astropak.com

4

Clear Water Tech 850 Capitolio Way Unit E San Luis Obispo, CA 93401 Tel: (805) 549-9724 http://cwtozone.com

5

22

tel:+16109170991

tel:+16109170992

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwigkPaa3vDNAhUp34MKHSXvDr4QjRwIBw&url=http://astropak.com/&psig=AFQjCNEoKOaKN1naslmiQ6dZznrYK-zdBw&ust=1468509461992104

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjg1or-3vDNAhXB4IMKHXIDACAQjRwIBw&url=https://ozonelaundry.wordpress.com/about/&psig=AFQjCNETXiV3SlMuwxIpBPn8ycOyAW4NcA&ust=1468509673617884

Exhibitor Information

Booth

Number

Filtros 603 W. Commercial Street East Rochester, NY 14445 Tel: (585) 586-8770 http://filtrosltd.com

9

OSTI, Inc. P.O. Box 3320 Monterey, CA 93942 Tel: (831) 649-1141 Fax: (831) 649-1151 http://osti-inc.com

14

Ozone Water Systems 5401 South 39th Street Phoenix, AZ 85040 Tel: (480) 421-2400 Fax: (480) 421-2300 http://ozonewatersystems.com

20

Primozone 737 Ventura Drive Satellite Beach, FL 32937 Tel: (321) 890-4347 https://primozone.com/

7/8

Statiflo Corp. 75 South Church Street, 6th Floor Pittsfield, MA 01201 Tel: (413) 684-9911 Fax: (413) 464-8239 https://www.statiflo.com/

6

23

http://osti-inc.com/

Exhibitor Information

Booth

Number

Teledyne API 9970 Carroll Canyon Road San Diego, California 92131 Tel: (858) 657-9800 Fax: (858) 657-9818 http://www.teledyne-api.com

17

2B Technologies 2100 Central Avenue Suite 105 Boulder, Colorado 80301 Tel: (303) 273-0559 Fax: (303) 277-1812 http://www.twobtech.com

22

IOA Southern Nevada Water Authority PO Box 97075 Las Vegas, NV 89193 Tel: (480) 529-3787 Fax: (480) 522-3080 http://www.ioa-pag.org

16

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Memorial Scholarship Awards Since 2015, the IOA-PAG has been holding a silent auction at our annual Conference to fund a Memorial Scholarship Award in the honor of past IOA leaders including Dr. Rip Rice, Mr. Kerwin Rakness, Dr. Gordon Finch, and others. Through your support of this program, the IOA-PAG is pleased to announce that (6) students received a complimentary registration to this year’s conference in order to present their ozone research. Congratulations to the 2018 Memorial Scholarship recipients!

• Michael McKie, University of Toronto o Session 3: Quantifying the Impact of Ozone on Biofiltration Using Enzyme

Activity

• Hooman Vatankhah, Colorado School of Mines o Session 7: Evaluation of Enhanced Ozone-Biological Active Filtration

Treatment for the Removal of 1,4-Dioxane and Mitigating the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts

• Harshad Oswal, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV)

o Session 10: Role of Ozone in Agricultural Water Reuse Applications

• I. Anahi Landa-Fernandez, Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico o Session 10: How to Increase the Tomato Crop Using Ozone Water

Disinfection Method

• Robert Mack Pearce, Virginia Tech o Session 12: Comparing the Effects of Ozone Dissolution Systems on

Bromate Formation and Control in High Bromide Reuse Waters: A Pilot Study

• Peter Buehlmann, Virginia Tech

o Session 12: Maximizing TOC Degradation and Disinfection While Minimize Bromate Formation during the Ozonation of High-Bromide Reuse water: A Bench-Scale Study

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Morning Technical Sessions Session 1 - Ozone for Drinking Water Room: Napa A&B Moderator: Ben Kuhnel, Arcadis

Start End Title, Author(s), Affiliation(s) 10:30 11:00 New AWWA Standard - Ozone Systems for Water

Ron Joost (Carollo Engineers) 11:00 11:30 Ozone Treatment Optimization and Advanced Controls

Justin Kirchdoerfer (City of Arlington, Texas)

11:30 12:00 Is Coefficient of Variation a Realistic Index for Characterizing Mixing Efficiency in Ozone Applications?

Srikanth S. Pathapati (Mazzei Injector Company, LLC)

Session 2 - Ozone for Reuse Room: Napa C&D Moderator: Djanette Khiari, The Water Research Foundation

Start End Title, Author(s), Affiliation(s) 10:30 11:00 Ozone-BAF Technology Development and Demonstration in Reno, Nevada

Vijay Sundaram (Stantec / University of Nevada, Reno)

11:00 11:30 Enhanced Organics Removal at San Diego's Ozone/BAF-FAT 1 MGD Treatment Train

Aleks Pisarenko (Trussell Technologies)

11:30 12:00 Operator Training for the 1.5 MGD Ozone/BAC Systems: Challenges and Success

Elise Chen (Trussell Technologies)

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Afternoon Technical Sessions Session 3 - Biological Activity in Drinking Water Applications Room: Napa A&B Moderator: Nick Burns, Black & Veatch

Start End Title, Author(s), Affiliation(s)

1:30 2:00 Application of Biomass Production Potential Test to Monitor Biostability of Ozonated Drinking Waters

Glen Andrew de Vera (Southern Nevada Water Authority) 2:00 2:30 Quantifying the Impact of Ozone on Biofiltration Using Enzyme Activity

Michael McKie (University of Toronto)

2:30 3:00 Study on the Release of HPC and Particles in Ozonation and Biological Activated Carbon Processes

Yongji Zhang (State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai, China)

3:00 3:30 BREAK (30 Minutes)

Session 4 - Industrial Ozone Applications Room: Napa C&D Moderator: John Overby, Ozone Water Systems


1:30 2:00 Hard COD Removal in Textile Dye Effluent with 2 Stage AOP Treatment Applying Ozone Followed By Peroxene

Laurent de Franceschi (SUEZ WTS, Ozonia)

2:00 2:30 Update on Ozone Based Low Temperature Oxidation For Control of Nox Emissions

Robert J. Ferrell (AECOM)

2:30 3:00 Ozone, O3 Plus AOP: An Optimized Treatment Line for COD & TOC Removal. Wanhua, From Lab Test to Full Scale Plant

Laurent de Franceschi (SUEZ WTS, Ozonia) 3:00 3:30 BREAK (30 Minutes)

Session 5 - Microbiology in Ozone-Biofiltration Applications Room: Napa A&B Moderator: Denise Funk, Gwinnett County Water Resources


3:30 4:00 Microbial Community Characterization of Ozone-Biofiltration Systems in Drinking Water and Potable Reuse Applications

Daniel Gerrity (University of Nevada, Las Vegas)

4:00 4:30 Impact of Upstream Chlorination on Filter Performance and Microbial Community Structure of GAC and Anthracite Biofilters

Glen Andrew de Vera (Southern Nevada Water Authority)

4:30 5:00 Static and Dynamic Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Potable Reuse Paradigms

Daniel Gerrity (University of Nevada, Las Vegas)

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Session 6 - Oxygen/Ozone Gas - Supply, Recovery, and Destruction Room: Napa C&D Moderator: Gaspar Lesznik, GGL Consulting

Start End Title, Author(s), Affiliation(s) 3:30 4:00 LOX vs. PSA and Cryogenic Applications

Richard Rosik (OEM Manufacturer)

4:00 4:30 Update on Testing Results of the OZORATM oxygen recovery system at SUEZ Water Treatment Facility

Steven Finley (Project Manager- OZORA oxygen recovery system)

4:30 5:00 Thermal Vent Ozone Destructor Technology Using Heat Recovery Process Improves Resistance to Harsh Process and Operating Conditions

Christopher Huynh (SUEZ WTS, Ozonia)

Join us in the Exhibit Hall, Grand Ballroom A, for the Exhibitor Reception from 5:30pm – 7:30pm for appetizers and drinks!

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Wednesday, August 22, 2018

Morning Technical Sessions

Session 7 - Cyanobacteria and Taste and Odor Mitigation Room: Napa A&B Moderator: Daniel W. Smith, University of Alberta


9:00 9:30 Development of a Model to Support the Design and Operation of Ozonation Against Toxic Cyanobacteria

Arash Zamyadi (Polytechnique Montreal, University of Montreal)

9:30 10:00 Ozone-Biofiltration For Controlling Extreme Taste and Odor Events in Arlington, TX

Chris Schulz (CDM Smith) 10:00 10:30 BREAK (30 Minutes)

Session 8 - Ozone-Biofiltration in Potable Reuse Applications Room: Napa C&D Moderator: Denise Funk, Gwinnett County Water Resources


9:00 9:30 Evaluation of Enhanced Ozone-Biological Active Filtration Treatment for the Removal of 1,4 Dioxane and Mitigating the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts

Hooman Vatankhah (Colorado School of Mines)

9:30 10:00 N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation and Mitigation in Potable Reuse Treatment Trains Employing Ozone and Biofiltration

Daniel Gerrity (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) 10:00 10:30 BREAK (30 Minutes)

Session 9 - Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins Room: Napa A&B Moderator: Daniel W .Smith, University of Alberta


10:30 11:00 Implementation of Ozone for Microcystin Treatment at The City of Toledo's Collins Park Water Treatment Plant

Bryan Townsend (Black & Veatch)

11:00 11:30 Pre-oxidation Guidance for Cyanobacteria-Laden Water based on Intracellular Microcystin Release

Katherine Greenstein (Southern Nevada Water Authority)

11:30 12:00 Ozone/Ozone Based Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) is the last line of defense against Cyantoxins

Saad Jasim (Engineering and Municipal Operations; City of White Rock, BC, Canada) 9:45 10:30 BREAK (45 Minutes)

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Session 10 - Innovative Ozone Applications Room: Napa C&D Moderator: Keisuke Ikehata, University of California, Riverside


10:30 11:00 Comparative Clinical Studies of the Effectiveness of Ozone Therapy in the Treatment of Herpetic Uveitis

Guliyeva Minara Hamid (The Departmet of infectious eye disease the National Centre of Ophthalmology)

11:00 11:30 Role of Ozone in Agricultural Water Reuse Applications Harshad Oswal (University of Las Vegas, Nevada)

11:30 12:00 How to Increase the Tomato Crop Using Ozone Water Disinfection Method I. Anahi Landa-Fernandez (Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico)

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Afternoon Technical Sessions

Session 11 - Ozone Design Room: Napa A&B Moderator: Bill Mundy, Region of Halton


1:30 2:00 Pilot to Full Scale Ozone Treatment for Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide for JEA'S Greenland Water Treatment Plant

Chris Schulz and Jeremy O'Neil (CDMSmith)

