Por Roxana Brown

GRAMMAR BOOK

1. Nacionalidades  2. Stem Changing Verbs 3. Para 4. Indirect Object Pronouns 5. Pronoun Placement 6. Gustar  7. Affirmative and Negative Words 8. Superlatives

 9. Reflexives

10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement

11. Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement

12. Sequencing events 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STEM CHANGING VERBS

•Subject pronouns:

yo nosotros

tú vosotros

el/ella/usted ustedes/ellas/ellos•O > UE (ex: yo duermo)•E >IE (tú piensas)•U >UE (ellos juegan)•E >I (el sirve)

Words outside of

the boot do not get

conjugated

•Can mean:

1) “in order to” when followed by an infinitive

2) “by” or “for” when referring to a specific time

PARA

Singular

• Me (me)• Te (you)• Le (you formal, him, her, it)

Plural

• Nos (us)• Os (you all)• Les (you, them)

INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive

2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense

3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command

4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

PRONOUN PLACEMENT

•Singular: Me gusta el boligrafo•Infinitive: Me gusta hablar español•Dependent on what is being liked•Used along aside IOPs

a mi= me gusta

a ti= te gusta

a usted/ellas/ellos= les gusta

a vosotros= os gusta•Plural: Me gustan las frutas

GUSTAR

Affirmative

• Algo (something)• Alguien

(someone)• Algún/ alguno/a

(same)• Siempre (always)• También (also)

Negative

• Nada (nothing)• Nadie (no one)• Nigún/ninguno/a

(none, not any)• Nunca (never)• Tampoco

(neither, either)

AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS

•Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas= extremely or very after an adjective or adverb•Suffix added to adjectives and adverbs•Adjectives or adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelling to qu, gu, and c•Adjectives ending in n or r for by adding císimo/a

SUPERLATIVES

•Construction- subject is also the object receiving the action of the verb (subject does as well as receives action)•Subject, pronoun and verb are all in the same form

Example: Me levanto a las ocho de la mañana.•Conjugate as always adding reflexive pronoun

Example: acostarse (yo form): me acuesto•Position: 1) in front of the conjugated verb

2) attached to a gerund

3) attached to an infinitive

4) attached to an affirmative command

REFLEXIVES

Di Sal

Haz Sé

Ve Ten

Pon Ven

AFFIRMATIVE TU COMMANDS + IRREGULARS + PRONOUN

PLACEMENT

Simply drop the “s”

They can attach a direct object pronoun to the ending

Irregulars:

•Put in “yo” form and change to opposite vowel and add “s”

ar endings change to e

ir, er endings change to a•Irregulars:

NEGATIVE TU COMMANDS + IRREGULARS + PRONOUN

PLACEMENT

Tener No tengas

Vener No vengas

Dar/ decir No des/ no digas

Ir No vayas

Ser No seas

Hacer No hagas

Estar No estés

Saber No sepas

Primero

•First

Entonces

•Next•Then

Luego/ Despues

•Later•After

Por Fin

•Finally

Antes de/ Despues de

•Before/ After de + infinitive

Por la mañana/tarde/noc

he• In/ during the… (no specific time given)

SEQUENCING EVENTS