2:00 2:30 Comparing Pre-Ozonation and Intermediate-Ozonation Treatment Trains for Manganese Removal

Elaine W Howe (Trussell Technologies, Inc.) 2:30 3:00 Activated Carbon Regeneration by In-Filter Washing with Ozone

David MacKay (Ozono Polaris, SA de CV) 3:00 3:30 BREAK (30 Minutes)

Session 12 - Bromate Formation and Detection Room: Napa C&D Moderator: Keisuke Ikehata, University of California, Riverside


1:30 2:00 Comparing the Effects of Ozone Dissolution Systems on Bromate Formation and Control in High Bromide Reuse Waters: A Pilot Study

Robert Mack Pearce (Virginia Tech)

2:00 2:30 Maximizing TOC Degradation and Disinfection While Minimizing Bromate Formation during the Ozonation of High-Bromide Reuse Water: A Bench-Scale Study

Peter Buehlmann (Virginia Tech)

2:30 3:00 Optimized Operation of an Online Bromate Analyzer using Colorado River Water

Yasuhiro Matsui (METAWATER Co., Ltd.) 3:00 3:30 BREAK (30 Minutes)

Session 13 - Advancements in Reuse Applications Room: Napa A&B Moderator: Saad Jasim, City of White Rock


3:30 4:00 Use of Ozone-Biofiltration for Bulk Organic Removal and Disinfection Byproduct Mitigation in Potable Reuse Applications

Mayara Arnold (Trussell Technologies)

4:00 4:30 Pilot-Scale Test of Membrane Bioreactor using Ozonated Water for Membrane Cleaning

Yoshifumi Hayashi (Mitsubishi Electric Corp.)

4:30 5:00 Where To Go Next to Advance the Design and Operation of Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation of Secondary Effluent and Surface Water

Achim Ried (Xylem Services GmbH) and Wim Audenaert (AM-TEAM)

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Join us in the Conference Foyer, outside of the Napa Rooms, for the Conference Reception from 5:00pm – 7:00pm for appetizers and drinks!


Session 14 - Round Table Discussions Room: Napa C&D Moderator: Barbara Schilling, SUEZ & John Overby, Ozone Water Systems


3:30 5:00

New this year!! Participate in smaller group discussions and ask more questions than during the usual podium presentations. Each table will have a host/subject matter expert, and attendees will rotate among the tables every 25 minutes.

• European Biocide Regulations for Ozone Treatment (Bernhard Paolini; SUEZ) • Food Safety (John Overby; Ozone Water Systems) • Oxygen Recycle Benefits (Peter Studer; Linde) • The Growing Trend for Use of Ozone in Pharmaceutical Water (Dina Manfredi; GMP Systems) • Welding and Passivation in High Purity Applications with Ozone (Joe Manfredi; GMP Systems)

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Thursday, August 23, 2018

Technical Tour Ozone Facilities at the Clark County Water Reclamation District and

Las Vegas Springs Preserve

Ozone Facilities at Clark County Water Reclamation District The District is the largest wastewater agency in the State of Nevada, serving more than 248,000 business and residential accounts. The majority of our residential and commercial customers are within the Las Vegas Valley, which includes the world-famous resort corridor known as the "Las Vegas Strip." The District's collection (network of pipes and pumps) system totals more than 2,000 miles of pipeline and 27 pumping stations to deliver the wastewater from the homes and businesses to one of the seven treatment facilities. The Flamingo Water Resource Center ensures the wastewater meets high treatment levels allowing the reclaimed water to be discharged to the Las Vegas Wash and back into Lake Mead. Visitors will tour a 30MGD advanced treatment process incorporating membrane filtration and ozone to treat secondary effluent.

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Thursday, August 23, 2018 Springs Preserve Tour

Touch replicated quagga mussels, look at harmful water contaminants using a microscope, examine rock samples excavated from hundreds of feet below Lake Mead's surface and more at Water Works, the Springs Preserve's newest permanent exhibit. The exhibit is inside the Charleston Heights Pumping Station, an operational water pumping facility owned and operated by the Las Vegas Valley Water District, at the Springs Preserve. It’s the only place in Southern Nevada with a behind-the-scenes look at the journey water takes to reach your tap. Water Works features dynamic, hands-on experiences that will engage visitors in the inner-workings of water-resource treatment and delivery in Southern Nevada. The Global Terrace features interactive exhibits about worldwide water challenges and explores how organizations like ONE DROP™ are connecting people to protect vital water supplies around the globe. Learn More at: www.springspreserve.org

Technical Tour Schedule: 8:00 AM Meet at South Point Lobby for Transportation to the CCWRD 9:00 AM Overview and Tour of the CCWRD Membrane and Ozone Facilities 11:00 AM Board bus for transportation to Las Vegas Springs Preserve 12:00 PM Lunch at the Divine Café at the Las Vegas Springs Preserve 1:00 PM Tour of Las Vegas Springs Preserve 3:00 PM Depart for Airport 4:00 PM Expected Arrival Time at Airport 5:00 PM Expected Arrival Time at South Point Hotel & Casino Registration Note: The registration deadline is August 7th so that background checks can be completed for all visitors. For non-US citizens, a PDF scan of your passport is required at the time of registration.

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Session 1 (1-1) – Ozone for Drinking Water

New AWWA Standard – Ozone Systems for Water

Ron Joost

Carollo Engineers

Abstract

The AWWA committee responsible for the liquid oxygen standard (B304) recently finalized a new AWWA Standard for ozone systems: F120 - Ozone Systems for Water. The standard is similar in scope to other new AWWA standards for ultraviolet disinfection and membrane systems. The standard includes a foreword section that includes background information on issues such as safety, typical codes and regulations that pertain to ozone system design, and purchaser options within the standard requirements. The body of the standard includes references; definitions; requirements for ozone systems; delivery, installation and commissioning requirements; and testing requirements. Appendices have been included to discuss oxygen and ozone safety and codes and regulation considerations. Representatives from ozone system suppliers, municipal agencies already using ozone, and consulting firms were involved in the development of this standard. It is hoped that this standard will gain acceptance for the provision of ozone systems in water, wastewater and reuse applications.

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Session 1 (1-2) – Ozone for Drinking Water

Ozone Treatment Optimization and Advanced Controls

Justin Kirchdoerfer1, Andrew Paulson2, Glen Hunter3

1City of Arlington, TX

2Signature Automation

3Process Applications, Inc.

Abstract

The City of Arlington, Texas, owns and operates the 97.5-mgd John Kubala Water Treatment Plant (JKWTP) and the 75-mgd Pierce-Burch Water Treatment Plant (PBWTP). Both plants were originally designed with conventional treatment processes and were upgraded in 1998 with a two-stage ozonation process followed by biological filtration. The plants treat water from multiple reservoir sources with challenging water quality conditions, including total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations ranging from 4 to 9 mg/L, manganese levels averaging 55 ug/L with seasonal peaks exceeding 500 ug/L, and seasonal geosmin levels as high as 300 ng/L. Source water quality can change dramatically within a few hours. While both plants produce high-quality finished water that meets all regulatory drinking water requirements, the City was looking at ways to reduce labor and other operating costs associated with the ozone systems.

In 2016, the City began the process to improve its aging ozone system with an added objective of increased efficiency. The project replaced or upgraded aging infrastructure, including diffusers, ozone generators, ozone destruct units, gas flow control valves, gas flow meters, ventilation, and safety systems. Oxidation-reduction potential meters were added to improve pre-ozone process control. Finally, a new ozone process control strategy was implemented to provide robust automated control to maintain continuous ozone oxidation and disinfection treatment objectives during changing water quality and flow conditions.

This presentation will include discussion of the challenges encountered and key factors that helped contribute to the overall success of implementing process enhancements and advanced controls into an existing SCADA system and operations procedures. The lessons learned from this project may be used by various water industry professionals including water utility personnel, SCADA implementers, and consultants to provide meaningful physical and operational enhancements to existing ozone feed systems.

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Session 1 (1-3) - Ozone for Drinking Water

Is Coefficient of Variation a Realistic Index for Characterizing Mixing

Efficiency in Ozone Applications?

Srikanth Pathapati1, Daniel Smith2, Angelo Mazzei1

1Mazzei Injector Company, LLC

2University of Alberta, Edmonton

Abstract

A stable ozone residual is one of the most common requirements for any in-line or off-line ozone contacting system, both in pipeline contacting and in traditional over-under basins. In recent years, a target coefficient of variation (COV) of ozone residual is written into project specifications in order to compare and contrast the mixing and mass transfer efficiencies of different ozonation systems. A true mixing COV calculated from validated multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is an indication of spatial variability of secondary phase (gas or gas-liquid mixture) across a representative cross-sectional plane that spans the entire diameter of a pipeline contactor or area in an over-under contact tank. In contrast, the COV that is measured in the contactor is a temporal index, typically calculated from samples taken from a single point in the pipeline or contact tank.

COV as an index may be more appropriate to characterize the extent of mixing in laminar to turbulent mixing/blending of two or more miscible fluids or for solid-liquid mixing and might be less applicable to turbulent gas-liquid mixing. In addition, even when complex, localized flow phenomena are taken into account with validated, multiphase flow analysis, COV derived from CFD analysis might not translate directly to measured COV due to incongruent/inconsistent measurement or sampling methods in practice.

To investigate this, a multiphase mass transfer CFD model is developed and compared with experimental data to investigate any correlation between mass transfer efficiency, a corresponding spatial mixing COV, a corresponding temporal COV, and a normalized gamma uniformity index for mixing. Sampling methodologies for ozone residuals are reviewed and general guidelines for sampling are suggested.

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Session 2 (2-1) – Ozone for Reuse

Ozone-BAF Technology Development and Demonstration in Reno, Nevada

Vijay Sundaram

Stantec

University of Nevada, Reno

Abstract

Ozonation followed by Biofiltration (Ozone-BAF) for use at Advanced Water Treatment Facilities (AWTFs) is becoming the best apparent alternative to Reverse Osmosis (RO), particularly for inland potable reuse projects where disposal of RO brine may be prohibitively expensive.

The capability of Ozone-BAF to remove CECs was unknown until the early 2000s. Field performance of an Ozone-BAF process operated from 2008 to 2010 at the City of Reno’s Reno-Stead Wastewater Reclamation Facility reported one of the earliest comprehensive datasets on CEC removal by Ozone-BAF. The CEC removal was extensive, reliable, and achieved mainly via three treatment mechanisms: 1) oxidation, 2) biodegradation, and 3) adsorption. Since reporting the Reno project findings, several full-scale Ozone-BAF projects have been implemented in New Mexico and Texas, and feasibility of indirect potable reuse (IPR) utilizing Ozone-BAF treatment train is being investigated by University of Nevada Reno (UNR) in Reno Nevada.

One concern with Ozone-BAF use in potable reuse projects is related to formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during subsequent potable reuse. WRF 15-10 project (Optimization of Ozone-BAC Treatment Processes for Potable Reuse Applications) was developed by American Water, Stantec, WRF, and Washoe County to optimize the Ozone-BAC treatment process as well as minimize effluent TOC and/or DBP formation potential. Pilot testing of Xylem Oxelia Ozone-BAF technology was completed at the Washoe County’s South Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facility in February 2018.

Low energy treatment options for potable reuse is currently being evaluated by the UNR, Washoe County, and the Regional Agencies in Reno. The project goal is to develop and demonstrate performance of a “membrane-free” advanced treatment option for potable reuse meeting Category A+ effluent required by the Nevada IPR regulations.

Results from a decade of Ozone-BAF technology development and demonstration in Reno, Nevada will be presented.

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Session 2 (2-2) - Ozone for Reuse

Enhanced Organics Removal at San Diego’s Ozone/BAF-FAT 1 MGD

Treatment Train

Aleks Pisarenko1, Elise Chen1, Shane Trussell1, Joseph Quicho2

1Trussell Technologies, Inc.

2City of San Diego Public Utilities Department

Abstract

Pure Water San Diego is the City’s 20-year program to provide a safe, reliable and sustainable local drinking water supply for San Diego. In June 2011, San Diego began operation of a one (1) million gallon per day (MGD) Advanced Water Purification Facility (AWPF). The AWPF was expanded in 2014 to include Ozone (O3) and Biological Activated Carbon (BAC) and is now known as the Demonstration Pure Water Facility (DPWF). The DPWF consists of ozone, BAC, parallel micro-filter and ultra-filter (MF/UF), reverse osmosis (RO), and Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) using ultraviolet light (UV) and hypochlorous acid. Over 6 years of water quality and equipment performance data has been collected at this facility. This presentation provides an overview of historic performance of ozone and BAC of attenuation of compounds of emerging concern (CECs) and pathogens with data from past 3 years of operation, discussing variability in water quality, ozone demand, and removal of various organic constituents. Ozone and BAC barrier continues to demonstrate a significant removal of CECs and total organic carbon, which further improved overall robustness, reliability, and waste stream quality of the downstream purification process

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Session 2 (2-3) - Ozone for Reuse

Operator Training for the 1.5 MGD Ozone/BAC Systems: Challenges

and Success

Elise Chen1, Aleksey Pisarenko1, Joseph Quicho2, John Carroll2, Juan Guerreiro2

1Trussell Technologies

2City of San Diego Public Utilities Department

Abstract

Pure Water San Diego is the City’s 20-year program to provide a safe, reliable and sustainable local drinking water supply for San Diego. In June 2011, San Diego began operation of a one (1) million gallon per day (MGD) Advanced Water Purification Facility (AWPF). The AWPF was expanded in 2014 to include Ozone (O3) and Biological Activated Carbon (BAC) and is now known as the Demonstration Pure Water Facility (DPWF). The DPWF consists of ozone, BAC, parallel micro-filter and ultra-filter (MF/UF), reverse osmosis (RO), and Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) using ultraviolet light (UV) and hypochlorous acid. Over 6 years of water quality and equipment performance data has been collected at this facility. This presentation focus on the San Diego’s operator training program for the 1.5 MGD Ozone/BAC systems at the DPWF. The ozone system is operated to provide 1-log removal of Cryptosporidium, calculated based on the ozone residual decay. Training materials were tailored for both systems and included: hands-on training, classroom lectures, and exams. This presentation will provide a summary of training program, daily operator duties, preventive maintenance activities, ozone meter calibrations, and a summary of process performance and monitoring.

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Session 3 (3-1) – Biological Activity in Drinking Water Applications

Application of Biomass Production Potential Test to Monitor

Biostability of Ozonated Drinking Waters

Glen Andrew de Vera, Eric Wert

Southern Nevada Water Authority

Abstract

Assessing the biostability of treated waters is important to determine microbial growth potential in drinking water systems. For this purpose, a biomass production potential (BPP) test is conducted to demonstrate its applicability to evaluate drinking water biostability as an alternative to other labor-intensive methods like biodegradable organic carbon (BDOC) and assimilable organic carbon (AOC). This is a new bioassay based on measurement of cumulative cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of indigenous microbial community grown in water samples for 14 – 28 days at 25 ºC. This new method was applied to address the following objectives: (1) determine the BPP of water samples at different treatment processes (ozonation, coagulation, biofiltration, chlorination) in 3 full-scale plants, and (2) evaluate the BPP of raw water samples ozonated in bench-scale at different ozone and hydroxyl radical exposures. The characteristics of the indigenous microbial community that consumed the biodegradable carbon were also investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, this work highlights the use of the BPP test as an easy and adoptable assay in monitoring biostability of treated drinking waters.

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Session 3 (3-2) - Biological Activity in Drinking Water Applications

Quantifying the Impact of Ozone on Biofiltration Using Enzyme

Activity

Michael McKie, Lizbeth Taylor-Edmonds, Susan Andrews, Robert Andrews

University of Toronto, Canada

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that ozone and biofiltration can be combined to provide effective removal of organics, disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors and taste and odour causing compounds (methylisoborneol [MIB] and geosmin). However, direct monitoring of these water quality parameters is often expensive and time consuming. In an effort to more efficiently control and optimize system performance, enzyme activity has been proposed as an alternative biofiltration monitoring technique for biofilters with or without pre-ozonation. Recent studies have shown correlations between enzyme activity and biofiltration performance; however, these relationships in systems with pre-ozonation have not been elucidated.

This pilot-scale study evaluated the relationship between enzyme activity, organics reduction (dissolved organic carbon, and fluorescence excitation emission matrices (FEEM)), removal of DBP precursors (trihalomethanes [THMs] and haloacetic acids [HAAs]) and nutrient uptake (phosphorus and nitrogen) by biofilters with or without pre-oxidation at the Peterborough Water Treatment Plant (Ontario, Canada). Biomass was characterized by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and a suite of 8 enzyme activity assays (esterase, phosphatase, polyphenoloxidase, chitinase, xylosidase, α-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase and β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase).

The results of this study showed increased removal of organics, DBP precursors and nutrients associated with pre-oxidation. Increased biomass density (as measured by ATP) was observed in the top 25% of the filter; biomass density decreased through the depth of the filter, likely as a result of decreased bioavailable nutrients. Similar trends were observed with respect to enzyme activity, particularly for esterase, polyphenoloxidase and phosphatase. Relationships between enzyme activity and water quality (organics and nutrient reduction) were observed to be treatment specific. Based on these results, there is potential for enzyme activity to be used for optimization of biofiltration systems, with or without ozone.

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Session 3 (3-3) - Biological Activity in Drinking Water Applications

Study on the Release of HPC and Particles in Ozonation and Biological

Activated Carbon Processes

Yongji Zhang, Pengfei Li, Lingling Zhou

College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Abstract

The release of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and particles in ozonation and biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) processes and related influential factors were studied using a laboratory-scale apparatus in this paper. The results showed that pre-ozonation of BAC influent had a positive effect on the decrease of the particle counts and HPC of BAC effluent. We also found BAC filtration influent particle counts had no effect on the effluent. While the particle counts of the BAC filtration influent varied between 42~58, 170~184 and 248~269 Count/mL (CNT/mL), the particle counts of effluents remained stable in the range 19~23 CNT/mL. In addition, the BAC filtration velocity had little influence on the release of HPC and on the particle counts from BAC, but a sudden increase in the BAC filtration velocity lead to a significant release of HPC and increased particle counts. These hydraulic shocks also made particles with sizes of 5~10 μm more likely to leak from the BAC filtration. We also found that the maximum particle count and HPC in water initially filtered with BAC were as high as 311 CNT/mL and 4.7 log. These levels took approximately 30 min to decrease to a stable and a normal level, which were approximately 20 CNT/mL and 3.2 log. Finally, the leakage of HPC and the number of particles decreased with increasing depth, with the highest amount of leakage occurring at the top layer of the BAC filter.

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Session 4 (4-1) – Industrial Ozone Applications

Hard COD Removal in Textile Dye Effluent with a 2 Stage AOP

Treatment Applying Ozone Followed by Peroxone

Laurent De Franceschi, Bruno Heiniger

SUEZ WTS (Ozonia)

Abstract

Introduction: With strict regulations implemented in Asia concerning wastewater treatment, low COD limits have to be achieved in industrial effluents. The project presented was realized directly from lab test results generated in the SUEZ-Ozonia AOP laboratory in Duebendorf, Switzerland. The goal was an overall COD reduction of more than 50% for a subsequent treatment in a bio-reactor.

In several semi-batch tests it was demonstrated that a process starting with ozonation for the fast and direct reactions, followed by peroxone-AOP (ozone/peroxide) for the removal recalcitrant COD was most efficient.

Methods: All tests were conducted in a 25 L semi-batch AOP lab plant with a continuous ozone and peroxide dosing system, online pH regulation and feedgas / offgas measuring for ozone balancing. Contact system was a motive water pump recycling loop with a venturi injector and a radial diffusor. The applied ozone was produced with pure oxygen (aviation quality) mixed with 2 – 4% purified air using a CFS 1 ozone generator from SUEZ-Ozonia. The concentration was 12 % W and peroxide was added at a stoichiometric rate of 0.5 mol peroxide per 1 mol ozone. Peroxide was dosed into the motive water recycling loop upstream the injector. To increase the reaction rate/efficiency of the peroxone tests the pH was regulated at a constant, elevated level. Due to quite strong foam formation an additional sprinkler recycling loop was used to control the foam. COD sample were taken at defined time intervals during test time and continuous ozone and ozone/peroxide dosing. Random samples were tested on excess peroxide

Conclusion: Molecular electrophile reactions contributed efficiently to the initial reduction in color before radical reactions broke down remaining refractory compounds. The results show that an intelligent design of a reaction regime allowing molecular and radical reactions provide overall operational and investment cost savings in the range of 10 to 20%. The industrial plant was built based on the generated data and is in full operation by now.

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Update on Ozone Based Low Temperature Oxidation for Control of

NOx Emissions

Robert Ferrel1, Blake Stapper1, Frank Fitch2, Steven Finley2, Peter Studer2

1AECOM, 2Linde

Abstract

At the 2008 and 2016 IOA PAG Conferences, the presenter provided an update of the status of an Ozone application known as Low Temperature Oxidation (LTO) of Nitrogen Oxides and Mercury for removal from flue gases. In 2008, there had been only a handful of significantly sized installations of LTO technology to control NOx emissions at industrial and petroleum refinery sites. Applications for Low Temperature Oxidation, developed and commercialized by Linde as “LoTOx™”, continued in refineries and industrial applications, and by 2016 there had been over thirty Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) oil refinery applications in operation worldwide and more planned in upcoming years. Several other industrial applications have been designed, installed and are successfully operating. These LoTOx installations represent some of the largest non-water treatment applications for ozone generation. Since 2016, there has been interest in the technology from other NOx emitters, including chemical waste incinerator operators, and while most of the installations rely on wet scrubbers to remove the highly soluble oxidized NOx, Linde has demonstrated the effectiveness of the technology when used with dry scrubbers.

There has been recent interest by coal fired power plant utilities in the Mountain West region of the US (where Regional Haze emissions regulations were going to require lower plant NOx emissions), as well as in Europe (where power utilities are also facing lower NOx emission limits due to the BREF requirements).

This presentation will include a review of Low Temperature Oxidation chemistry, an update on LoTOx installations and a summary of the LoTOx demonstrations that were planned for power utility plants that were anticipating NOx emission compliance requirements. Those demonstrations were essentially full-scale power plant demonstrations, treating the equivalent of 125 MW power plants, requiring 10,000 lbs/day ozone generator capacity for the demonstration. Full scale installations to cover entire 500 MW plant emissions were anticipated to be up to 40,000 lbs/day of ozone. In addition, as part of a collaboration to provide NOx control solutions to their clients, AECOM and Linde are cooperating to incorporate Linde’s patented Ozora™ technology for recycling oxygen from ozone generators, reducing the capital and operating cost for large ozone installations, such as power plant LoTOx applications.

Given the demonstrated success of LoTOx technology, its ease of retrofit in existing power plants and industrial processes and the emergence of the new Linde Ozora oxygen recycle technology, the application of ozone based Low Temperature Oxidation for coal fired power plant and industrial NOx emissions control continues to provide a cost-effective solution.

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Ozone, O3 Plus AOP: An Optimized Treatment Line for COD & TOC

Removal. Wanhua, from Lab Tests to Full Scale Plant

Laurent de Franceschi1, Liu Fan 2, Stéphanie Foucher 2, Bruno Heiniger1, Cindy Ji2, Michael Wang2, Katia Wasiak1, Jesse Yu 1

1SUEZ WTS (Ozonia), Dübendorf, Switzerland

2 Solvay Research Center of Shanghai, P.R. China

Abstract

An industrial project for the treatment of Wanhua (Yantai) Reverse Osmosis concentrate is introduced in this presentation. It is including background of the project, trials at laboratory, demonstration trials on site, optimization and process design.

Background: Wan Hua group is a famous state owned chemical company with 2015 revenue of 20 Billion RMB (2.54 Billion Euro). In Wanhua Yantai Park, 108 effluents are collected and treated in YanTai Wanhua’s waste water treatment unit. As Wan Hua is consuming 1/3 of total water of Yantai city, water recovery is critical due to water scarcity in the area so they have implemented a reverse osmosis process (RO). Up to now, concentrate effluent from RO has been treated by external municipal waste water treatment, but due to lack of biodegradability this will soon not be possible anymore and Wanhua needs to find an alternative solution that is why an internal treatment is foreseen.

Optimization by SUEZ: In order to optimize O3 consumption and overall operational costs, Oxyblue technology was proposed by Suez. The objective is to realize a first step of ozonation which increase biodegradability, followed by a biological step which remove the COD, transformed in BOD, at lower costs: A final AOP treatment completes the process. For ozone pretreatment, with O3 transfer dosage 0.15 g/L, 45 % of COD can be removed and B/C can be increased from 0.03 to 0.26. In that case O3 transfer versus COD removed is only 2.5 since molecules are easier to oxydize at the beginning.

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Session 5 (5-1) – Microbiology in Ozone-Biofiltration Applications

Microbial Community Characterization of Ozone-Biofiltration Systems

in Drinking Water and Potable Reuse Applications

Daniel Gerrity1, Mayara Arnold1,2, Eric Dickenson3, Duane Moser4, Joshua Sackett4, Eric Wert2

1University of Nevada, Las Vegas

2Trussell Technologies

3Southern Nevada Water Authority

4Desert Research Institute

Abstract

Microbial community structure in the ozone-biofiltration systems of two drinking water and two wastewater treatment facilities was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Collectively, these datasets enabled comparisons by facility, water type (drinking water, wastewater), pre-oxidation (ozonation, chlorination), media type (anthracite, activated carbon), media depth, and backwash dynamics. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in drinking water filters, whereas Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes were differentially abundant in wastewater filters. A positive correlation was observed between media depth and relative abundance of Cyanobacteria in drinking water filters, but there was only a slight increase in one alpha diversity metric with depth in the wastewater filters. Media type had a significant effect on beta but not alpha diversity in drinking water and wastewater filters. Pre-ozonation caused a significant decrease in alpha diversity in the wastewater filters, but the effect on beta diversity was not statistically significant. An evaluation of backwash dynamics resulted in two notable observations: (1) endosymbionts such as Neochlamydia and Legionella increased in relative abundance following backwashing and (2) nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium dominated the microbial community in wastewater filters operated with infrequent backwashing. Bradyrhizobium is known to generate extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which may adversely impact biofilter performance and effluent water quality. These findings have important implications for public health and the operation and resiliency of biofiltration systems.

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Impact of Upstream Chlorination on Filter Performance and Microbial

Community Structure of GAC and Anthracite Biofilters

Glen Andrew de Vera1, Daniel Gerrity2, Mitchell Stoker1, Wilburn Frehner2, Eric Wert1

1Southern Nevada Water Authority


Abstract

Drinking water filters may be operated to promote or deter biological activity through upstream oxidant addition. While there are several water quality benefits from biofiltration, the microbial growth in biofilters warrants further investigation. In this study, routine monitoring detected target DNA sequences for Naegleria fowleri in source water and Acanthamoeba spp. in source water and biofilter effluent, triggering further microbial community characterization. Full-scale anthracite and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters receiving ozonated and chlorinated waters were compared in terms of effluent water quality (i.e., turbidity and particle counts), biological activity (i.e., adenosine triphosphate (ATP)), and the composition of the microbial community (i.e., 16S/18S rRNA gene sequencing, free-living amoeba). Because of rapid chlorine quenching by GAC, greater biomass development was observed in the GAC biofilter (ATP = 5×10^3 – 5×10^4 pg/cm3 media) than the anthracite filter (ATP = 4×10^2 – 1×10^3 pg/cm3 media). Due to possible sloughed biomass, GAC effluent also had consistently greater turbidity, particle counts, and cellular ATP than the anthracite filter. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed distinct taxonomic differences between the anthracite and GAC filters (i.e., species-level Bray-Curtis similarity index = 0), and GAC also hosted a more diverse population (Shannon H index: GAC = 2.2 – 3.1 and anthracite = 1.5 – 1.8). At the genus level, the anthracite filter contained mostly Undibacterium (45 – 68%), while the GAC biofilter was dominated by Massilia (8 – 36%), Herbaspirillum (2 – 44%), and unknown Comamonadaceae (9 – 18%), among others. The presence of viable free-living amoebas was also detected in GAC biofilter effluent. Further characterization of the eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene showed that anthracite predominantly harbored copepod Leptodiaptomus (67%), while a majority of the sequences in GAC are unknown.

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Static and Dynamic Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Potable

Reuse Paradigms

Daniel Gerrity1, Erfaneh Amoueyan1, Sajjad Ahmad1, Joseph Eisenberg2


2University of Michigan

Abstract

In recent years, potable reuse applications have become more common due to population growth and increased water demand, especially in communities with limited or variable water resources. However, there are concerns about potential exposure to pathogens and chemical compounds in treated wastewater. Therefore, advanced wastewater treatment processes are of paramount importance in any potable reuse system. The overall aim of this study was to develop and implement static and dynamic quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models to compare public health risks for Cryptosporidium, norovirus, adenovirus, and Salmonella in various potable reuse scenarios. Pathogen occurrence, natural and engineered treatment process performance, potential failure scenarios, and resultant public health risks were modeled using the STELLA 10.1 system dynamics software package and a Monte Carlo simulation approach. The research evaluated the performance of full advanced treatment (FAT) trains consisting of reverse osmosis (RO) and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and also assessed the ‘equivalency’ of alternative treatment trains employing ozone-biofiltration. The results indicated that annual risk of infection (combined for all pathogens) was lower in direct potable reuse (DPR) systems with direct distribution (median risk = 5.4×10-8-1.2×10-6) than in indirect potable reuse (IPR) systems or DPR systems with surface water blending. Potable reuse treatment trains with surface water discharge or blending achieved similar risks of infection due to the significance of upstream pathogen concentrations, and those risks sometimes exceeded the benchmark annual risk of 10-4, although not because of the inadequacy of the engineered treatment trains. The model also allowed for identification of critical parameters and operational conditions for the environmental buffer in IPR systems (e.g., storage time and temperature). The dynamic disease transmission model, which focused on norovirus and included secondary transmission and post-infection immunity, indicated that the actual risk of infection was sometimes 8 orders of magnitude higher than estimates from the static framework, but those elevated risks were primarily associated with foodborne and/or secondary transmission. Collectively, the results from this study confirm that planned potable reuse systems are adequately robust to mitigate risks from pathogen loads during nominal operating conditions, during failure scenarios, and also during outbreak conditions, assuming compliance with existing regulatory frameworks.

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Session 6 (6-1) – Oxygen/Ozone Gas – Supply, Recovery and Destruction

LOX vs PSA and Cryogenic Applications

Richard Rosik1, Jim Klein2

1OEM Manufacturer

2Treasurer IOA

Abstract

Liquid Oxygen versus PSA. Parts of the globe where LOX and PSA more prevalent. Liquid Oxygen is a cryogenic liquid and what to consider for equipment placement.

53


Update on Testing Results of the OZORATM oxygen recovery system at

SUEZ Water Treatment Facility

Steven Finley1, Frank Fitch1, Christopher Huynh2, Bruno Steinlin2

1Linde

2SUEZ

Abstract

Linde’s OZORATM technology was introduced at last year’s Global Congress in Washington DC. The technology enables ozone producers to significantly reduce production costs by recovering oxygen and re-using it in the ozone generators. Last year’s paper focused on the technology but there was little operational data to report. Over the past year, a 20 kg/hr OZORATM system was tested extensively at a SUEZ drinking water facility. Testing confirmed that recovery of up to 60% of un-reacted oxygen is achievable using a short-loop cycle that recovers oxygen before the contactor basins. The recovered oxygen met or exceeded all specified requirements (nitrogen, moisture, hydrocarbons) for oxygen supply to ozone generators was returned to the inlet of the ozone generator.

An extensive review of the results of the demonstration follows; with special emphasis on capacity and quality of ozone and oxygen streams as well as the economics of the installation. The testing spanned a period commencing in November of 2017 and ending in May of 2018. The OZORATM system was integrated with one of three ozone generators used for advanced oxidation of inorganics prior to the DAF operation in the SUEZ Water facility in Haworth, NJ.

The results point to the fact that the OZORATM technology is well-suited for larger ozone installations (> 1000 ppd or 20 kg/hr); however, a review of sensitivities shows that other factors including oxygen supply, ozone concentration and power costs affect the economics. These sensitivities are discussed in detail.

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Thermal Vent Ozone Destructor Technology Using Heat Recovery

Process Improves Resistance to Harsh Process and Operating

Conditions

Christopher Huynh, Walter Uttinger, Elodie Aubin, Hanspeter Fellmann, Bruno Steinlin

SUEZ

Abstract

Vent gases from processes where ozone has been used invariably contain residual amounts of un-reacted ozone. In most countries it is illegal to discharge even low concentrations of ozone. Before this gas can be released to the atmosphere, it is necessary to destroy the remaining ozone. There are various methods available to treat vent gas but two types of methods are used in commercial scale ozone systems. Thermal Vent Ozone Destruct (VOD) products raise the temperature of the vent -gas to a level where the half-life of the ozone is reduced to milliseconds and can be destroyed efficiently and very reliable. Catalytic VOD products use a catalyst to accelerate the ozone molecule decay rate on the surface of the catalyst by converting the ozone to oxygen.

This paper analyzes Thermal and Catalytic type ozone destruction process efficiency, energy efficiency, and full-scale implementation lifecycle of systems used to destroy ozone in vent gas streams to below internationally recognized safety limits (< 0.1 ppm). In Thermal VOD systems, gases are heated to between 350-380°C which radically reduces the half-life of the ozone molecule and accelerates its decomposition rate. The half-life of ozone at 350°C is less than 10-2 seconds. By comparison, the half-life of a catalytic VOD operating at 50°C is 88000, an increase of 8,800,000%. Thermal VOD processes provide on average less than 0.01 ppm ozone to atmosphere while Catalytic processes can release up to 0.1 ppm and higher based on the age and degradation of the catalyst.

55

Session 7 (7-1) – Cyanobacteria and Taste and Odor Mitigation

Development of a Model to Support the Design and Operation of

Ozonation Against Toxic Cyanobacteria

Arash Zamyadi

Polytechnique Montreal, Canada

University of Montreal, Canada

Abstract

Toxic cyanobacteria cell lysis, toxin release and oxidation using ozone have been the focus of several research projects in recent years. However, the growing number of breakthrough incidents where toxic cells and dissolved toxins were detected in treated water with concentrations over safe drinking water thresholds, demonstrates the unsuccessful application of research results. The objective of this work is to provide water utilities and operators of treatment plants with a much-needed practical tool to implement the new research results into their routine operation and evaluate the performance of their ozonation barrier for efficient removal of cyanotoxins. The loss of cell integrity (and by inference toxin release) and toxin degradation as a function of exposure to the oxidant agent (CT) can be described by first order processes and can be considered as consecutive reactions. In these reactions the cell-bound toxins are first released by the action of the oxidant on the cell and the dissolved toxins are then degraded by the oxidant. Hence, a novel successive reaction kinetics model was developed using the kinetics of the ozone reaction with cyanobacterial cells and cell-bound toxins. The performance of the model has been evaluated using the experimentally determined loss of cell integrity and toxin degradation rates for laboratory cultured toxic Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena circinalis and natural bloom samples. Furthermore, genomic analyses were used to investigate the expression of toxic gene during and post ozonation (on going). Using the release rate of cell-bound toxins and the degradation rate of dissolved toxins, the model determined the ozone exposure (CTmax) that would yield the maximum concentration of free dissolved toxins i.e. the worst-case scenario for drinking water treatment. Treatment plant operators would need to ensure contact with oxidant exceeded CTmax to achieve adequate degradation of toxins. The model correctly describes the decrease of total microcystins from M. aeruginosa and the trends for dissolved toxins. Excellent predictions for the oxidation of total saxitoxin from A. circinalis were also observed. Data from ozonation of toxic natural bloom samples were used to further test the validity of the model. The close agreement of predicted and measured values after a minimum CT of 10 mg min/L shows the applicability of this approach to estimate operational boundaries for oxidation.

56

Session 7 (7-2) – Cyanobacteria and Taste and Odor Mitigation

Ozone-Biofiltration For Controlling Extreme Taste and Odor Events In

Arlington, TX

Chris Schulz1, Justin Kirchdoerfer2, Derek Littlejohn2

1CDM Smith

2City of Arlington, TX

Abstract

The City of Arlington, TX owns and operates the 97.5 mgd John Kubala Water Treatment Plant ((JKWTP) and the 75 mgd Pierce-Burch Water Treatment Plant (PBWTP). The plants treat water from multiple reservoir sources with challenging water quality conditions for treatment by ozone including: total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations ranging from 4 to 9 mg./l, manganese levels averaging 55 ug/l with seasonal peaks exceeding 300 ug/L, and seasonal Geosmin levels as high as 300 ng/L. The City relies on a two-stage ozone and biological filtration system to control extreme taste and odor events in Lake Arlington during the winter/spring season, which primarily serves PBWTP. In 2016, the City and CDM Smith performed an engineering assessment of the ozone and biofiltration systems at both plants including: - An analysis of source water quality and ozone treatment performance trends over a five-year operating period. - Ozone bench-scale testing to establish an optimal design dose and treatment strategies for preozonation (oxidation) and intermediate ozonation (disinfection), including manganese and Geosmin challenge tests and the benefits of advanced oxidation with hydrogen peroxide addition or pH adjustment. -Development of new automated “rapid response” control strategies for the ozone system to meet production and water quality goals under changing plant flow and water quality conditions, especially during taste and odor events. - Design and construction of ozone system improvements including new ozone generator power supply units, generator dielectrics, instrument and control equipment, gasketless diffuser grids and an ozone control system that automatically adjusts the ozone dose to rapidly respond to changing flow and water quality conditions. -Installation of a temporary full-scale hydrogen peroxide feed system for PBWTP with capability to deliver hydrogen peroxide to the preozone and intermediate ozone contactors.

The above investigations and ozone system improvements were completed in Fall 2016, just in time to combat a major taste and odor event on Lake Arlington. During the period January to March 2017, Geosmin levels in Lake Arlington increased from 300 to 1,000 ng/L with a one-day peak of 1,900 ng/L. These represent some of the highest taste and odor events ever seen in Texas. During this event, plant staff at PBWTP were able to make adjustments to the two-stage ozone system to ride through this major taste and odor event. This paper will present the results of the ozone engineering assessment for the JKWTP and PBWTP and the recent full-scale taste and odor event for the PBWTP, including the optimization of the two-stage ozone biological filtration process with hydrogen peroxide addition.

57

Session 8 (8-1) – Ozone-Biofiltration in Potable Reuse Applications

Evaluation of Enhanced Ozone-biological Active Filtration Treatment

for the Removal of 1,4 Dioxane and Mitigating the Formation of

Disinfection Byproducts

Hooman Vatankhah1, Christopher Bellona1, Aleksandra Szczuka2, William Mitch2

1Colorado School of Mines

2Stanford University

Abstract

With dwindling available water supplies in the Unites States and many regions worldwide, potable reuse of municipal wastewater effluent has become an imperative component of water resource management to mitigate the global water resource risk .Conventional potable reuse applications employ ‘full advanced treatment (FAT)’ consisting of microfiltration (MF), reverse osmosis (RO), and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs: mainly using a combination of ultraviolet (UV) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment) that provide acceptable performance in removing bulk organic matter, micropollutants, pathogens, and bio-toxicity. Limitations of RO however, include high operation costs, concentrate disposal, and strict requirements for influent water quality (i.e. organic matter content and suspended solids), which have caused several utilities to consider more sustainable alternative treatment technologies. Implementation of an alternative reuse process component consisting of ozonation followed by biological activated filtration (BAF) has gained considerable attention especially for waters with low salinity or waters with blending capacity in case of elevated total dissolved solid (TDS). The objective of this study was to assess and compare the O3-BAF with enhanced ozonation (O3/GAC)-BAF treatment of sequence batch membrane bioreactor (SBMBR) effluent for removal of 1.4 dioxane. Moreover, the effectiveness of O3-BAF, and (O3/GAC)-BAF for removing of 35 regulated and unregulated halogenated DBP precursors, 7 N-nitrosamines, and bromate was investigated.

58

Session 8 (8-2) – Ozone-Biofiltration in Potable Reuse Applications

N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation and Mitigation in Potable Reuse

Treatment Trains Employing Ozone and Biofiltration

Daniel Gerrity1, Mayara Arnold1,2, Fernanda Bacaro1,2, Eric Dickenson3

1 University of Nevada, Las Vegas

2 Trussell Technologies

3 Southern Nevada Water Authority

Abstract

Potable water reuse has been increasing throughout the world as a strategy to augment drinking water supplies. To ensure public health protection against pathogens and contaminants of emerging concern, potable reuse systems generally employ conventional disinfection and/or advanced oxidations processes. In particular, the use of ozonation has increased considerably in recent years to facilitate compliance with potable reuse guidelines and regulations. However, ozone can react with inorganic and organic disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors present in the wastewater, thereby leading to the formation of unregulated and regulated DBPs. One critical DBP is N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), which is a probable human carcinogen included on the U.S. EPA’s Contaminant Candidate List. NDMA is not yet regulated at the federal level, but several states have implemented state notification levels at the low ng/L level (e.g., 10 ng/L in California). In potable reuse systems employing ozone-biofiltration, NDMA may form during ozonation, but the biofiltration process is expected to achieve some degree of attenuation, although the required operational conditions are not yet known. The combination of ozone and biofiltration also allows for the removal of bulk organic matter and other trace organics in a more cost-effective manner than when using full advanced treatment consisting of reverse osmosis and an advanced oxidation process. In this study, a pilot-scale ozone-biofiltration system was operated at a water reclamation facility to identify the most important operational conditions impacting NDMA removal [e.g., ozone dose, assimilable organic carbon (AOC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and empty bed contact time (EBCT)]. Columns containing biological activated carbon (BAC) or anthracite were fed with ozonated membrane bioreactor (MBR) filtrate, and a separate control BAC column was fed with non-ozonated MBR filtrate. Results showed greater NDMA removal by the ozonated columns (>90%) compared to the control column (<50%), and higher AOC levels seemed to be more relevant to biodegradation than DO alone. It is hypothesized that ozonation also caused changes in microbial community structure and selected for taxa that were better adapted to NDMA biodegradation. This research leaves room for further investigation of specific NDMA-degrading taxa and optimization of biofiltration in water reuse applications.

59

Session 9 (9-1) – Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins

Implementation of Ozone for Microcystin Treatment at The City of

Toledo’s Collins Park Water Treatment Plant

Bryan Townsend1, Nick Burns1, Warren Henry2

1Black & Veatch

2City of Toledo

Abstract

The City of Toledo (COT) has been operating the Collins Park Water Treatment Plant (WTP) for over 75 years and provides potable water to a population of approximately 500,000. The Collins Park WTP is a 120 mgd conventional lime softening treatment plant. Improvements are being constructed to increase the total plant capacity to 160 mgd (140 mgd rated plant capacity plus 20 mgd redundant capacity).

The water supply for the plant is the western basin of Lake Erie, which is subject to seasonal harmful algae blooms (HABs) that can produce algal toxins. Of specific concern is the algal toxin microcystin, which has been observed to reach total levels at the WTP intake as high as 50 micrograms per liter (μg/L). Due to the recent trend of increasing incidents of harmful algal blooms and the associated presence of algal toxin in Lake Erie, coupled with recent regulations developed by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA), the COT are currently in the process of implementing ozone at the Collins Park WTP as an advanced treatment process for oxidation and removal of microcystin.

Ozone was selected as part of a multibarrier approach for the management of algal toxins. The intermediate ozone facilities will consist of three 1,200 ppd ozone generators (2 duty plus 1 standby) to meet the total future plant capacity of 160 mgd. This presentation will review the ozone system design with a focus on the implementation of ozone for the treatment of algal toxins and other considerations (scale-formation as a result of high calcium carbonate precipitation potential, tight hydraulic profile, permitting with the OEPA, and value engineering activities) that were addressed in the design of the Collins Park Ozone Facility.

60


Pre-oxidation Guidance for Cyanobacteria-Laden Water based on

Intracellular Microcystin Release

Katherine Greenstein1, Arash Zamyadi2, Craig Adams3, Erik Rosenfeldt4, Eric Wert1

1 Southern Nevada Water Authority

2 Polytechnique Montréal

3Saint Louis University

4Hazen and Sawyer

Abstract

Drinking water treatment processes require adjustment to meet water quality objectives when cyanobacteria cells are present. Release of intracellular cyanotoxins complicates treatment. 10-day Health Advisories (HAs) set by the U.S. EPA for microcystins (0.3 µg/L for pre-school age and younger, and 1.6 µg/L for school age and older) and cylindrospermopsin (0.7 µg/L and 3.0 µg/L, respectively) are relatively low, and therefore intracellular release caused by treatment processes, such as pre-oxidation, can cause exceedance of HA levels. Current guidance suggests ceasing pre-oxidation during a cyanobacteria bloom. However, pre-oxidation may be used to meet several objectives including quagga mussel control, disinfection, and improved removal of solids. Therefore, improved “release and treat” guidance for pre-oxidation processes, to intentionally “release” the intracellular cyanotoxins into the water and then “treat” them in extracellular form, is warranted.

In this study, microcystin-producing cells were treated with drinking water oxidants, including ozone, and reservoir treatment chemicals at low pre-oxidation exposures to assess intracellular cyanotoxin release. Specifically, the effects of ozone were compared with those of free chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, and copper. After degradation or quenching of oxidants, extended cyanotoxin release during sample stagnation was monitored up to 96 hours to evaluate potential for delayed release (e.g., if cells were retained on a filter during drinking water treatment). Available results from existing studies were also reviewed to summarize information related to release and treatment of intracellular cyanotoxins. Due to the vast number of experimental factors involved while executing these studies (including cell morphology, water matrix, stagnation time), careful review of the research is necessary. Ultimately, this work provides initial guidance for the application of pre-oxidants during a cyanobacteria bloom in support of Water Research Foundation Project 4692.

61


Ozone/Ozone Based Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) is the Last

Line of Defense Against Cyanotoxins

Saad Jasim

Engineering and Municipal Operations, City of White Rock, BC, Canada

Abstract

Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are a major group of bacteria that are present in surface waters globally. Some species of cyanobacteria produce toxins, which are classified according to their mode of action into hepatotoxins (e.g. microcystins-LR), neurotoxins (e.g. anatoxins), and other toxins. Both hepatotoxins and neurotoxins are produced by cyanobacteria usually found in surface water. The selection of the proper technology should be based on the water quality and the targeted contaminants to be removed.

Harmful Algal Blooms are a common are becoming a continuous challenge to the ecosystem and human health due to climate change, discharged nutrients from agriculture activities is a major challenge facing the ecosystem, in addition, improperly treated or untreated sewage effluents are existing challenges can be addressed by regulators and water system authorities relatively easier than the discharge from agriculture land use. The major route of human exposure to cyanobacterial toxins is the consumption of drinking water, therefore we need to have proper risk assessment and risk management to these challenges.

The recent report from the International Joint Commission (IJC) in February, 2018 indicated that in the last two decades the resurgence in eutrophic symptoms and especially the increasing presence and severity of Lake Erie Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) introduced an urgency to understand causes and determine effective management responses. In August 2014, the City of Toledo, Ohio issued a Do Not Drink/Do Not Boil (DND/DNB) order because of detections of the cyanotoxin microcystin in their finished water. Nearly 500,000 people were impacted during the weekend-long DND/DNB order, which was the largest cyanotoxin-related DND/DNB order in United States history. The impact on human health via drinking water can be prevented using advanced drinking water treatment technologies. Cyanotoxins can be eliminated from drinking water by a variety of treatment processes. The selection of advanced technologies to deal with such challenge must take into consideration their impact on the sustainability of the water system. The successful applications of ozone and ozone based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) gained major interest in mitigating challenges associated with cyanotoxins.

The successful applications of ozone and ozone based advanced oxidation process (AOP)

gained major interest in mitigating challenges associated with cyanotoxins. At the present time, studies are taken place in globally to have detailed information to implement tailored applications for existing water systems.

62

Session 10 (10-1) – Innovative Ozone Applications

Comparative Clinical Studies of the Effectiveness of Ozone Therapy in

the Treatment of Herpetic Uveitis

Guliyeva Minara Hamid

The Department of infectious eye diseases the National Centre of Ophthalmology, Baku, Azerbaijan

Abstract

Aim: to study the effectiveness of ozone therapy in the treatment of herpetic uveitis.

Material and Methods: 80 patients (80 eyes) were participated with herpetic uveitis in our study. 41 males and 39 females, aged between 24 to 67 (40.3±11.5) years were involved into the research. The persons, included into the main group, consist of 40 patients (40 eyes) who received combined treatment. The combined treatment included common traditional treatment in combination with ozone therapy (patients have got the therapeutic ozone in form of intravenous infusions of ozonated balanced salt-solution (BSS)). In the comparison group also were participated 40 patients (40 eyes) who received traditional treatment and pills Vobenzyme additionally. Results: the resorption of the infiltration of the choroid in the main group was completed earlier, than compared group (respectively: 19.4±0.2 and 25.1±0.3, p<0.05). The duration of treatment in main group is shorter than in the control group (respectively:21.1±0.3 and 26.8±0.5, p<0.05). The effect was to increase visual acuity, respectively (0.72±0.08 and 0.64±0.06, p> 0.05). The high therapeutic activity is observed in both groups (in main group the recovery - 90.5% and in comparison group - 70%). Accordingly, the improvement in main group - 9.5% and 30% in comparison group. The deterioration or lack of effect was not observed in any case. The main group treated with ozone therapy in combination with conventional treatment, according some clinical indicator (terms of resorption of infiltration of the choroid and duration of treatment) show a high therapeutic effect in comparison with the control group which patients received conventional drug therapy and pills Vobenzyme (the results were statistically significant). It was noted that during treatment with ozone therapy side effects were not noted in any case. Unlike in the comparison group discomfort, severe bouts of bloating, pain in the epigastric region is observed, one patient had blood sugar. Conclusions: in order to achieve an optimal result of treatment of patients with herpetic uveitis, it is shown to begin a standard antiherpetic treatment simultaneously with the courses of ozone therapy.

63


Role of Ozone in Agricultural Water Reuse Applications

Harshad Oswal1, Kumud Acharya2, Xuelian Bai2, Duane Moser2, Dale Devitt1, Jennifer Edmonds, Katerina Papp1,2, and Daniel Gerrity1


2Desert Research Institute

Abstract

Globally, agriculture is the major fresh water consumer (~70%). Increased urbanization and population growth is putting additional strain on agriculture to meet growing food demands, which consequently leads to additional strain on the water supply. Recycled water is considered a viable alternative water source for agriculture, with existing applications in Israel and California, among others. Depending on the level of wastewater treatment, recycled water has the potential to be nutrient rich in comparison with freshwater, thereby reducing fertilizer requirements. However, recycled water contains trace organic compounds (TOrCs), such as pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds, and is known to be a reservoir of antibiotic resistance, including both intracellular and extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Some TOrCs and ARGs are attenuated during secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment, but treated wastewater will generally contain residual TOrCs and ARGs due to incomplete removal or general recalcitrance toward conventional wastewater treatment. Therefore, plants irrigated with recycled water may uptake these constituents and lead to increased human exposure unless additional mitigation measures are implemented. One promising option is the use of ozonation, which has been shown to achieve significant attenuation of a wide variety of TOrCs (e.g., carbamazepine, trimethoprim, atenolol, and meprobamate) that generally persist through conventional wastewater treatment. Advanced treatment of recycled water with ozone may reduce human exposure to wastewater-derived TOrCs that would otherwise accumulate in the edible portion of certain crops. This research demonstrates the impact of advanced wastewater treatment, specifically with ultrafiltration (UF) and ozonation, on plant uptake of a suite of target compounds and ARGs. Tomato and spinach plants were grown in greenhouse soil pots and were irrigated with UF filtrate and ozonated UF filtrate from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant, in addition to recycled water spiked with target compounds as a positive control and tap water as a negative control. The roots, leaves, fruit, soil, and water samples were then analyzed for a range of TOrCs and ARGs. This presentation will summarize the results of two growth cycles and will provide a preliminary characterization of the potential role of ozonation in water reuse for agricultural applications.

64


How to Increase the Tomato Crop Using Ozone Water Disinfection

Method

I.Anahí Landa-Fernández, Ignacio Monje-Ramirez, Maria Teresa Orta Ledesma

Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico

Abstract

Plant-parasitic nematodes represent 14% of annual losses in high-value crops worldwide. Currently Meloidogyne enterolobii has increased its importance due to its high aggressiveness, increasing geographical distribution and host range. Root-knot nematodes inhabit the rhizosphere soil around tomato plant roots. However, they can come into contact with irrigation water. Thus, plant-parasitic nematodes can be transported by water, as eggs or juveniles. Due to their high resistance, common water disinfection methods are not effective for inactivating these parasites. Ozone is the most effective disinfectant for microbial inactivation. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that ozone treatment is an alternative method control in irrigation water of the tomato root-knot nematode M. enterolobii. It has been shown that ozonation is an effective treatment for the inactivation of protozoan cysts and oocysts (Giardia and Cryptosporidium) and for other species of the genus Meloidogyne (M. incognita), but not for the enterolobii specie. In this study, the strain of M. enterolobii was isolated from tomatoes roots. For the tests, eggs were used and were inoculated in water with similar characteristics of irrigation water. Subsequently, the disinfection process was carried out in an ozonation unit. The performance of the treatments was evaluated through the egg's viability by assessing its structure by optical microscopy. As a result of exposure to ozone, the viability of the nematode eggs was reduced practically in its entirety; with dissolved ozone levels in water close to the standard concentration (equal to 0.4 mgO3/L) but with high contact times (greater than 4 min): 0.2 mgO3/L for 15 minutes or 0.55 mgO3/L for 10 minutes. Additionally, the effect of temperature, alkalinity and organic matter of the water was evaluated. Ozonation is effective and a promising alternative for the inactivation of nematodes in irrigation water, which could contribute to diminish the agricultural losses

caused by these organisms.

65

Session 11 (11-1) – Ozone Design

Pilot to Full Scale Ozone Treatment for Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide

for JEA’s Greenland Water Treatment Plant

Chris Schulz, Jeremy O'Neil

CDM Smith

Abstract

JEA’s Greenland Water Treatment Plant (WTP) in Jacksonville, Florida treats groundwater from two production wells with elevated hydrogen sulfide levels up to 3 mg/L. The existing process train includes tray aeration (located above a groundwater storage tank) for hydrogen sulfide stripping, followed by sodium hypochlorite addition for primary disinfection and oxidation of any remaining sulfide. This treatment process has required increased levels of chemical addition to meet sulfide removal requirements and there are concerns about increasing disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the distribution system. For these reasons, JEA initiated a pilot study, design and construction project to add ozone to the plant process train upstream of tray aeration to achieve complete sulfide removal and potentially reduce DBPs in the distribution system.

The pilot study was conducted to develop ozone demand and decay characteristics, ozone dose requirements, and potential effects of ozone on DBP formation. It was performed over a 30-day period using an ozone pilot unit rated at 2 ppd with a sidestream injection (SSI) dissolution system and degasifier. The raw water sulfide levels during piloting (95th percentile value of 2.45 mg/L, n=22) required an ozone to total sulfide ratio of 4:1 to satisfy the sulfide demand and achieve an initial ozone residual of 0.1 mg/L. It was also determined that DBPs were not a concern due to the low levels of bromate, and insignificant impact of ozone dose on the DBP formation potential. Ozone decay results were used to assess the potential for ozone as a primary disinfectant, however, it was determined that sodium hypochlorite was the more cost-effective alternative. Based on pilot study results, it was decided to design the ozone system for hydrogen sulfide oxidation at a design dose of 10 mg/L, followed by tray aeration (as a potential polishing treatment step), and sodium hypochlorite for primary disinfection.

The ozone system design for the Greenland WTP includes the following major components: one liquid oxygen (LOX) storage tank and two ambient air vaporizers; two ozone generators, each rated at 570 ppd (1 duty/1 standby); outdoor, concrete pad mounted SSI system with two venturi injectors, two SSI pumps, and one flash mixing reactor; nitrogen boost system; closed loop cooling water system; and ozone destruct system. Unique features of this design include: (1) an automated flow-paced ozone dose control system with trim feedback control using an oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) meter to maintain an ozone residual target of 0.1 mg/L, (2) horizontal flash reactor and piping layout that relies on the static pressure of the groundwater storage tank (20-25 psi) to improve ozone utilization and mass transfer efficiency in the flash reactor, (3) pressurized off-gas release system using an offgas release valve manifold, pressurized nuisance tank (for offgas moisture condensation and removal) and two ozone destruct units (duty/standby), and (4) optimization of the ozone process in conjunction with the existing tray aerator to achieve complete removal of hydrogen sulfide at lower ozone doses.

This paper will present the main findings of the pilot study, the unique design features of the ozone oxidation system, and results of startup and commissioning of the ozone system at the Greenfield WTP.

66


Comparing Pre-Ozonation and Intermediate-Ozonation Treatment

Trains for Manganese Removal

Elaine W. Howe1, Emily Owens-Bennett1, R. Rhodes Trussell1, Andy Smith2, Michael Cooke3

1Trussell Technologies, Inc.

2West Yost Associates 3City of Turlock, CA

Abstract

The Stanislaus Regional Water Authority (SRWA) is planning to construct a new surface water treatment plant (WTP) on the Tuolumne River to provide a new, supplemental drinking water supply to the Cities of Ceres and Turlock, California. Initial phases of the project included source water characterization and bench-scale tests to evaluate enhanced coagulation, ozone demand, and removal of reduced manganese (Mn2+). To provide treatment for potential pesticides and tastes and odors (T&O), along with additional disinfection and lower disinfection by-product formation, ozone will be included in this WTP’s treatment train. Because manganese removal can be challenging with ozone in the process train, these bench tests allowed SRWA to evaluate the optimum location for ozone.

Although dissolved manganese concentrations in this source water are typically low, experience in water treatment and with sub-surface intakes (this WTP will utilize an infiltration gallery) indicates that manganese can show up as a treatment issue because of other potential sources such as (a) a component of a ferric chloride coagulant, (b) reduction of particulate manganese through the sub-surface intake or unanticipated contribution of groundwater and (c) reduced manganese in sludge decant streams.

While ozone offers many benefits to surface water treatment, it can oxidize Mn2+ to colloidal MnO2 and even sub-colloidal MnO2 which can pass through treatment, including filtration. Deciding where to put ozone in the treatment train is water specific and should be considered during process train selection.

Bench-scale tests were conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of pre-ozonation with intermediate ozonation for manganese removal (with coagulation/sedimentation)—both with and without permanganate addition for Mn2+ oxidation to MnO2. For these tests, raw water was spiked with Mn2+ to simulate worst case treatment conditions. Throughout all the testing, the total manganese was measured and partitioned into particulate manganese (above 0.45 µm), colloidal manganese (between 30K Dalton and 0.45 µm) and sub-colloidal manganese (passes through a 30K Dalton UF). Testing showed that only modest ozonation is required to form sub-colloidal manganese and, once it is formed, this sub-colloidal manganese is very difficult to remove in subsequent treatment. Pre-ozonation followed by clarification was not able to remove the sub-colloidal fraction—resulting in high manganese concentrations that could pass through filtration. Clarification followed by intermediate ozonation resulted in a substantially lower sub-colloidal fraction, along with a higher particulate fraction and moderate colloidal fraction, but still insufficient removal to produce a finished water meeting the Project’s manganese treatment goal of 0.015 mg/L. Successful treatment was achieved when permanganate was added for Mn2+ pre-oxidation, followed by coagulation/sedimentation, intermediate ozonation and then filtration.

67


Activated Carbon Regeneration by In-Filter Washing with Ozone

David MacKay

Ozono Polaris, SA de CV

Abstract

Filtration through activated carbon is an important treatment step in tertiary treatment of wastewater for reuse, and the elimination of trace contaminants for potable water treatment. However, the rapid loss of adsorption capacity makes this an expensive, if not inviable step, because the spent carbon must be replaced and safely disposed, or thermally regenerated, usually off-site and with a cost close to 80% of virgin carbon.

Previous presentations by the author have shown the effectiveness of ozone backwash for regeneration of activated carbon, though frequent backwashing to maintain the contaminant removal efficiency at acceptable levels can require excessive amounts of backwash water. This paper presents a new, patent-pending process to regenerate activated carbon with ozone using minimal wash water.

68

Session 12 (12-1) – Bromate Formation and Detection

Comparing the Effects of Ozone Dissolution Systems on Bromate Formation and Control in High Bromide Reuse Waters: a pilot study

Robert Mack Pearce1, Peter Buehlmann2, Ramola Vaidya1, Germano Salazar-Benites2, Tyler Nading3, Chris Wilson2, Charles Bott2

1Virgina Tech

2Hampton Roads Sanitation District

3CH2M-Jacobs

Abstract

Hampton Roads Sanitation District’s (HRSD) Sustainable Water Initiative for Tomorrow (SWIFT) aims to replenish the Potomac Aquifer by augmenting 380 MLD of advanced treated wastewater effluent. This will help to alleviate issues with land subsidence and saltwater intrusion into the aquifer as well as reduce nutrient loadings into the Chesapeake Bay. At the heart of this system is ozone-biofiltration which is employed to degrade organics, destroy trace contaminants and provide disinfection credit.

In pilot testing, increased ozone exposures have been shown to improve biofilter performance. However, bromate formation becomes a limiting factor at higher ozone doses. Bromide concentrations above 400μg/L are present in the influent due to salt water infiltration and industrial sources, making bromate control vital to the success of the project. Pilot testing has shown that it is possible to effectively control bromate formation through the use of preformed monochloramine.

With these concerns about bromate formation, it is essential to understand the relationship between ozone exposure, monochloramine and bromate formation and how the method of ozone addition affects these variables. In fine bubble diffusion systems, there is considerable ozone exposure which is unaccounted for in the dissolution chamber for disinfection credit. Due to the high ozone demand of reuse waters, sidestream injection systems often require larger portions of the flow than in traditional drinking water treatment.

Ongoing testing seeks optimize the ozone and monochloramine doses to maximize biofilter performance and disinfection credit while controlling bromate formation. Pilot testing will allow for the direct comparison between fine bubble diffusion and sidestream injection. Lessons learned from this testing will be implemented at the 3.8 MLD SWIFT Demonstration Facility and in the design of upcoming plants.

69


Maximizing TOC Degradation and Disinfection While Minimizing Bromate Formation During the Ozonation High-Bromide Reuse Water: a bench-scale

study

Peter Buehlmann1, Robert Pearce1,2, Ramola Vaidya1, Germano Salazar-Benites2, Tyler Nading3, Chris Wilson2, Charles Bott2

1Virgina Tech

2Hampton Roads Sanitation District

3CH2M

Abstract

The Hampton Roads region is facing issues related to sea level rise, land subsidence, aquifer depletion, and high Chesapeake Bay nutrient loading. The Hampton Roads Sanitation District’s (HRSD) Sustainable Water Initiative for Tomorrow (SWIFT) program aims to address these issues by augmenting groundwater sources with advanced treated wastewater effluent. Utilizing a biofiltration-based advanced treatment approach, ozonation is an integral part to ensure pathogen inactivation and organics degradation. To achieve maximum efficiency, high ozone exposures are needed, though with the drawback of increasing bromate formation, a regulated drinking water contaminant at a concentration of 10µg/L (Naumov et al., 2008).

Bench scale testing was used to determine the best methods for bromate suppression, such as free ammonia addition, monochloramination, and the chlorine-ammonia process. These tests were performed while simultaneously increasing ozone dose to maximize pathogen inactivation and organic degradation. While free ammonia addition was found to have only a negligible impact on bromate suppression, preformed monochloramination was found to greatly inhibit this compound’s formation. Although previous work has suggested that monochloramine can act as a hydroxyl radical scavenger, thus hindering the formation of bromate, this investigation showed evidence that monochloramine also created intermediate compounds within the formation pathway. This result may have extremely valuable implications: monochloramine may be used to suppress bromate at high ozone exposures without constraining oxidation capabilities and pathogen inactivation. However, an increased ozone decay rate coupled with a decrease in total ozone exposure was also observed, suggesting a decreased oxidation potential.

A testing matrix with variable ozone dose, monochloramine dose, temperature, pH, free ammonia and nitrite is currently ongoing. Additionally, alternative methods for monochloramine formation (including in-situ chloramination and the preformed monochloramine process) are being investigated. Results from bench-scale optimization will be implemented in pilot-scale testing and full-scale operation at a 1MGD demonstration facility in May 2018.

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Optimized Operation of an Online Bromate Analyzer using Colorado River Water

Yasuhiro Matsui, Naoki Kanekawa, Kyungju Kim, Yasuhiro Kato

METAWATER Co., Ltd.

Abstract

METAWATER develops online bromate ion analyzer, measures bromate ion by way of detecting fluorescent intensity as a function of the concentration in the reaction with Trifluoperazine and acidic solution. Presentation includes how to isolate and identify ug level of bromate ion per L from the water quality matrix of the Colorado River. Having prompt feedback will assist in optimizing ozone dose and bromate ion mitigation measures compared to the weeks that is typically required to obtain bromate ion laboratory analytical results. This would potentially optimize water treatment facilities using ozone process. METAWATER possesses the related patents in US and Japan.

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Session 13 (13-1) – Advancements in Reuse Applications

Use of Ozone-Biofiltration for Bulk Organic Removal and Disinfection

Byproduct Mitigation Applications

Mayara Arnold1, Daniel Gerrity2

1 Trussell Technologies, 2University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Abstract

Potable reuse is an emerging alternative to water supply augmentation or even replacement in areas experiencing water shortages. Although the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has not yet regulated potable reuse, several states (e.g., Florida, California, Nevada) have individually established regulatory requirements for such practice. For example, the California Department of Drinking Water (DDW) requires a treatment train composed by reverse osmosis (RO) and advanced oxidation (AOP), a combination now known as full advanced treatment (FAT), to be employed for direct injection of recycled water into aquifers and surface water augmentation. DDW has also required a maximum concentration of 0.5 mg/L of wastewater-derived total organic carbon (TOC), which appears conservative if compared to typical average TOC concentrations in surface water (~3 mg/L). Even though FAT is capable of achieving TOC levels as low as required by DDW, costs associated with this technology are very high due to energy demand and brine management. The combination of ozonation and biofiltration has been evaluated as an alternative technology to RO, due to its capability of considerably reducing TOC levels (15-30%) as well as demanding less energy in its operation. However, compliance with the DDW TOC requirement is not achievable without a polishing treatment or applying significant blending ratios. This issue may be overcome by optimizing operational parameters (e.g., ozone dose and empty bed contact time) or by developing an alternative regulatory framework for bulk organic matter.

When considering potable reuse application, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) also poses a great concern due to its carcinogenicity potential. Free chlorine is a common disinfectant used in conventional drinking water treatment and when undergo contact with organic matter, it forms, among other chemicals, trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and haloacetic acids (HAA5), which are both regulated by USEPA in drinking water with a maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 0.080 and 0.060 mg/L, respectively. In order to control DBP formation and ensure MCL compliance in conventional drinking water treatment, the USEPA’s Stage 1 Disinfectant and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (D/DBPR) mandates certain levels of TOC removal based on source water TOC and alkalinity. It may be possible to regulate bulk organic matter in potable reuse applications using a similar approach. The purpose of this research was to investigate the impacts of ozone dose and empty bed contact time (EBCT) on DBP formation upon final chlorination, and a secondary objective was to evaluate the possibility of using DBP formation potential as an alternative regulatory framework for TOC removal.

A 1-liter per minute pilot-scale ozone-biofiltration system was built with biofiltration columns containing anthracite or exhausted granular activated carbon (BAC). The system was operated with ozone/TOC ratios ranging from 0.1-2.5 and EBCTs ranging from 1-20 minutes. The Bench-scale chlorination was performed using the uniform formation conditions (UFC) approach, and quenched samples were analyzed for TTHMs and HAA5. The data demonstrated that ozone-biofiltration achieved TOC removals ranging from ~10 to 30%, depending on operational conditions, but biofiltration without ozone generally achieved <10% TOC removal. UFC testing demonstrated that ozone alone was efficient in transforming bulk organic matter and reducing DBP formation potential by 10 to 30%. Ozone-biofiltration achieved average overall reductions of 26% and 51% in TTHM and HAA5 formation potential, respectively. As conclusion, a maximum TOC concentration of 2.0 mg/L was identified as a recommended treatment target for reliable compliance with TTHM and HAA5 regulations for potable reuse systems in the United States.

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Pilot-scale Test of Membrane Bioreactor Using Ozonated Water for

Membrane Cleaning

Yoshifumi Hayashi, Wateru Yoshida, Eiji Imamura

Mitsubishi Electric Corp.

Abstract

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) which can produce permeated water with low concentration of biodegradable organic substances and turbidity in small footprint, is widely used in waste water treatment and reclamation. This water treatment system has been required for reduction in energy consumption, which is mainly due to membrane surface scouring by continuous air bubble supply. The higher flux filtration of MBR is expected to reduce the number of the membrane modules, resulting in decrease in the air flow rate and energy consumption of air blower. However, the higher flux operation enhances the membrane fouling with soluble organic matters and particles. To operate a MBR system stably at a higher flux, we have developed a membrane backwash system with highly ozonated water, which can remove organic foulant effectively from the membrane surface.

In this study, a pilot-scale MBR equipped with ozonated water backwash was operated at the net flux of 23 LMH. The effectiveness of ozonated water backwash for eliminating foulant and stabilizing trans-membrane pressure (TMP) was studied over a long period. This MBR treated industrial waste water at 2.4m3/day, and ozonated water backwash was carried out once or twice in two weeks. As a result, each backwash was found to decrease in the TMP to less than 5 kPa in 1 hour. The pilot-scale MBR system was successfully operated without irrecoverable fouling at 23 LMH for more than 3 months.

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Where to Go Next to Advance the Design and Operation of Ozonation

and Advanced Oxidation of Secondary Effluent and Surface Water

Achim Ried1, Wim Audenaert2

1Xylem Services GmbH

2AM-TEAM, Advanced modeling for process optimization

Abstract

Ozonation and AOPs are increasingly applied to address the societal and regulatory pressure towards trace organic contaminant (TrOC) removal and the increasing need for (direct) potable reuse. In this context, these technologies are now increasingly used in integrated treatment trains treating water with relatively high and fluctuating DOC levels (e.g. surface water, secondary WWTP effluent).

To further grow the application of these technologies, both the design and operation of these advanced technologies has to be adjusted to upstream fluctuations and downstream objectives (treatment objectives but also e.g. by-product limits). This means optimal train configuration, reactor design and dosing control, based on the specific situation.

Both the scientific knowledge and practical experience developed over the last 10-15 years should now be combined to further advance the application of oxidation technologies. This presentation will specifically address the following topics:

1) Real-time measurements for dosing control, including latest experiences with fluorescence sensors

2) New kinetic models for better reactor operation and treatment train design

3) Combination of kinetic models with computational fluid dynamics for better reactor design

Two market segments Wastewater Reuse and Drinking water will be discussed to envision the potentials of the above mentioned points 1-3.

The process train oxidation and biological filtration is identified and proven as a key process element in advanced treatment trains for water reuse. For full scale implementation it is important to improve the design tools to leverage the advantages of combining standard process designs with advanced tools like on-line monitoring, reactor and reaction modelling.

The challenge for Drinking water treatment plants is to get rid of pollutions in the raw water source as algae blooms, taste and odor, emerging contaminants. Therefore, case specific upgrades to integrate Advanced Oxidation processes need to be developed. This means the AOP needs to fit in the existing plant process flow (e.g. footprint, piping) and the operation of the AOP need to be integrated in the overall monitoring and Control Process. As a case example, the new advanced surface water treatment train operated by the Dutch drinking water utility Dunea will be discussed. This unique treatment concept, installed by Xylem, combines O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2 in a complementary way.

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Poster Presentation

Seawater Ozonation – Effects of Natural Organic Matter

Joon-Wun Kang1, Homin Kye1, Kiho Kim1, Yirga Weldu Abrha1, Youmi Jung2, Seong-nam Nam3, Il-hwan

Choi4

1Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea

2National University of Singapore

3Civil & Environmental Engineering, Chung-ang University, Seoul, Korea

4K-Water, Water Analysis & Research Center, Seoul, Korea

Abstract

Nowadays seawater treatment by oxidation process is becoming a subject of attention due to the development marine industry. In the marine industry such as Ballast water, Aquaculture, Desalination, Aquarium etc., oxidation process is frequently used. The seawater contains various kinds of natural organic matter (NOM). NOM composed of various organic compounds in natural processes such as aquatic organic matter decomposition and algal metabolic reactions. However, the effect of seawater NOM on oxidation process is not well studied. The seawater background NOM might consume the oxidants, reduce the disinfection efficiency and can be cause of by-product formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seawater NOM on oxidation by ozone and bromine. Seawater samples from six locations were collected from Korea peninsula. The seawater NOM were characterized by Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) and Liquid Chromatography Organic carbon detector (LC-OCD). In seawater ozonation, ozone decomposition and bromine formation was observed. The main oxidant is bromine because of the rapid reactivity of ozone with bromide ion in seawater. The potential of ozone and bromine for seawater oxidation and the effect of background natural organic matter under the tested seawater was investigated. The oxidation efficiency of the samples collected from six locations was found to be different. The main reason for this might be due the difference in the kinds of NOM. This indicates that, the efficiency of seawater ozonation could be different for various seawater sources.

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